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Athematic
*** Shopping-Tip: Athematic
:''For other uses of athematic see
Thematic.''
In the
Indo-European languages, '''''thematic''''' roots are those roots that have a "theme vowel"; a
vowel sound that is always present between the root of the word and the attached
inflections. '''''Athematic''''' roots lack a theme vowel, and attach their inflections directly to the root itself.
For example, consider the endings of the
Latin "first
declension" singular:
The vowel ''a'' seems to be prominent in these case endings, so nouns like ''rosa'' came to be known as "a-stem" nouns, with ''a'' being the "theme vowel," and was later analysed as having a stem containing a root plus a
suffix. In fact,
philology philologists now believe that the suffix in
Proto-Indo-European language Indo-European was now *''-eh
2'', with a
laryngeal theory laryngeal that usually became ''a'' in the daughter languages.
The distinction between thematic and athematic roots is especially apparent in the
Greek language Greek verb; they fall into two classes that are marked by quite different personal endings. Thematic verbs are also called ''-ω'' (-''ô'') verbs in Greek; athematic verbs are ''-μι'' (-''mi'') verbs, after the
grammatical person first person singular present tense ending that each of them uses. The entire
Grammatical conjugation conjugation seems to differ quite markedly between the two sets of verbs, but the differences are really the result of the thematic vowel reacting with the verb endings; in classical Greek, the present tense active endings for athematic verbs are:
:''-μι, -σι, τι, -μεν, -τε, -ντ''
:(-mi, -si, -ti, -men, -te, -nt)
while the thematic verbs took the endings:
:''-ω, -εις, -ει, -ομεν, -ετε, -ουσι(ν)''
:(-ô, -eis, -ei, -omen, -ete, -ousi(n))
In Greek, athematic verbs are a closed class of inherited forms from the parent Indo-European language. Marked contrasts between thematic and athematic forms also appear in
Lithuanian language Lithuanian,
Sanskrit, and
Old Church Slavonic. In
Latin, almost all verbs are thematic; a handful of surviving athematic forms exist, but they are considered
irregular verbs.
The thematic and athematic distinction also applies to nouns; many of the older Indo-European languages distinguish between "vowel stems" and "consonant stems" in the
declension of nouns. In Latin, the first, second, fourth, and fifth declensions are vowel stems characterised by ''a'', ''o'', ''u'' and ''e'', respectively; the third declension contains both consonant stems and ''i'' stems, whose declensions came to closely resemble one another in Latin. Greek, Sanskrit, and other older Indo-European languages also distinguish between vowel and consonant stems, as did
Old English language Old English.
In
modern English, and other languages whose
Morphology (linguistics) morphology has been drastically simplified by
analogy, the distinction between thematic and athematic forms is no longer a meaningful one.
Category:Indo-European linguistics
*** Shopping-Tip: Athematic
