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Andorra
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see Andorra
{{For|other senses|Andorra (disambiguation)}}
{| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
|+ '''''Principat d'Andorra''
Principality of Andorra'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" align="center" colspan="2" |
{| border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0"
|-
| align="center" width="140px" | Image:Flag of Andorra.svg 125px|Flag of Andorra
| align="center" width="140px" | Image:Andorra_coa.png Andorra's Coat of Arms
|-
| align="center" width="140px" | (Flag of Andorra Flag)
| align="center" width="140px" | (Coat of Arms of Andorra Coat of Arms)
|}
|-
| align="center" colspan=2 | national motto Motto: Latin: ''Virtus Unita Fortior''
(English language English: "Virtue United is Stronger")
|-
| align="center" colspan=2 | image:LocationAndorra.png
|-
| '''Official language''': .html">Catalan language Catalan
|-
| '''Capital''':
- Population:
- Coordinates: || Andorra la Vella
22,035 (Jan 2004 est.)
{{coor dm|42|30|N|1|31|E|type:country}}
|-
| '''List of Co-Princes of Andorra French Co-Prince''':
| Jacques Chirac
|-
| '''List of Co-Princes of Andorra Episcopal Co-Prince''':
| Joan Enric Vives SicÃlia
|-
| '''Head of Government''': || Albert Pintat
|-
| '''Area''':
- Total:
- % water:
| List of countries by area Ranked 178th
1 E8 m² 468 km²
Negligible
|-
| '''Population''':
- Total (2003)
- Population density Density:
| List of countries by population Ranked 182nd
69,150
144.5/km²
|-
| '''Independence''': || 1278
|-
| '''National Day''': || 8 September
|- valign=top
| '''Religions''': || Roman Catholic (established religion)
|-
| '''Human Development Index HDI''' (2003) || List of countries by Human Development Index NA – unranked
|-
| '''Currency''': .html">Euro (€).html" title="Meaning of | Euro (€)'''¹''' = 100 cents
|-
| '''Time zone'''
- in European Summer Time summer
| Central European Time CET (Coordinated Universal Time UTC+1)
Central European Summer Time CEST (Coordinated Universal Time UTC+2)
|- valign=top
| '''National anthem''': .html">El Gran Carlemany El Gran Carlemany, Mon Pare''
|-
| '''Top-level domain Internet TLD''': || .ad
|-
| '''List of country calling codes Calling Code''':
| +376
|-
| colspan="2" align="center" | 1 Prior to 1999: French franc and Spanish peseta. Some of their own currency, 1 Andorran diner diner of 100 centim was minted after 1982.
|}
{{Catalan-speaking world|align=right}}
The '''Principality of Andorra''' (Catalan language Catalan: ''Principat d'Andorra'', French language French: ''Principauté d'Andorre'', Spanish language Spanish: ''Principado de Andorra'') is a small, landlocked country landlocked principality in south-western Europe, located in the eastern Pyrenees mountains and bordered by France and Spain. Once isolated, it is currently a prosperous country mainly because of tourism and its status as a tax haven. Andorra is not to be confused with the Andora Comune di Andora.
Origin and history of the name
The name "Andorra" probably originates from a Navarrese word ''andurrial'', which translates as ''shrub-covered land''.
History
{{main|History of Andorra}}
Tradition holds that Charlemagne granted a charter to the Andorran people in return for their fighting the Moors. Overlordship of the territory passed to the local count of Urgell and eventually to the bishop of the diocese of Urgell. In the 11th century a dispute arose between the bishop and his northern French neighbour over Andorra.
In 1278, the conflict was resolved by the signing of a parage, which provided that Andorra's sovereignty be shared between the French count of Foix (whose title would ultimately transfer to the French head of state) and the bishop of La Seu d'Urgell, in Catalonia. This gave the small principality its territory and political form.
