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Boston, Massachusetts
*** Shopping-Tip: Boston, Massachusetts
{{featured article}}
{{Infobox City |
official_name = Boston, Massachusetts |
image_skyline = Boston - Charles River View 2006.jpg |
nickname = City on a Hill, Beantown, The Hub (of the
Solar System),
Athens, Greece Athens of America |
image_flag = Us-ma-bo.png |
image_seal = boston_city_seal.png |
image_map = Boston_ma_highlight.png |
map_caption = Location in
Massachusetts |
subdivision_type =
Counties of the United States Counties |
subdivision_name =
Suffolk County, Massachusetts Suffolk County|
leader_title =
Mayor |
leader_name =
Thomas Menino (
United States Democratic Party Dem)|
area_magnitude = 1 E8 |
area_total = 89.6 mi² / 232.1 |
area_land = 48.4 mi² / 125.4 |
area_water = 41.2 mi² / 106.7 |
population_as_of = 2000 |
population_metro = 5.8 million |
population_total = 589,141 |
population_density = 4,696.9 |
timezone =
Eastern Standard Time Zone Eastern |
utc_offset = -5 |
timezone_DST =
Eastern Standard Time Zone Eastern |
utc_offset_DST = -4 |
website = [http://www.cityofboston.gov www.cityofboston.gov] |
footnotes =
}}
{{redirect|Boston}}
'''Boston''' is the
capital and largest city in the
Massachusetts Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the
United States. It is the unofficial capital of the region known as
New England, and one of the oldest, wealthiest, and most culturally significant large cities in the United States. Its economy is based on education, health care, finance, and technology.
Boston has many nicknames. ''The City on a Hill'' came from the original
Massachusetts Bay Colony's governor
John Winthrop's goal to create the biblical "City on a Hill." It also refers to Boston's original three hills. ''Beantown'' refers to early Bostonian merchants' habit for making baked beans with imported molasses. ''The Hub'' is a shortened form of writer
Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr. Oliver Wendell Holmes' phrase ''The Hub of the Solar System'', now more commonly referred to as ''The Hub of the Universe''.
William Tudor (1779-1830) William Tudor, co-founder of the ''
North American Review'', christened the city ''The Athens of America'' for its great cultural and intellectual influence. Boston is sometimes called ''Puritan City'' because its founders were
Puritans. The city is also sometimes called ''The Cradle of Liberty'' for its role in instigating the
American Revolution. Citizens of Boston and the surrounding area are called ''
Bostonians''.
The city lies at the center of the Boston CMSA (Consolidated Metropolitan Statistical Area), the seventh largest in the United States. The area encompasses parts of the states of New Hampshire, Maine, Rhode Island, and Connecticut. The city also lies at the center of
Greater Boston, which also includes the cities of
Cambridge, Massachusetts Cambridge,
Brookline, Massachusetts Brookline,
Quincy, Massachusetts Quincy,
Newton, Massachusetts Newton, and many suburban communities farther from Boston.
History
Image:Boston_Old_State_House-200px.jpg Old State House (Boston) thumb|200px|The 18th century [[Old State House (Boston)|Old State House in Boston is surrounded by tall buildings of the 19th and 20th centuries..html" title="Meaning of Old State House.html" title="Meaning of thumb|200px|The 18th century [[Old State House (Boston)|Old State House">thumb|200px|The 18th century [[Old State House (Boston)|Old State House in Boston is surrounded by tall buildings of the 19th and 20th centuries.">Old State House.html" title="Meaning of thumb|200px|The 18th century [[Old State House (Boston)|Old State House">thumb|200px|The 18th century [[Old State House (Boston)|Old State House in Boston is surrounded by tall buildings of the 19th and 20th centuries.
{{main|History of Boston, Massachusetts}}
Boston was founded on
September 17,
1630 , by
Puritan colonists from England, including Joseph Cotton from
Derby, on a
peninsula called ''
Shawmut'' by its original
Native Americans in the United States Native American inhabitants. The peninsula was connected to the mainland by a narrow
isthmus, and surrounded by the waters of
Massachusetts Bay and the marshes at the mouth of the
Charles River. Boston's early European settlers first called the area ''Trimountaine''. They later renamed the town for
Boston, Lincolnshire Boston,
England, in
Lincolnshire, from which several prominent
Pilgrims "pilgrim" colonists emigrated. A majority of Boston's early citizens were
Puritans.
