Dictionary of Meaning
<<Back
Please select a letter:
A |
B |
C |
D |
E |
F |
G |
H |
I |
J |
K |
L |
M |
N |
O |
P |
Q |
R |
S |
T |
U |
V |
W |
X |
Y |
Z |
0-9
Click here for Shopping
19th century
*** Shopping-Tip: 19th century
{{centurybox |
cpa=18 |
cpb=th century |
c=19th century |
cn1=
20th century |
}}
:''Alternative meaning:
Nineteenth Century (periodical)''
The '''19th century''' lasted from
1801 to
1900 in the
Gregorian calendar.
Historians sometimes define a "Nineteenth Century"
List of time periods historical era stretching from
1815 (The
Congress of Vienna) to
1914 (The outbreak of the
World War I First World War); alternatively,
Eric Hobsbawm defined the
The long 19th century "Long Nineteenth Century" as spanning the years
1789 to
1914.
During this century, the
Spanish Empire Spanish,
Portuguese Empire Portuguese, and
Ottoman Empire Ottoman empires began to crumble and the
Holy Roman Empire Holy Roman and
Mughal Empire Mughal empires ceased.
Following the
Napoleonic Wars, the
British Empire became the world's leading power, controlling one quarter of the World's population and one third of the land area. It enforced a
Pax Britannica, encouraged trade, and battled rampant piracy.
Slavery was greatly reduced around the world. Following a successful
Haitian Revolution slave revolt in Haiti, Britain forced the
Barbary pirates to halt their practice of kidnapping and enslaving Europeans,
Slavery Abolition Act banned slavery throughout its domain, and charged its navy with ending the global slave trade. Slavery was then abolished in
Emancipation reform of 1861 in Russia Russia,
Emancipation Proclamation America, and
Lei Ã?urea Brazil (see
Abolitionism).
Electricity, steel, and petroleum fueled a
Second Industrial Revolution which enabled
Germany,
Japan, and the
United States to become
Power (international) Great Powers that
New Imperialism raced to create empires of their own. However,
Imperial Russia Russia and
Qing Dynasty China failed to keep pace with the other world powers which led to massive social unrest in both empires.
Europe
Image:Bwvictoria.jpg Victoria_of the United Kingdom thumb|[[Victoria of the United Kingdom|Queen Victoria, Queen of the British Empire from 1837 to the end of the century. The period during her rule was known as the
Victorian era.html" title="Meaning of Queen Victoria.html" title="Meaning of thumb|[[Victoria of the United Kingdom|Queen Victoria">thumb|[[Victoria of the United Kingdom|Queen Victoria, Queen of the British Empire from 1837 to the end of the century. The period during her rule was known as the
Victorian era">Queen Victoria.html" title="Meaning of thumb|[[Victoria of the United Kingdom|Queen Victoria">thumb|[[Victoria of the United Kingdom|Queen Victoria, Queen of the British Empire from 1837 to the end of the century. The period during her rule was known as the
Victorian era
In
1801, the Irish parliament voted to merge Ireland with
Great Britain, thus creating the
United Kingdom. Ireland remained under total British control until
1922, when the majority of the Irish counties, and the majority of the Irish population, broke away and formed the
Irish Free State. The northern counties remained loyal to the
British Crown, and to this day remain separate from the rest of Ireland as
Northern Ireland.
On May 17th,
1814,
Norway left Danish control and declared independence. It was forced, however, to continue a personal union with
Sweden, but retained its liberal constitution. Growing Norwegian nationalism and pride would continue throughout the century, until the nation finally obtained full independence in
1905.
The start of the 19th century was also marked by a struggle between
France and
United Kingdom Britain and their allies for control of Europe and the world during the
Napoleonic Wars, with Napoleon being finally defeated at
Battle of Waterloo Waterloo in
1815.
Also in
1815, Greenland officially left
Norway Norwegian control and entered
Denmark Danish control.
In
1821,
Greece declared its independence from the
Ottoman Empire, but would not win the ensuing war until
1829.
The Victorian era of Great Britain is considered the height of the British
industrial revolution and the apex of the
British Empire. It is often defined as the years from
1837 to
1901, when
Victoria of the United Kingdom Queen Victoria reigned. The revolution led to the rise of railways across the country and massive leaps forward in engineering. The
London Underground was opened, and incandescent electric lights were introduced to
London streets.
The
mafia was supposedly formed in, or around, the year of 1844. This was supposed by Baron Turrisi Colonna. In the first written criminal account of the mafia, in 1864, he assumed the age of "the sect", as it was then called, to be roughly twenty years.
There were many
Revolutions of 1848 revolutions in Europe in 1848, which had been influenced by the
French Revolution. Furthermore, the later end of the century was dominated by what many call the
New Imperialism, which was the rapid acquisition of colonies worldwide by European powers; most noteworthy is the
Scramble for Africa.
Many countries in Europe underwent an
Industrial Revolution, especially Germany, that spread elsewhere by the end of the century, with factories and railway lines built all over the continent.