Over the years the title passed to the kings of Navarre. After Henry of Navarre became King Henry IV of France Henry IV of France, he issued an edict (1607) that established the head of the French state and the Bishop of Urgell as co-princes of Andorra.
In the period 1812–13, the French Empire annexed Catalonia and divided it in four departments. Andorra was also annexed and made part of the district of Puigcerdà (département of Sègre).
In 1933 France occupied Andorra as a result of social unrest before elections. On July 12, 1934, an adventurer named Boris Skossyreff issued a proclamation in Urgel, declaring himself Boris I, sovereign prince of Andorra, simultaneously declaring war on the bishop of Urgel. He was arrested by Spanish authorities on July 20 and ultimately expelled from Spain. From 1936 to 1940, a French detachment was garrisoned in Andorra to prevent influences of the Spanish Civil War and Franco's Spain.
The Franco troops reached the Andorran border in the later stages of the war.
During World War II, Andorra remained neutral and was an important smuggling route between Vichy France and Spain.
Given its relative isolation, Andorra has existed outside the mainstream of European history, with few ties to countries other than France and Spain. In recent times, however, its thriving tourism tourist industry along with developments in transportation and communications have removed the country from its isolation and its political system was thoroughly modernized in 1993, the year in which it finally became a member of the United Nations.
Politics
{{main articles|Politics of Andorra and Constitution of Andorra}}
{{seealso|List of Co-Princes of Andorra}}
Until very recently, Andorra's political system had no clear division of powers into Executive (government) executive, legislative, and judicial branches. Ratified and approved in 1993, the Constitution of Andorra constitution establishes Andorra as a sovereign parliamentary democracy that retains the co-princes as head of state heads of state, but the head of government retains executive power. The two co-princes serve coequally with limited powers that do not include veto over government acts. They are represented in Andorra by a delegate.
The way in which the two princes are chosen makes Andorra one of the most politically distinct nations on earth. One co-Prince is the man or woman who is currently serving as President of France, currently Jacques Chirac (it has historically been any Head of State of France, including Kings and Emperors of France). The other is the current Catholic bishop of the Catalan city of La Seu d'Urgell, currently Joan Enric Vives i Sicilia. As neither prince lives in Andorra their role is almost entirely ceremonial.
Andorra's main legislative body is the unicameral General Council of the Valleys (''Consell General de les Valls''), a parliament of 28 seats; members are elected by direct popular vote, 14 from a single national constituency and 14 to represent each of the 7 parishes, with members serving four-year terms. The Andorran government is formed by the General Council electing the Head of Government (''Cap de Govern''), who then appoints ministers to the cabinet (government) cabinet, the Executive Council (''Govern''). Currently, government is held by the Liberal Party of Andorra, with Albert Pintat as Prime Minister. The Social Democratic Party (Andorra) Social Democratic Party is in opposition.
Defense of the country is the responsibility of France and Spain.
Administrative divisions
Image:Andorra.geohive.gif Subnational thumb|right|310px|[[Subnational|Administrative subdivision of the Principality..html" title="Meaning of Administrative_subdivision.html" title="Meaning of thumb|right|310px|[[Subnational|Administrative subdivision">thumb|right|310px|[[Subnational|Administrative subdivision of the Principality.">Administrative_subdivision.html" title="Meaning of thumb|right|310px|[[Subnational|Administrative subdivision">thumb|right|310px|[[Subnational|Administrative subdivision of the Principality.
{{main|Parishes of Andorra}}
Andorra consists of seven communities, known as ''parròquies'' (singular ''parròquia'' ''English Language Engl.:'' parish)
*Andorra la Vella
*Canillo
*Encamp
*Escaldes-Engordany
*La Massana
*Ordino
*Sant Julià de Lòria
Geography
{{main|Geography of Andorra}}
Befitting its location in the eastern Pyrenees mountain range, Andorra consists predominantly of rugged mountains of an average height of 1,996 m with the highest being the Coma Pedrosa at 2,946 m. These are dissected by three narrow valleys in a Y shape that combine into one as the main stream, the Valira river, leaves the country for Spain (at Andorra's lowest point of 870 m).