Massachusetts Bay Colony's original governor,
John Winthrop, gave a famous sermon entitled "a
City upon a Hill," which captured the idea that Boston had a special covenant with God. (Winthrop also led the signing of the
Cambridge Agreement which is regarded as a key founding document of the city.) Puritan ethics molded an extremely stable and well-structured society in Boston. For example, shortly after Boston's settlement, Puritans founded America's first school,
Boston Latin School (1635), and America's first college,
Harvard College (1636). Hard work, moral uprightness, and an emphasis on education remain part of Boston's culture.
During the early 1770s, British attempts to exert control on the
thirteen colonies, primarily via taxation, prompted Bostonians to initiate the
American Revolution. The
Boston Massacre, the
Boston Tea Party, and several early battles occurred in or near the city, including the
Battle of Lexington and Concord,
Battle of Bunker Hill, and the
Siege of Boston. During this period,
Paul Revere made his famous midnight ride.
After the Revolution, Boston became one of the world's wealthiest international trading ports — major exports were rum, fish, salt, and tobacco. During this era, descendants of old Boston families became regarded, in the American popular mind, as the nation's social and cultural elites; they were later dubbed the ''
Boston Brahmins''. In 1822, Boston was chartered as a city. By the mid-1800s, the city's industrial manufacturing overtook international trade in economic importance. Until the early 1900s, Boston remained one of the nation's largest manufacturing centers, and was notable for its
Clothing garment production,
leather goods, and machinery industries. From the mid-to-late-nineteenth century, Boston flourished culturally — it became renowned for its rarefied literary culture and lavish artistic patronage. It also became a center of the
Abolitionism abolitionist movement.
In the 1820s, Boston's ethnic composition began to change dramatically; groups like the Irish and Italians moved into the city and brought with them
Roman Catholicism. Currently, Catholics make up Boston's largest religious community. The Irish have played a major role in Boston politics — prominent figures include the
Kennedy family Kennedys and
John F. Fitzgerald.
Image:Boston 1772.gif thumb|left|200px|Boston in 1772 and 1880. The original area of the Shawmut Peninsula was substantially expanded by landfill.
Between 1630 and 1890, the city tripled its physical size by
land reclamation, specifically by filling in marshes and mud flats and by filling gaps between wharves along the waterfront,
[[http://www.iboston.org/rg/backbayImap.htm The History of Land Fill in Boston] ''iBoston.org''. Accessed January 9, 2006. Also see [http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/cas/fnart/fa267/bos_fill2.html Boston: History of the Landfills]] a process
Walter Muir Whitehill called "cutting down the hills to fill the coves." The most intense reclamation efforts were in the 1800s. Beginning in 1807, the crown of Beacon Hill was used to fill in a 50-
acre (200,000 m²) mill pond that later became Haymarket Square (just south of today's North Station area). The present-day
Massachusetts State House State House sits atop this shortened Beacon Hill. Reclamation projects in the middle of the century created significant parts of the areas now known as the South End,
West End, Boston, Massachusetts West End, Financial District, and Chinatown. After
Great Boston Fire of 1872 The Great Boston Fire of 1872, building rubble was used as landfill along the downtown waterfront. The most dramatic reclamation project was the filling in of the Back Bay in the mid to late 1800s. Almost 600 acres (2.4 km²) of brackish Charles River marshlands west of the Boston Common were filled in with soil brought in by rail from the hills of Needham Heights. Boston also grew by annexing the adjacent communities of
East Boston, Massachusetts East Boston,
Dorchester, Massachusetts Dorchester,
South Boston, Massachusetts South Boston, Brighton, Allston, Hyde Park, and
Charlestown, Massachusetts Charlestown, some of which were also augmented by landfill reclamation.
Image:Scollay1880s.jpg Scollay_Square thumb|180px|[[Scollay Square|Scollay Square, Boston, Boston, in the 1880s.html" title="Meaning of Scollay Square, Boston.html" title="Meaning of thumb|180px|[[Scollay Square|Scollay Square, Boston">thumb|180px|[[Scollay Square|Scollay Square, Boston, Boston, in the 1880s">Scollay Square, Boston.html" title="Meaning of thumb|180px|[[Scollay Square|Scollay Square, Boston">thumb|180px|[[Scollay Square|Scollay Square, Boston, Boston, in the 1880s
By the early and mid-20th century, the city was in decline as factories became old and obsolete, and businesses moved out of the region for cheaper labor elsewhere. Boston responded by initiating various
urban renewal projects, including the demolition of the old West End neighborhood and the construction of
Government Center, Boston, Massachusetts Government Center. In the 1970s, Boston boomed after thirty years of economic downturn, becoming a leader in the
mutual fund industry. Boston already had a reputation for excellent healthcare services. Hospitals such as
Massachusetts General Hospital,
Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and
Brigham and Women's Hospital led the nation in medical innovation and patient care. Universities such as Harvard,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology MIT, and
Boston University attracted many students to the Boston area. Nevertheless, the city experienced conflict starting in 1974 over
desegregation busing, which resulted in unrest and violence around public schools throughout the mid-1970s. The unrest served to highlight racial tensions in the city.