Although the romantic influence is present throughout the Victorian Era, there is a visible decline by mid-century: many scientific discoveries in part effected by the industrial Revolution, as
Charles Darwin's evolutionism (The Origin of Species, 1859) and French philosopher
Auguste Comte inaugurate a new rationalism (
positivism), whose literary spinoff is
naturalism (literature) naturalism. Its theory, dominated by
determinism and
genetics emphasize the importance of the environment in shaping man and the new French novels, as
impressionism in art reflect the new vogue.
The Kingdom of
Italy was founded on March 17,
1861. King
Victor Emmanuel II succeeded in uniting the Italian states of the peninsula into one nation.
Count Camillo Benso di Cavour and especially
Giuseppe Garibaldi played a major role in achieving the unification. The city of
Rome remained under Papal control until
1870, when the Italian Army made its way into the
Vatican State through the Breach of Porta Pia. Rome was annexed, but the Pope refused to sign a treaty and sought refuge in Castel Gandolfo from where he launched his ''interdetto'', forbidding Italian Catholics from participating in political life on pain of excommunication. The
Trentino and
South Tyrol would be annexed in the following century, after 1918, thereby ending the unification process as planned by the
Savoy Dynasty under Victor Immanuel II.
In
1871, the
German Empire was formed from
Prussia and the
North German Confederation by
Otto von Bismarck. This powerful nation would last until 1918, and become known as the
Second Reich. Bismarck acquired many new provinces in a series of short and diplomatically ingenious wars. He allied with
Austria to defeat
Denmark, and seize the
Schleswig-Holstein area. He started and won the
Austro-Prussian War, but only to get Italy on the side of Germany. Prussia then entered the
Franco-Prussian War (1870-71), completely crushing
France. As a final insult to the French,
Wilhelm I was sworn in as German Emperor at the
Palace of Versailles, the symbol of the history of French dominance. Against Bismarck's wishes, however, Prussia seized the provinces of
Alsace-Lorraine, embittering the French. The German Empire would continue to thrive until the end of
WWI, when France obtained retribution in the
Treaty of Versailles. The system of
Diplomatic rank was also formalised.
In
1878, the
Treaty of San Stefano gave independence to
Romania,
Serbia and
Montenegro.
Bulgaria was also made an autonomous principality. This was all possible due to the
Russian defeat of the
Ottoman Empire in the
Russo-Turkish War 1877-
1878. The
Congress of Berlin, held later that same year, would once again increase Muslim power in the regions, lightening the Russian victory.
Towards the end of the century, many european powers became involved in the
scramble for Africa, with only
Spain mostly missing out. These colonies and protectorates would last through the end of the century and in some cases until WWII.
Americas
Image:GoldenSpikev3.JPG First Transcontinental Railroad thumb|right|The driving of the golden spike at Promontory Summit, Utah, 1869, marking the [[First Transcontinental Railroad|first rail connection across the United States.html" title="Meaning of first rail connection.html" title="Meaning of thumb|right|The driving of the golden spike at Promontory Summit, Utah, 1869, marking the [[First Transcontinental Railroad|first rail connection">thumb|right|The driving of the golden spike at Promontory Summit, Utah, 1869, marking the [[First Transcontinental Railroad|first rail connection across the United States">first rail connection.html" title="Meaning of thumb|right|The driving of the golden spike at Promontory Summit, Utah, 1869, marking the [[First Transcontinental Railroad|first rail connection">thumb|right|The driving of the golden spike at Promontory Summit, Utah, 1869, marking the [[First Transcontinental Railroad|first rail connection across the United States
The United States began expansion across the North American continent, beginning with the
Louisiana Purchase in 1803. This expansion was asserted to be the
Manifest Destiny of the country. This was accompanied by the subjugation and dispersal of
Native Americans in the United States Native Americans. The expansion was accelerated by the building of
transcontinental railroads, and growing numbers of immigrants.
On
October 2 1835, the
Texas Revolution broke out as the Mexican state of
Tejas declared independence from the Mexican government. Independence was declared when
Santa Ana instated himself as dictator of the Mexican Republic. Following the
Battle of the Alamo, Gen.
Sam Houston led a major victory against the Mexicans in the
Battle of San Jacinto, capturing Santa Ana himself. The
Republic of Texas teetered on collapse and Mexican take-over until its annexation by the United States in 1845.
On
January 24 1848, gold was discovered in
California, leading to the largest of many gold and silver "rushes" through the century. Millions of people flocked to mines and cities in these western areas, sparking a period of westward expansion. Many Chinese immigrants began to arrive in California, blending into the unique frontier culture. On September 9th, 1850, California was admitted as a state. This expansion eventually forced the country to confront the issue of legalized slavery in its southern states, as the balance between "free states" and "
slave states" could not be upheld.
Image:Abraham Lincoln head on shoulders photo portrait.jpg Abraham Lincoln.html" title="Meaning of thumb thumb|left|US President [[Abraham Lincoln, a well-known nineteenth-century U.S. president..html" title="Meaning of left|US President [[Abraham Lincoln">thumb|left|US President [[Abraham Lincoln, a well-known nineteenth-century U.S. president.">left|US President [[Abraham Lincoln">thumb|left|US President [[Abraham Lincoln, a well-known nineteenth-century U.S. president.
The
American Civil War Civil War in the United States was fought from 1861 to 1865.