Andorra's climate is similar to its neighbours' temperate climate, but its higher altitude means there is on average more snow in winter and it is slightly cooler in summer.
Economy
{{main|Economy of Andorra}}
Image:AndorraLaVella.jpg left|190px|Andorra La Vella
Tourism, the mainstay of Andorra's tiny, well-to-do economy, accounts for roughly 80% of Gross Domestic Product GDP. An estimated 9 million tourists visit annually, attracted by Andorra's duty-free status and by its summer and winter resorts. Andorra's comparative advantage has recently eroded as the economies of adjoining France and Spain have been opened up, providing broader availability of goods and lower tariffs.
The banking sector, with its tax haven status, also contributes substantially to the economy. Agriculture Agricultural production is limited—only 2% of the land is arable—and most food has to be imported. The principal livestock activity is domestic sheep raising. Manufacturing output consists mainly of cigarettes, cigars, and furniture.
Andorra is not a full member of the European Union, but enjoys a special relationship with it, such as being treated as an EU member for trade in manufactured goods (no tariffs) and as a non-EU member for agricultural products. Andorra lacks a currency of its own and uses that of its two surrounding nations. Prior to 1999 these were the French franc and the Spanish peseta, which have since been replaced by a single currency, the euro. Unlike other small European states that use the euro, Andorra does not yet mint its own euro coins; in October 2004, negotiations between Andorra and the European Union EU began on an agreement which would allow Andorra to mint its own coins. Andorra’s natural resources include hydropower, mineral water, timber, iron ore, and lead.
Demographics
{{main|Demographics of Andorra}}
{{seealso|List of Andorrans}}
Andorrans constitute a minority in their own country; only 33% of inhabitants hold Andorran nationality. The largest group of foreign nationals is that of Spain Spaniards (43%), with Portugal Portuguese (11%) and France French (7%) nationals the other main groups. The remaining 6% belong to several other nationalities.
The only official language is Catalan language Catalan, the language of the nearby Spanish Autonomous communities of Spain autonomous region of Catalonia, with which Andorra shares many cultural traits, though Spanish language Spanish, Portuguese Language Portuguese and French language French are also commonly spoken. The predominant religion is Roman Catholic Church Roman Catholicism.
Culture
{{main|Culture of Andorra}}
{{seealso|Music of Andorra}}
Andorra's long history has provided it with a rich mythology and an abundance of Fable folk tales, with roots originating in as far as Andalusia in the south and Netherlands in the north.
Miscellaneous topics
* Communications in Andorra
* Civil unions in Andorra
* Foreign relations of Andorra
* Postal services in Andorra
* Tourism in Andorra
* Transportation in Andorra
See also
*List of sovereign states
Notes
External links
{{sisterlinks|Andorra}}
- Andorra.ad - Main portal
- Andorra-Intern - Andorra Inside Information
- Andorra Online - Information on various Andorran topics
- Andorra Mania - Information on various Andorran topics
- CIA - The World Factbook -- Andorra - CIA's Factbook on Andorra
- Financial institutions in Andorra
- Govern d'Andorra - Official governmental site (in Catalan)
- Library of Congress Portals on the World - Andorra
{{Europe}}
Category:Andorra *
Category:Landlocked countries
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{{sisterlinkswp|Category:Andorra}}
Category:European microstates
Category:Principalities
Category:Landlocked countries
Category:Special territories
Category:Iberian Peninsula
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{| id="toc" style="margin: 0 2em 0 2em;"
! style="background:#ccccff" align="center" width="100%" | Parishes of Andorra Parishes of Andorra .html">Image:Flag of Andorra.svg 50px|Flag of Andorra
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| align="center" style="font-size: 100%;" colspan="2" | Andorra la Vella .html">Canillo _Encamp | Escaldes-Engordany .html">La Massana Ordino | Sant Julià de Lòria
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