Over the past several decades, Boston has experienced a dramatic loss of regional institutions and traditions, which once gave it a very distinct social character. Boston has begun to resemble other parts of the continuous string of Northeast seaboard cities dubbed the
BosWash megalopolis. The city faces
gentrification issues and exorbitant living costs. Once again Boston has become a hub of intellectual, technological, and political ideas.
Geography and climate
Image:Boston_Landsat.jpg NASA.html" title="Meaning of thumb thumb|A simulated-color satellite image of the Boston area taken on [[NASA's
Landsat 3..html" title="Meaning of A simulated-color satellite image of the Boston area taken on [[NASA">thumb|A simulated-color satellite image of the Boston area taken on [[NASA's
Landsat 3.">A simulated-color satellite image of the Boston area taken on [[NASA">thumb|A simulated-color satellite image of the Boston area taken on [[NASA's
Landsat 3.
Geography
According to the
United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 232.1
square kilometre km² (89.6
square mile mi²). 125.4 km² (48.4 mi²) of it is land and 106.7 km² (41.2 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 46.0% water. With an elevation of 19
foot (unit of length) feet (5.8 m) above sea level at
Logan International Airport, Boston is bordered by the cities of
Winthrop, Massachusetts Winthrop,
Revere, Massachusetts Revere,
Chelsea, Massachusetts Chelsea,
Everett, Massachusetts Everett,
Somerville, Massachusetts Somerville,
Cambridge, Massachusetts Cambridge,
Watertown, Massachusetts Watertown,
Newton, Massachusetts Newton,
Brookline, Massachusetts Brookline,
Needham, Massachusetts Needham,
Dedham, Massachusetts Dedham,
Canton, Massachusetts Canton,
Milton, Massachusetts Milton, and
Quincy, Massachusetts Quincy—often known as, and considered a part of, ''
Greater Boston''.
Much of the
Back Bay, Boston Back Bay and
South End are built on
Land reclamation reclaimed land—two and a half of Boston's three original hills were used as a source of material for landfill. Only
Beacon Hill, Boston, Massachusetts Beacon Hill, the smallest of the three original hills, remains partially intact. The downtown area and immediate surroundings consist mostly of low-rise brick or stone buildings, with many older buildings in the
Federal architecture Federal style. Several of these buildings mix in with modern high-rises, notably in the Financial District,
Government Center (Boston) Government Center, Back Bay, and the South Boston waterfront. To this day, the
South End Historical District remains the nation's largest surviving contiguous Victorian-era neighborhood. Smaller commercial areas are interspersed amongst single-family homes and wooden/brick multifamily row houses.
The
Charles River separates Boston proper from Cambridge, Watertown, and the neighborhood of Charlestown. To the east lies
Boston Harbor and the
Boston Harbor Islands, many of which are part of the
Boston Harbor Islands National Recreation Area, operated by the
National Park Service. The
Neponset River forms the boundary between Boston's southern neighborhoods and the cities of Quincy and Milton. The
Mystic River separates the neighborhoods of East Boston and Charlestown from Chelsea and Everett.
Climate
Image:CharlesRiverSnowMotl.JPG thumb|right|Looking at Boston's Back Bay from Cambridge in the winter
Boston experiences a
continental climate that is very common in
New England. The weather in Boston, like much of New England, changes rapidly. It is not uncommon for the city to experience temperature swings of 30 °C (54 °F) or more over the course of a couple of days. Summers are typically warm and humid, while winters are cold, windy and snowy. It has been known to snow in October and get quite mild in February. The hottest month is July, with an average high of 28 °
Celsius C (82 °
Fahrenheit F) and a low of 18 °C (64 °F). The coldest month is January, with an average high of 2.2 °C (36 °F) and a low of -5.6 °C (22 °F).