Abraham Lincoln was President during the war, and is widely considered one of the greatest leaders of western society. Following the war, industrial manufacturing exploded, adding steam to the already growing
Industrial Revolution. In 1878,
Thomas Edison displayed his new lightbulb, and within a decade had built a major electrical distribution system across the nation. Economic influence would eventually begin expansion outward across the
Pacific Ocean and in
Latin America.
Shortly after the turn of the century, the colonies of
Spain and
Portugal began to revolt and declare independence, in the mold of the United States. These revolts were successful, resulting in the establishment of many independent countries from
Mexico (
1821) in North America to
Chile (
1818) in South America. Unlike the United States of America, these Latin American countries had relatively unstable governments for most of the century. This resulted in interference in internal affairs by European powers, particularly Great Britain. By the end of the century, the United States was also exerting influence. Former European colonies
Paraguay,
Brazil,
Argentina, and
Uruguay fought in the
War of the Triple Alliance from 1864 to 1870, the bloodiest conflict in Latin American history.
On
September 7 portion of the continent that had been retained by the
United Kingdom United Kingdom of Great Britain developed slowly but surely. This development lead to the creation of the
Canada Dominion of Canada in 1867.
Other regions
For the rest of the world, there were few places not influenced by the West in some fashion, whether through
colonialism,
imperialism, or
war. European powers gained increasing influence in China, where
Qing control had weakened, and wars were fought by the western powers against China, such as the
First Opium War first and the
Second Opium War second Opium wars and
Sino-French War.
Japan, which was forcibly opened to Western trade, began a rapid industrialisation.
The
Russian Empire began expanding into
Central Asia, where there was rivalry between the Russians and the British in
India, in what is known as
The Great Game, as the British feared the Russians would try to invade India.
The
Ottoman Empire began to decline, with it losing control of areas such as
Greece and
Egypt. The British and the French fought the Russians in the
Crimean War partly because they were afraid that the Ottoman Empire was too weak to withstand an attack by Russia.
Africa, which was largely free from European control at the start of the century, was almost completely dominated by Europe at the end of it, with the
Scramble for Africa in the
1880s and
1890s.
Events
Image:British Empire 1897.jpg thumb|Map of the world from 1897. The British Empire (marked in pink) was the superpower of the 19th century.
1800s
*
1801: The
Kingdom of Great Britain and the
Kingdom of Ireland merge to form the
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland United Kingdom.
*
1801-
1805 15:
Barbary Wars between the
United States and the
Barbary States of
North Africa
*
1803: The
United States buys out
France's territorial claims in
North America via the
Louisiana Purchase. This begins America's westward expansion to the Pacific referred to as its
Manifest Destiny which involves
United States territorial acquisitions annexing and conquering land from Mexico, Britain, and Native Americans.
*
1804:
History of Haiti#Haiti in the 19th century Haitian Republic founded.
*
1804:
Austrian Empire founded by
Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor Francis I.
*
1805-
1848 48:
Muhammad Ali of Egypt Muhammad Ali modernizes
Egypt.
*
1806:
Holy Roman Empire dissolved as a consequence of the
Treaty of Lunéville.
*
1808-
1809 09:
Russia conquers
Finland from
Sweden in the
Finnish War.
*
1809: Napoleon strips the
Teutonic Knights of their last holdings in
Bad Mergentheim.
1810s
Image:KingShaka.jpeg Shaka.html" title="Meaning of thumb thumb|1816: [[Shaka rises to power over the
Zulu kingdom.html" title="Meaning of 1816: [[Shaka">thumb|1816: [[Shaka rises to power over the
Zulu kingdom">1816: [[Shaka">thumb|1816: [[Shaka rises to power over the
Zulu kingdom
*
1810: The
Humboldt University of Berlin University of Berlin, the world's first research university, is founded. Among its students and faculty are
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel Hegel,
Karl Marx Marx,
Otto von Bismarck Bismarck, and
Albert Einstein Einstein. The German university reform proves to be so successful that its model is copied around the world.
*
1810s-
1820s 20s: Most of the Latin American colonies free themselves from the
Spanish Empire Spanish and
Portuguese Empires after the
Mexican War of Independence and the
South American Wars of Independence.
*
1812-
1815 15:
War of 1812 between the
United States and
Great Britain
*
1813-
1907: The contest between the
British Empire and
Imperial Russia for control of
Central Asia is referred to as
the Great Game.
*
1815: The
Congress of Vienna redraws the
European map. The
Concert of Europe attempts to preserve this settlement, but it fails to stem the tide of liberalism and nationalism that sweeps over the continent.
*
1815:
Napoleon I of France Napoleon's defeat at
Battle of Waterloo Waterloo brings a conclusion to the
Napoleonic Wars and marks the beginning of a
Pax Britannica which lasts until 1870.
*
1816:
Year Without a Summer
*
1816-
1828 28:
Shaka's
Zulu kingdom becomes the largest in
Southern Africa.
*
1819: The modern city of
Singapore is established by the
British East India Company.
1820s
*
1820:
History of Liberia Liberia founded by the
American Colonization Society for freed American slaves.
*
1821-
1827 27: Greece becomes the first country to break away from the Ottoman Empire after the
Greek War of Independence.
1830s
*
1830:
France French rule in Algeria invades and occupies Algeria.