[[http://weather.yahoo.com/climo/USMA0046_c.html Records and Averages - Boston (2005)]. ''Yahoo! Weather''. Accessed September 13, 2005.] Brief periods exceeding 35 °C in summer and below -20 °C in winter are not uncommon, but rarely prolonged. The record high temperature is 39 °C (102 °F) recorded in 1926 and the record low temperature is -28 °C (-18 °F) recorded in 1934. The city averages 1080
millimeters mm (42
inch in) of rainfall a year. It also coincidentally averages 108
centimeters cm (42 in) of snowfall a year, though this increases dramatically as one goes inland away from the city. Massachusetts' geographic location's jutting out into the
North Atlantic also make the city very prone to
Noreaster weather systems that can dump more than 50 cm (20 in) of snow on the region in one storm event.
{| class="wikitable"
! style="background: #99CCCC; color: #000080" height="17" | Month
! style="background: #99CCCC; color:#000080;" | Jan
! style="background: #99CCCC; color:#000080;" | Feb
! style="background: #99CCCC; color:#000080;" | Mar
! style="background: #99CCCC; color:#000080;" | Apr
! style="background: #99CCCC; color:#000080;" | May
! style="background: #99CCCC; color:#000080;" | Jun
! style="background: #99CCCC; color:#000080;" | Jul
! style="background: #99CCCC; color:#000080;" | Aug
! style="background: #99CCCC; color:#000080;" | Sep
! style="background: #99CCCC; color:#000080;" | Oct
! style="background: #99CCCC; color:#000080;" | Nov
! style="background: #99CCCC; color:#000080;" | Dec
! style="background: #99CCCC; color:#000080;" | Year
|-
! style="background: #99CCCC; color:#000080;" | Avg high [°C](°F)
| style="background: #FFFF99; color:#000080;" | 2 (36)
| style="background: #FFFF99; color:#000080;" | 4 (39)
| style="background: #FFCC66; color:#000080;" | 8 (46)
| style="background: #FFCC00; color:#000080;" | 13 (56)
| style="background: #FFCC00; color:#000080;" | 19 (67)
| style="background: #FF9900; color:#000080;" | 25 (77)
| style="background: #FF9900; color:#000080;" | 28 (82)
| style="background: #FF9900; color:#000080;" | 27 (80)
| style="background: #FF9900; color:#000080;" | 23 (73)
| style="background: #FFCC00; color:#000080;" | 17 (62)
| style="background: #FFCC66; color:#000080;" | 11 (52)
| style="background: #FFFF99; color:#000080;" | 6 (42)
| style="background: #FFCC00; color:#000080;" | 15 (59)
|-
! style="background: #99CCCC; color:#000080;" height="16;" | Avg low temperature [°C](°F)
| style="background: #FFFFCC; color: black;" | -6 (22)
| style="background: #FFFFCC; color: black;" | -4 (24)
| style="background: #FFFFCC; color: black;" | -1 (31)
| style="background: #FFFF99; color: black;" | 5 (41)
| style="background: #FFCC66; color: black;" | 10 (50)
| style="background: #FFCC66; color: black;" | 15 (59)
| style="background: #FFCC00; color: black;" | 18 (65)
| style="background: #FFCC00; color: black;" | 18 (64)
| style="background: #FFCC66; color: black;" | 14 (57)
| style="background: #FFFF99; color: black;" | 8 (46)
| style="background: #FFFFCC; color: black;" | 3 (38)
| style="background: #FFFFCC; color: black;" | -2 (28)
| style="background: #FFFF99; color: black;" | 6 (44)
|-
! style="background: #99CCCC; color:#000080;" | Rainfall (
millimeters)(inches)
| style="background: #2288BB;" | 99.6 (3.92)
| style="background: #66CCFF;" | 83.8 (3.30)
| style="background: #2288BB;" | 97.8 (3.85)
| style="background: #44AADD;" | 91.4 (3.60)
| style="background: #66CCFF;" | 82.3 (3.24)
| style="background: #66CCFF;" | 81.8 (3.22)
| style="background: #66CCFF;" | 77.7 (3.06)
| style="background: #44AADD;" | 85.6 (3.37)
| style="background: #44AADD;" | 88.1 (3.47)
| style="background: #2288BB;" | 96.3 (3.79)
| style="background: #2288BB;" | 101.1 (3.98)
| style="background: #2288BB;" | 94.7 (3.73)
| style="background: #2288BB;" | 1080.2 (42.53)
|}
Demographics
{| class="toccolours" align="right" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin:0 0 1em 1em; font-size: 95%;"
|-
! colspan="3" bgcolor="#ccccff" align="center"| '''Town (to 1820) and City of Boston
Population by year
[Gibson, Campbell (June 1998). [http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0027.html Population of the 100 Largest Cities and Other Urban Places in the United States: 1790 to 1990]. ''U.S. Bureau of the Census - Population Division''.]'''