*
1830: The
Belgian Revolution in the
United Kingdom of the Netherlands led to the creation of
Belgium.
*
1830: The
Republic of Gran Colombia is dissolved and the nations of
Colombia,
Ecuador,
Venezuela, and
Panama take its place.
*
1833: As per the
Akilattirattu Ammanai, the scripture of
Ayyavazhi,
Ayya Vaikundar arose from the sea in
Thiruchendur.
*
1833:
Slavery Abolition Act bans slavery throughout the
British Empire.
*
1833-
1876 76:
Carlist Wars in
Spain.
*
1834:
Spanish Inquisition officially ends.
*
1835-
1836 36: The
Texas Revolution in
Mexico resulted in the short-lived
Republic of Texas.
*
1837-
1901:
Victoria of the United Kingdom Queen Victoria's reign is considered the apex of the
British Empire and is referred to as the
Victorian era.
*
1838-
1840 40: Civil war in the
United Provinces of Central America led to the foundings of
Guatemala,
El Salvador,
Honduras,
Nicaragua, and
Costa Rica.
*
1839-
1860 60: After two
Opium Wars,
Great Britain,
France, the
United States and
Russia gain many concessions from
China and the
Qing Dynasty goes into decline.
1840s
*
1840:
Treaty of Waitangi New Zealand founded.
*
1844 - Persian Prophet the
Báb announces his revelation, founding
BábÃs BábÃsm. He announced to the world of the coming of "
He whom God shall make manifest." He is considered the forerunner of
Bahá'u'lláh, the founder of the
Bahá'à Faith.
*
1845-
1849 49: The
Irish Potato Famine (1845-1849) Irish Potato Famine led to the
Irish diaspora.
*
1846-
1848 48: The
Mexican-American War leads to
Mexico's cession of much of the modern-day
Southwestern United States.
*
1846-
1847 47:
History of the Latter Day Saint movement Mormon migration to
Utah.
*
1848:
The Communist Manifesto published.
*
1848:
Revolutions of 1848 in
Europe
*
1848-
1858 58:
California Gold Rush
1850s
Image:CatonWoodvilleLightBrigade.jpeg Charge of the Light Brigade.html" title="Meaning of thumb thumb|200px|The [[Charge of the Light Brigade during the
Crimean War.html" title="Meaning of 200px|The [[Charge of the Light Brigade">thumb|200px|The [[Charge of the Light Brigade during the
Crimean War">200px|The [[Charge of the Light Brigade">thumb|200px|The [[Charge of the Light Brigade during the
Crimean War
*
1850: The
Little Ice Age ends around this time.
*
1851-
1860s 60s:
Victorian gold rush in
Australia
*
1851-
1864 64: The
Taiping Rebellion in
China is the bloodiest conflict of the century.
*
1854: The
Convention of Kanagawa formally ends
Japan's policy of
Sakoku.
*
1854-
1856 56:
Crimean War between
Great Britain,
France, the
Ottoman Empire and
Russia
*
1855:
Bessemer process enables
steel to be mass produced.
*
1856: World's first
oil refinery in
Romania
*
1857-
1858 58:
Indian rebellion of 1857
*
1859:
The Origin of Species published.
1860s
Image:SuezCanalKantara.jpg Suez Canal.html" title="Meaning of thumb thumb|The first vessels sail through the [[Suez Canal.html" title="Meaning of The first vessels sail through the [[Suez Canal">thumb|The first vessels sail through the [[Suez Canal">The first vessels sail through the [[Suez Canal">thumb|The first vessels sail through the [[Suez Canal
*
1861-
1865 65:
American Civil War between the
Union (American Civil War) Union and seceding
Confederate States of America Confederacy
*
1861: Russia
Emancipation reform of 1861 in Russia abolishes serfdom.
*
1863: Formation of the
International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement International Red Cross is followed by the adoption of the
First Geneva Convention in 1864.
*
1864-
1867 67:
French intervention in Mexico
*
1864-
1866 66: The
Chincha Islands War was an attempt by Spain to regain its South American colonies.
*
1864-
1870 70: The
War of the Triple Alliance ends Paraguayan ambitions for expansion and destroys much of the Paraguayan population.
*
1865-
1877 77:
Reconstruction in the
United States
*
1866: Successful
transatlantic telegraph cable follows an earlier attempt in
1858.
*
1866:
Austro-Prussian War results in the dissolution of the
German Confederation and the creation of the
North German Confederation and the
Austria-Hungary Austrian-Hungarian Dual Monarchy.
*
1866-
1869 69: After the
Meiji Restoration,
Japan embarks on a program of rapid
modernization.
*
1867: The
United States Alaska Purchase purchased Alaska from
Russia.
*
1867:
Canadian Confederation formed.
*
1869:
First Transcontinental Railroad completed in
United States.
*
1869: The
Suez Canal opens linking the
Mediterranean Sea Mediterranean to the
Red Sea.
1870s
*
1870-
1871 71: The
Franco-Prussian War results in the unifications of
German Empire Germany and
Italian unification Italy, the collapse of the
Second French Empire, the breakdown of Pax Britannica, and the emergence of a
New Imperialism.
*
1871-
1914:
Second Industrial Revolution
*
1870s-
1890s 90s:
Long Depression in Western Europe and North America
*
1872:
Yellowstone National Park created.
*
1873: Maxwell's ''
A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism'' published.
*
1874: The
British East India Company is dissolved.
*
1875-
1900: 26 million Indians perished in India due to
Famine in India famine.
*
1876-
1914: The massive expansion in population, territory, industry and wealth in the United States is referred to as the
Gilded Age.
*
1877:
Great Railroad Strike in the United States may have been the world's first nationwide
Strike action labor strike.
*
1877-
1878 78: The
Balkans are freed from the
Ottoman Empire after another
Russo-Turkish War, 1877-1878 Russo-Turkish War.
*
1878: First commercial
telephone exchange in
New Haven, Connecticut.
*
1879:
Anglo-Zulu War in
South Africa.
*
1879-
1884 84:
War of the Pacific between
Peru,
Bolivia and
Chile.
1880s
*
1880-
1902:
Great Britain conquers Dutch settlers in South Africa in two
Boer Wars.
*
1882: First electrical
Pearl Street Station power plant and
Electricity distribution grid in
Manhattan.
*
1884-
1885 85: The
Berlin Conference signals the start of the European
Scramble for Africa. Attending nations also agree to ban trade in
slaves.
*
1884-
1885 85: The
Sino-French War led to the formation of
French Indochina.
*
1885:
Unification of Bulgaria
*
1888:
Lei Ã?urea Slavery banned in Brazil.
1890s
*
1890: The
Wounded Knee Massacre is the last battle in the American
Indian Wars.
*
1894-
1895 95: After the
First Sino-Japanese War,
China cedes
Taiwan to
Japan and grants Japan a free hand in
Korea.
*
1895-
1896:
Ethiopia defeated
Italy in the
First Italo-Abyssinian War.
*
1896:
1896 Summer Olympics Olympic games revived in
Athens.
*
1896:
Klondike Gold Rush in Canada
*
1898: The
United States gains control of
Cuba,
Puerto Rico, and the
Philippines after the
Spanish-American War.
*
1898-
1900: The
Boxer Rebellion in
China is suppressed by an
Eight-Nation Alliance.
*
1899-
1913: The
Philippine-American War
Significant people
*
Gilbert and Sullivan, playwright, composer
*
W G Grace William Gilbert Grace, English cricketer
*
Baron Haussmann, civic planner
*
Sándor Körösi Csoma, explorer of the
Tibetan Tibetan culture culture
*
Fitz Hugh Ludlow, writer and explorer
*
Florence Nightingale, nursing pioneer
*
Ignaz Semmelweis, proponent of
hygiene hygenic practices
*
John Snow (physician) Dr. John Snow, the founder of
epidemiology
*
Fred Spofforth F R Spofforth, Australian
cricketer cricket
*
Sitting Bull, a leader of the
Lakota
*
Chief Joseph, a leader of the
Nez Percé
Anthropology
Image:FranzBoas.jpg Franz Boas.html" title="Meaning of thumb thumb|right| [[Franz Boas one of the pioneers of modern
anthropology.html" title="Meaning of right| [[Franz Boas">thumb|right| [[Franz Boas one of the pioneers of modern
anthropology">right| [[Franz Boas">thumb|right| [[Franz Boas one of the pioneers of modern
anthropology
*
Lewis H. Morgan
*
Franz Boas
*
Edward Burnett Tylor
*
Karl Verner
*
Brothers Grimm
*
Nicholai Miklukho-Maklai
*
Johann Jakob Bachofen
Painters
Image:Claude Monet, Impression, soleil levant, 1872.jpg Claude_Monet thumb|[[Claude Monet|Monet's
Impression, Sunrise, which gave the name to
Impressionism.html" title="Meaning of Monet.html" title="Meaning of thumb|[[Claude Monet|Monet">thumb|[[Claude Monet|Monet's
Impression, Sunrise, which gave the name to
Impressionism">Monet.html" title="Meaning of thumb|[[Claude Monet|Monet">thumb|[[Claude Monet|Monet's
Impression, Sunrise, which gave the name to
Impressionism
The
realism (arts) Realism and
Romanticism of the early 19th century gave way to
Impressionism and
Post-Impressionism in the later half of the century, with
Paris being the dominant art capital of the world. 19th century painters included:
*
Paul Cezanne
*
Edgar Degas
*
Eugène Delacroix
*
Caspar David Friedrich
*
Antonio de La Gandara
*
Théodore Géricault
*
Vincent van Gogh
*
Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres
*
Édouard Manet
*
Claude Monet
*
Berthe Morisot
*
Camille Pissarro
*
Pierre-Auguste Renoir
*
Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec
Music
Image:BeethovenStieler.jpg Ludwig_van Beethoven.html" title="Meaning of thumb thumb|[[Ludwig van Beethoven.html" title="Meaning of [[Ludwig van Beethoven">thumb|[[Ludwig van Beethoven">[[Ludwig van Beethoven">thumb|[[Ludwig van Beethoven
Sonata form matured during the Classical era to become the primary form of instrumental compositions throughout the 19th century. Much of the music from the nineteenth century was referred to as being in the