|-
| align="center" | '''Census
year''' || align="center" | '''Population''' || align="center"| '''Rank'''
|-
| colspan="3"|
|-
|1790 || 18,320 || 3
|-
|1800 || 24,937 || 4
|-
|1810 || 33,787 || 4
|-
|1820 || 43,298 || 4
|-
|1830 || 61,392 || 4
|-
|1840 || 93,383 || 5
|-
|1850 || 136,881 || 3
|-
|1860 || 177,840 || 5
|-
|1870 || 250,526 || 7
|-
|1880 || 362,839 || 5
|-
|1890 || 448,477 || 6
|-
|1900 || 560,892 || 5
|-
|1910 || 670,585 || 5
|-
|1920 || 748,060 || 7
|-
|1930 || 781,188 || 9
|-
|1940 || 770,816 || 9
|-
|1950 || 801,444 || 10
|-
|1960 || 697,197 || 13
|-
|1970 || 641,071 || 16
|-
|1980 || 562,994 || 20
|-
|1990 || 574,283 || 20
|-
|2000 || 589,141 || 20
|}
As of the
U.S. Census census{{GR|2}} of 2000, there were 589,141 people, 239,528 households, and 115,212 families residing in the city. The
population density was 4,697/km² (12,166/mi²). There were 251,935 housing units at an average density of 2,009/km² (5,203/mi²). The
Irish ethnicity Irish are the largest ethnic group in the city of Boston, and Boston is commonly considered the capital of "
Irish American Irish America".
Italians also form a very large segment of the city's population. The racial makeup of the city was 49.48%
White (U.S. Census) White, 27.33%
African American (U.S. Census) Black or
Race (U.S. Census) African American, 0.40%
Native American (U.S. Census) Native American, 7.52%
Asian American, 0.06%
Pacific Islander (U.S. Census) Pacific Islander, 7.83% from
Race (U.S. Census) other races, and 4.39% from two or more races. 14.44% of the population was
Hispanic American Hispanic or
Latino (U.S. Census) Latino of any race. These figures became less reliable because of the large, partly undocumented Brazilian population, estimated by some studies to approach 250,000 in Massachusetts. Census data did not account for this significant segment of the community because of confusing terminology, as Brazilians speak
Portuguese language Portuguese and often do not consider themselves specifically Hispanic, Latino, White or African American.
Image:Boston_area_income.gif thumb|200px|left|Per capita income in the greater Boston area, by US Census block group
There were 239,528 households out of which 22.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 27.4% were
Marriage married couples living together, 16.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 51.9% were non-families. 37.1% of all households were made up of individuals and 9.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.31 and the average family size was 3.17.
In the city the population was spread out with 19.8% under the age of 18, 16.2% from 18 to 24, 35.8% from 25 to 44, 17.8% from 45 to 64, and 10.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 31 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.2 males.
The
median income for a household in the city was $39,629, and the median income for a family was $44,151. Males had a median income of $37,435 versus $32,421 for females. The
per capita income for the city was $23,353. 19.5% of the population and 15.3% of families are below the
poverty line. Out of the total population, 25.6% of those under the age of 18 and 18.2% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line.
The population is pushed up to one million or more on an average week day. On days with major events such as baseball or basketball games the population can easily increase to 1.5 million. Like many other major cities in the 1950s and 1960s, Boston's population decreased dramatically due to new highway systems that made it easier to access the suburbs and outer regions.
{{seealso|Neighborhoods in Boston, Massachusetts}}
Law and government
Boston has a "strong mayor" system in which the
mayor is vested with extensive executive powers. The mayor is elected to a four-year term by
plurality electoral system plurality voting. The city council is elected every two years. There are nine district seats, each elected by the residents of that district through plurality voting, and four at-large seats. Each voter casts up to four votes for at-large councilors, no more than one vote per candidate. The candidates with the four highest vote totals are elected. The president of the city council, currently
Michael F. Flaherty, is elected by the councilors from within themselves. The school committee is appointed by the mayor, as are city department heads.
Image:Massachusetts State House frontal view.jpg Massachusetts_State House.html" title="Meaning of thumb thumb|right|86KB|[[Massachusetts State House.html" title="Meaning of right|86KB|[[Massachusetts State House">thumb|right|86KB|[[Massachusetts State House">right|86KB|[[Massachusetts State House">thumb|right|86KB|[[Massachusetts State House
In addition to city government, numerous state authorities and commissions play a role in the life of Bostonians, including the
Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation and the
Massachusetts Port Authority Massachusetts Port Authority (Massport). As the capital of Massachusetts, Boston plays a major role in
Massachusetts#Politics state politics. Boston is also the
Federal government of the United States United States federal government center for New England. Properties include the
John F. Kennedy Federal Office Building and the
Thomas P. O'Neil Federal Building. The city also serves as the home of the
United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit, the
United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts, as well as the headquarters of the
Federal Reserve Bank of Boston (the First District of the
Federal Reserve). The city is in the
United States House of Representatives, Massachusetts District 8 Eighth and
United States House of Representatives, Massachusetts District 9 Ninth Congressional districts.