Romantic music Romantic style. Many great composers lived through this era such as
Ludwig van Beethoven,
Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky,
Frédéric Chopin,
Giuseppe Verdi and
Richard Wagner. Others included:
*
Hector Berlioz
*
Georges Bizet
*
Alexander Borodin
*
Johannes Brahms
*
Anton Bruckner
*
Claude Debussy
*
AntonÃn Dvořák
*
Franz Liszt
*
Felix Mendelssohn
*
Modest Mussorgsky
*
Franz Schubert
*
Niccolò Paganini
*
Robert Schumann
Literature
Image:CDickens.jpg Charles_Dickens.html" title="Meaning of thumb thumb|140px|[[Charles Dickens.html" title="Meaning of 140px|[[Charles Dickens">thumb|140px|[[Charles Dickens">140px|[[Charles Dickens">thumb|140px|[[Charles Dickens
Image:Twain in Tesla's Lab.jpg Mark_Twain.html" title="Meaning of thumb thumb|140px|[[Mark Twain in 1894.html" title="Meaning of 140px|[[Mark Twain">thumb|140px|[[Mark Twain in 1894">140px|[[Mark Twain">thumb|140px|[[Mark Twain in 1894
Image:Jane Austen (chopped) 2.jpg Jane_Austen.html" title="Meaning of thumb thumb|140px|[[Jane Austen.html" title="Meaning of 140px|[[Jane Austen">thumb|140px|[[Jane Austen">140px|[[Jane Austen">thumb|140px|[[Jane Austen
image:Edgar_Allan_Poe_2.jpg Daguerreotype.html"_title="Meaning of thumb thumb|140px|right|[[Daguerreotype_of
Edgar Allan Poe.html" title="Meaning of 140px|right|[[Daguerreotype">thumb|140px|right|[[Daguerreotype of
Edgar Allan Poe">140px|right|[[Daguerreotype">thumb|140px|right|[[Daguerreotype of
Edgar Allan Poe
On the literary front the new century opens with
Romanticism, a movement that spread throughout Europe in reaction to 18th-century rationalism, and it develops more or less along the lines of the Industrial Revolution, with a design to react against the dramatic changes wrought on nature by the
steam engine and the
railway.
William Wordsworth and
Samuel Taylor Coleridge are considered the initiators of the new school in
England, while in the continent the German ''
Sturm und Drang'' spreads its influence as far as
Italy and
Spain.
French arts had been hampered by the
Napoleonic Wars but subsequently developed rapidly.
Modernism began.
The Goncourts and
Emile Zola in
France and
Giovanni Verga in Italy produce some of the finest naturalist novels. Italian naturalist novels are especially important in that they give a social map of the new unified Italy to a people that until then had been scarcely aware of its ethnic and cultural diversity. On February 21,
1848,
Karl Marx and
Friedrich Engels published the Communist Manifesto.
There was a huge literary output during the 19th century. Some of the most famous writers included the Russians
Leo Tolstoy,
Anton Chekov and
Fyodor Dostoevsky; the English
Charles Dickens,
John Keats, and
Jane Austen; the Irish
Oscar Wilde; the Americans
Edgar Allan Poe and
Mark Twain; and the French
Victor Hugo,
Honoré de Balzac,
Jules Verne and
Charles Baudelaire. Some others of note included:
*
Charlotte Brontë
*
Emily Brontë
*
Lord Byron
*
François-René de Chateaubriand
*
Kate Chopin
*
Samuel Taylor Coleridge
*
Emily Dickinson
*
Alexandre Dumas, père (1802-1870)
*
Ralph Waldo Emerson
*
Gustave Flaubert
*
Margaret Fuller
*
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
*
Nikolai Gogol
*
G. A. Bécquer
*
Nathaniel Hawthorne
*
Friedrich Hölderlin
*
Heinrich Heine
*
Henrik Ibsen
*
Jules Laforgue
*
Giacomo Leopardi
*
Alessandro Manzoni
*
Henry James
*
Stéphane Mallarmé
*
Herman Melville
*
Aleksandr Pushkin
*
Arthur Rimbaud
*
George Sand (Amandine-Aurore-Lucile Dupin)
*
Mary Shelley
*
Stendhal (Marie-Henri Beyle)
*
Robert Louis Stevenson
*
Harriet Beecher Stowe
*
Paul Verlaine
*
Walt Whitman
*
William Wordsworth
*
Alfred, Lord Tennyson
*
Émile Zola
Science
Image:Charles Darwin 1881.jpg Charles_Darwin.html" title="Meaning of thumb thumb|[[Charles Darwin.html" title="Meaning of [[Charles Darwin">thumb|[[Charles Darwin">[[Charles Darwin">thumb|[[Charles Darwin
The 19th century saw the birth of science as a profession; the term '''
scientist''' was coined in 1833 by
William Whewell. Among the most influential ideas of the 19th century were those of
Charles Darwin, who in 1859 published the book ''
The Origin of Species'', which introduced the idea of
evolution by
natural selection.
Louis Pasteur made the first vaccine against rabies, and also made many discoveries in the field of chemistry, including the
optical isomerism asymmetry of crystals.
Thomas Alva Edison gave the world light with his invention of the
lightbulb.