Boston's low crime rate in the last years of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st has been credited to its police department's collaboration with neighborhood groups and church parishes to prevent youths from joining gangs, as well as heavy involvement from the
District Attorney's office. The current DA for Suffolk County and Boston,
Daniel F. Conley, spent nearly ten years working at reducing gang violence in the city. This helped lead in part to what has been touted as the "Boston Miracle." Murders in the city dropped from 152 in 1990 (for a murder rate of 26.5 per 100,000 people) to just 31—not one of them a juvenile—in 1999 (for a murder rate of 5.26 per 100,000).
In more recent years, however, the annual murder count has fluctuated by as much as 50% compared to the year before, with 60 murders in 2002, followed by just 39 in 2003, 64 in 2004, and 75 in 2005. Though the figures are nowhere near the high-water mark set in 1990, the aberrations in the murder rate have been unsettling for many Bostonians and have prompted discussion over whether the Boston Police Department should reevaluate its approach to fighting crime.
[Winship, Christopher (March 2002). [http://www.wjh.harvard.edu/soc/faculty/winship/End_of_a_Miracle.pdf End of a Miracle?] ''Harvard University''. ][[http://www.ci.boston.ma.us/police/ore.asp Boston Police Department's Monthly Crime Statistics (2005)]. ''CityOfBoston.gov''.][[http://boston.areaconnect.com/crime1.htm Boston MA Crime Statistics (2004 - New Crime Data)]. ''areaConnect.com''.]
Boston has eight
Town twinning sister cities, as designated by [http://www.sister-cities.org/ Sister Cities International] (SCI):
Barcelona (
Spain),
Hangzhou (
People's Republic of China),
Kyoto, Kyoto Kyoto (
Japan),
Melbourne (
Australia),
Padua (
Italy),
Strasbourg (
France),
Sekondi-Takoradi (
Ghana), and
Taipei (
Taiwan). The city has thrice been a recipient of the
All-America City Award, the oldest and most respected civic award in the U.S.
{{Infobox Mass Town Govt |
| county= Suffolk
| clerk_courts =
Michael Joseph Donovan
| cty_treasurer =
| da =
Daniel F. Conley
| deeds =
Francis Roache
| probate =
Richard Iannella
| sheriff =
Andrea J. Cabral
| state_rep =
Anthony Petruccelli,
Salvatore DiMasi,
Brian Wallace,
Marie St. Fleur,
Shirley Owens-Hicks,
Gloria Fox,
Paul Demakis,
Byron Rushing,
Michael Rush,
Elizabeth Malia,
Linda Dorcena-Forry,
Martin Walsh,
Angelo Scaccia,
Jeffrey Sanchez,
Kevin Honan,
Michael Moran
| state_sen =
Jarrett Barrios,
Eugene L. O'Flaherty,
Marian Walsh,
Steven A. Tolman,
John Hart, Jr.,
Dianne Wilkerson,
Robert Travaglini
| gov_councilors =
Michael J. Callahan,
Kelly A. Timilty,
Marilyn M. Petitto Devaney
| fed_rep =
Michael Capuano (D-
United States House of Representatives, Massachusetts District 8 8th District),
Steven Lynch (D-
United States House of Representatives, Massachusetts District 9 9th District)
| fed_sen =
Edward Kennedy (D)
John Kerry (D)}}
{{seealso|List of Mayors of Boston, Massachusetts}}
Economy
Image:Bos-downtown.jpg Back Bay, Boston 200px|thumb|Boston's [[Back Bay, Boston|Back Bay viewed over the
Charles River from the
Charles River Esplanade Esplanade..html" title="Meaning of Back Bay.html" title="Meaning of 200px|thumb|Boston's [[Back Bay, Boston|Back Bay">200px|thumb|Boston's [[Back Bay, Boston|Back Bay viewed over the
Charles River from the
Charles River Esplanade Esplanade.">Back Bay.html" title="Meaning of 200px|thumb|Boston's [[Back Bay, Boston|Back Bay">200px|thumb|Boston's [[Back Bay, Boston|Back Bay viewed over the
Charles River from the
Charles River Esplanade Esplanade.
Boston's colleges and universities have a major impact on the city and region's economy. Not only are they major employers, but they also attract high-tech industries to the city and surrounding region, including computer hardware and software companies as well as
biotechnology companies like
Millennium Pharmaceuticals and
Biogen Idec. Boston receives the highest amount of annual funding from the
National Institutes of Health of all cities in the United States.
[[http://www.ssti.org/Digest/Tables/022006t.htm Top 100 NIH Cities, 2004]. ''SSTI.org''.]
Other important industries include
financial services, especially
mutual funds and
insurance. Boston-based
Fidelity Investments helped popularize the mutual fund in the 1980s, and has made Boston one of the top financial cities in the United States. The city is also the regional headquarters of major banks such as
Bank of America and Sovereign Bank, and a center for
venture capital. Boston is also a printing and publishing center. Textbook publisher
Houghton Mifflin is headquartered within the city. The city is also a major convention destination with four major
convention centers: the Hynes Convention Center in the Back Bay, the Bayside Expo Center in Dorchester, and the World Trade Center Boston and Boston Convention & Exhibition Center on the South Boston waterfront. Because of its status as a state capital and the regional home of federal agencies, law and government is another major component of the city's economy.
Major companies headquartered within the city include
The Gillette Company Gillette, owned by
Procter & Gamble, and
Teradyne, one of the world's leading manufacturers of semiconductors and other electronic equipment.
New Balance Athletic Shoe, Inc. has its headquarters in the city. Other major companies are located outside the city, especially along
Massachusetts Route 128 Route 128. The
Port of Boston is the largest and busiest seaport in Massachusetts. It is also a major seaport along the United States east coast as well as a major
fishing port.
:''See also:
Greater Boston#Major companies Major companies in Greater Boston''
Education
Colleges and universities
Boston's reputation as the ''Athens of America'' derives in large part from the teaching and research activities of over 100 colleges and universities located in its metropolitan area.
Boston College was the first
institution of higher education established in the city. It was originally located in the
South End before moving to
Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts Chestnut Hill, on the city's western edge. Its campus gradually expanded and it is now within the outer edges of the city's political boundaries.
Boston University, now the city's second largest employer and one of the largest private universities in the country, was originally established in Vermont before moving to
Brookline, Massachusetts Brookline and later to its present campus in the Back Bay in the 1950s.
Harvard University, the nation's oldest institution of higher learning, is based across the Charles River in
Cambridge, Massachusetts Cambridge; however, most of its current land holdings lie in Boston. These holdings include the
Arnold Arboretum, and its
Harvard Business School business and
Harvard Medical School medical schools. Harvard recently announced plans to expand its main campus across the Charles River into Boston's
Allston, Boston, Massachusetts Allston neighborhood, which already hosts some of the university's dormitories and sports facilities. The
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) operates several major laboratories within the city.
Emerson College, a highly regarded arts & communications school, maintains a campus near the Theatre District at the southeast corner of
Boston Common.
Northeastern University, a large private university with a distinctive co-op (cooperative education) program, maintains a campus in the Fenway district.
Suffolk University, a small private university known for its law school, maintains a campus on Beacon Hill. The city is also home to a number of conservatories and art schools, including the
Massachusetts College of Art,
New England Conservatory,
Boston Conservatory, and
Berklee College of Music.
Primary and secondary schools
Boston Public Schools, the oldest public school system in the U.S., enrolls 58,600 students from
kindergarten to grade 12. The system operates 145 schools, which includes
Boston Latin School (the oldest public school, established in 1635),
English High (the oldest public
high school, established 1821), and Mather (the oldest public elementary school, established in 1639).
[[http://www.boston.k12.ma.us/bps/bpsglance.asp The Boston Public Schools at a Glance (2004)]. ''Boston Public School''. Accessed October 5, 2005.] The city also has private, parochial, and
charter schools. 3000 students of racial minorities attend participating suburban schools through the Metropolitan Educational Opportunity Council, or METCO.
{{seealso|List of colleges and universities in metropolitan Boston}}
Culture
Image:Charles River Esplanade, Boston, Massachusetts.JPG Charles River esplanade.html" title="Meaning of thumb thumb|right|200px|A summer day on the [[Charles River esplanade..html" title="Meaning of right|200px|A summer day on the [[Charles River esplanade">thumb|right|200px|A summer day on the [[Charles River esplanade.">right|200px|A summer day on the [[Charles River esplanade">thumb|right|200px|A summer day on the [[Charles River esplanade.