Karl Weierstrass and other mathematicians also carried out the
arithmetization of analysis. Other important 19th century scientists included:
*
Amedeo Avogadro, physicist
*
Johann Jakob Balmer, mathematician, physicist
*
Henri Becquerel, physicist
*
Alexander Graham Bell, inventor
*
Ludwig Boltzmann, physicist
*
János Bolyai, mathematician
*
Louis Braille, inventor of
braille
*
Robert Bunsen, chemist
*
Marie Curie, physicist, chemist
*
Pierre Curie, physicist
*
Louis Daguerre, chemist
*
Gottfried Daimler, engineer, industrial designer and industrialist
*
Christian Doppler, physicist, mathematician
*
Michael Faraday, scientist
*
Léon Foucault, physicist
*
Gottlob Frege, mathematician, logician and philosopher
*
Carl Friedrich Gauss, mathematician, physicist, astronomer
*
Willard Gibbs Josiah Willard Gibbs, physicist
*
Ernst Haeckel, biologist
*
Heinrich Hertz, physicist
*
Alexander von Humboldt, naturalist, explorer
*
Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky Nikolai Lobachevsky, mathematician
*
William Thomson,
Lord Kelvin, physicist
*
Robert Koch, physician, bacteriologist
*
Justus von Liebig, chemist
*
Auguste and Louis Lumière, inventors
*
Wilhelm Maybach, car-engine and automobile designer and industrialist.
*
James Clerk Maxwell, physicist
*
Gregor Mendel, biologist
*
Dmitri Mendeleev, chemist
*
Samuel Morey, inventor
*
Nicéphore Niépce,inventor
*
Alfred Nobel, chemist, engineer, inventor
*
Louis Pasteur, microbiologist and chemist
*
Bernhard Riemann, mathematician
*
Nikola Tesla, inventor
Philosophy and religion
Image:Kmarx.jpg thumb|right|140px|Karl Marx
Image:FWNietzscheSiebe.jpg thumb|right|140px|Friedrich Nietzsche
The Latter-day Saint religious movement was founded during the 19th century by
Joseph Smith, Jr. and
Brigham Young, which led to the set of doctrines, practices, and cultures called
Mormonism. In 1833
Ayya Vaikundar, on whose teachings the the
Ayyavazhi religion is based on incarnated from the sea of
Thiruchendur (as per
Akilattirattu Ammanai). In 1844 a young merchant from Persia proclaimed that he was the
Báb ("the Gate" in Arabic), founding the
BábÃs Bábà Faith and proclaimed to be the forerunner of "
He whom God shall make manifest." In 1863,
Bahá'u'lláh (a title meaning "In the Glory of God"), himself a follower of the
Báb, proclaimed His mission as the Promised One of all religions. He is the founder of the
Bahá'à Faith.
Nikolai of Japan was a religious leader who introduced
Eastern Orthodox Eastern Orthodoxy into Japan.
Other prominent religious figures and philosophers of the 19th century include:
*
Báb,
Iran Persian prophet and founder of
BábÃs BábÃsm
*
Mikhail Bakunin, anarchist
*
Auguste Comte, philosopher
*
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, philosopher
*
Søren Kierkegaard, philosopher
*
Karl Marx, political philosopher
*
John Stuart Mill, philosopher
*
Friedrich Nietzsche, philosopher
*
Ramakrishna Paramahamsa, Hindu mystic
*
Arthur Schopenhauer, philosopher
*
Claude Henri de Rouvroy, Comte de Saint-Simon, founder of French
socialism
*
William Morris, social reformer
Politics
Image:Bismarck1894.jpg thumb|Right|140px|Otto Von Bismarck, the Iron Chancellor
*
Otto von Bismarck,
Germany German chancellor
*
Napoleon I of France Napoleon Bonaparte,
France French general, first consul and emperor
*
Napoleon III
*
John C. Calhoun,
United States U.S. senator
*
Henry Clay,
United States U.S. senator
*
Jefferson Davis, President of the
Confederate States of America just before and during the
American Civil War.
*
Joseph Fouché, French politician
*
Giuseppe Garibaldi, unifier of
Italy and
Piedmont Piedmontese soldier
*
William Lloyd Garrison,
United States U.S. abolitionist leader
*
William Ewart Gladstone, British prime minister
*
Ulysses S. Grant,
United States U.S. general and president
*
Theodor Herzl, founder of modern political
Zionism
*
Andrew Jackson,
United States U.S. general and president
*
Thomas Jefferson,
United States American statesman, philosopher, and president
*
Lajos Kossuth, Hungarian governor; leader of the war of independence
*
Hong Xiuquan, revolutionary, self-proclaimed
Son of God
*
Benjamin Disraeli, novelist and politician
*
Libertadores,
Latin America Latin American liberators
*
Robert E. Lee,
Confederate States of America Confederate general
*
Abraham Lincoln,
United States U.S. president; led the nation during the
American Civil War
*
Sir John A. Macdonald,
Canada, first Prime Minister of Canada
*
Meiji Emperor Mutsuhito,
Japan Japanese emperor
*
István Széchenyi, aristocrat, leader of the Hungarian reform movement
*
Charles Maurice de Talleyrand, French politician
*
Victoria of the United Kingdom Queen Victoria, British monarch
*
Klemens von Metternich, Austrian Chancellor
Inventions, discoveries, introductions
{{main articles|
Timeline of invention#19th century and
Timeline of scientific discoveries#1800s}}
Image:View from the Window at Le Gras, Joseph Nicéphore Niépce.jpg Nicéphore Niépce.html" title="Meaning of thumb thumb|One of the first photographs, produced in 1826 by [[Nicéphore Niépce.html" title="Meaning of One of the first photographs, produced in 1826 by [[Nicéphore Niépce">thumb|One of the first photographs, produced in 1826 by [[Nicéphore Niépce">One of the first photographs, produced in 1826 by [[Nicéphore Niépce">thumb|One of the first photographs, produced in 1826 by [[Nicéphore Niépce
Research became institutionalized at research universities such as the
Humboldt University of Berlin University of Berlin and at corporate laboratories such as Edison's
Thomas A. Edison#Menlo Park Menlo Park which accelerated the rate at which discoveries and innovations were made.
*
Department stores
*
Epidemiology
*
Mail order Mail order businesses
*
Philology
*
Postage stamps
*
Bus#History:_the_omnibus Public buses
*
Rapid transit Subway
See also
*
List of wars 1800–1899
*
Timeline of 19th century Islamic history
*
France in the nineteenth century
*
Russian history, 1855-1892
*
Mid-nineteenth century Spain
*
Capitalism in the nineteenth century
*
19th-century philosophy
*
Timeline of trends in music (1800-1899)
*
Nineteenth century theatre
*
19th century in games
*
19th century in film
Decades and years
{{DecadesAndYears|17|18|19}}
Category:19th century
Category:Centuries
Category:Romanticism
af:19de eeu
als:19. Jahrhundert
ast:Sieglu XIX
az:XIX əsr
bg:19 век
zh-min-nan:19 sè-kÃ
be:19 Ñ?тагодзьдзе
bs:19. vijek
br:XIXvet kantved
ca:Segle XIX
cv:XIX ĕмĕр
cs:19. stoletÃ
cy:19eg ganrif
da:19. århundrede
de:19. Jahrhundert
et:19. sajand
el:19ος αιώνας
es:Siglo XIX
eo:19-a jarcento
eu:XIX. mende
fa:سده ۱۹ (میلادی)
fo:19. øld
fr:XIXe siècle
fy:19e ieu
ko:19세기
hr:19. stoljeće
io:19ma yar-cento
id:Abad ke-19
is:19. öldin
it:XIX secolo
he:המ×?×” ×”-19
jv:Abad kaping 19
ka:XIX ს�უკუნე
kw:19ves kansblydhen
ku:Sedsala 19'an
la:Saeculum 19
lt:XIX amžius
lb:19. Joerhonnert
li:Negentiende iew
hu:19. század
mk:19 век
mi:Tua 19 rau tau
nl:19e eeuw
ja:19世紀
no:19. århundre
nn:1800-talet
os:XIX æнуÑ?
pl:XIX wiek
pt:Século XIX
ro:Secolul XIX
ru:XIX век
sq:Shekulli XIX
sh:19. vijek
scn:Sèculu XIX
simple:19th century
sk:19. storoÄ?ie
sl:19. stoletje
sr:19. век
su:Abad ka-19
fi:1800-luku
sv:1800-talet
tt:19. yöz
th:คริสต์ศตวรรษที่ 19
vi:Thế kỷ 19
tr:19. yüzyıl
uk:19 Ñ?толіттÑ?
wa:19inme sieke
zh:19世纪
see
19th century
{{commonscat|19th century}}
Articles and events specifically relating to the
19th century
Note that the 19th century began in
1801 and ended with
1900, not
1800-
1899 as is often erroneously believed.
{{YearsInCentury|18|th|19|th|20|th}}
Category:Years
Category:Centuries
Category:2nd millennium
af:Kategorie:19de eeu
ast:CategorÃa:Sieglu XIX
be:КатÑ?горыÑ?:19 Ñ?тагодзьдзе
bg:КатегориÑ?:19 век
ca:Categoria:Segle XIX
cs:Kategorie:19. stoletÃ
da:Kategori:19. århundrede
de:Kategorie:19. Jahrhundert
et:Kategooria:19. sajand
es:CategorÃa:Siglo XIX
fr:Catégorie:Chronologie du XIXe siècle
ko:분류:19세기
io:Category:19ma yar-cento
id:Kategori:Abad ke-19
is:Flokkur:19. öldin
it:Categoria:Anni del XIX secolo
csb:Kategòrëjô:XIX stolaté
lb:Category:Joer (19. Jh.)
nl:Categorie:19e eeuw
ja:Category:19世紀
no:Kategori:1800-tallet
nn:Kategori:1800-talet
pl:Kategoria:XIX wiek
pt:Categoria:Século XIX
ro:Categorie:Secolul al XIX-lea
ru:КатегориÑ?:XIX век
simple:Category:19th century
sk:Kategória:19. storoÄ?ie
sl:Category:Devetnajsto stoletje našega štetja
sv:Kategori:1800-talet
tt:Törkem:19. yöz
zh:Category:19世纪
*** Shopping-Tip: 19th century
 2.jpg.html){kind=link}