{{main|Culture in Boston, Massachusetts}}
Boston shares many cultural roots with greater
New England, including a dialect of the
American English#Eastern New England Eastern New England accent popularly known as
Boston English, and a
New England cuisine regional cuisine with a large emphasis on seafood and dairy products.
Irish Americans are a major influence on Boston's politics and religious institutions and consequently on the rest of Massachusetts. Italian, Chinese, and Hispanic groups also have major contributions to Boston's cultural composition. Boston has its own collection of
neologisms known as
Boston slang.
Many consider Boston a highly cultured city, perhaps as a result of its intellectual reputation. Much of Boston's culture originates at its universities. The city also has a number of ornate theatres, including the
Cutler Majestic Theatre and
The Wang Center for the Performing Arts. Renowned performing arts groups include the
Boston Ballet,
Boston Symphony Orchestra,
Boston Pops,
Boston Lyric Opera Boston Lyric Opera Company, and the
Handel and Haydn Society (the oldest choral company in the United States). There are a number of major annual events such as
First Night, which occurs during
New Year's Eve, and several events during the
Independence Day (US) Fourth of July. These events include the weeklong Harborfest festivities and a Boston Pops concert accompanied by fireworks on the banks of the
Charles River.
Image:Faneuil Hall Boston MA USA.jpg Faneuil_Hall.html" title="Meaning of thumb thumb|200px|[[Faneuil Hall, looking at the east side.html" title="Meaning of 200px|[[Faneuil Hall">thumb|200px|[[Faneuil Hall, looking at the east side">200px|[[Faneuil Hall">thumb|200px|[[Faneuil Hall, looking at the east side
In contrast to what might be considered the more "refined" aspects of Boston's culture, the city is also one of the birthplaces of the
hardcore punk genre of music. Boston musicians have contributed greatly to the
Hardcore punk hardcore scene over the years (''see also
Boston hardcore''). Boston also had one of the leading local
ska scenes in the ska revival of the mid-1990s with bands like
The Mighty Mighty Bosstones,
The Allstonians, and Skavoovie and the Epitones.
Media
{{main|Media in Boston, Massachusetts}}
''
The Boston Globe'', owned by the
New York Times Company, and ''
The Boston Herald'' are Boston's two major daily
newspapers. The city is also served by a number of smaller publications such as ''
The Boston Phoenix'' and ''The Improper Bostonian''.
Boston has the largest broadcasting market in New England, with the Boston radio market being the eleventh largest in the United States.
[[http://www.arbitron.com/radio_stations/mm001050.asp Arbitron - Market Ranks and Schedule, 1-50 (Fall 2005)].] Several major
amplitude modulation AM stations include
talk radio WRKO WRKO 680 AM,
sports radio sports/talk station
WEEI WEEI 850 AM, and news radio
WBZ (AM) WBZ 1030 AM. A variety of
Frequency modulation FM radio formats serve the area as well as
National Public Radio NPR stations
WBUR and
WGBH. University radio stations include
WZBC (Boston College),
WERS (Emerson), and
WUMB (UMass Boston).
The Boston television
Designated market area DMA, which also includes
Manchester, New Hampshire, is the fifth largest in the United States.
[[http://www.nielsenmedia.com/DMAs.html Nielsen Media - DMA Listing (September 24, 2005)].] The city is served by stations representing every major
List of United States broadcast television networks American network including
WBZ-TV WBZ 4 (
CBS),
WCVB-TV WCVB 5 (
American Broadcasting Company ABC),
WHDH-TV WHDH 7 (
NBC),
WFXT WFXT 25 (
Fox Broadcasting Company FOX),
WSBK-TV WSBK 38 (
UPN), and
WLVI WLVI 56 (
The WB Television Network WB). Boston is also home to
Public Broadcasting Service PBS station
WGBH WGBH 2, which also operates
WGBX WGBX 44. WGBH is a major producer of PBS programs. Most Boston television stations have their transmitters in nearby
Needham, Massachusetts Needham and
Newton, Massachusetts Newton.
Sites of interest
Image:FrogPondBostonCommon.JPG thumb|250px|The Frog Pond in the Boston Common.
{{main|Sites of interest in Boston, Massachusetts}}
Because of the city's prominent role in the
American Revolution, several historic sites relating to that period are preserved as part of the
Boston National Historical Park. Many are found along the
Freedom Trail, which is marked by a red line or bricks embedded in the ground. Also along the Freedom Trail is
Boston Common, with the
Boston Public Garden being adjacent. Boston Common is part of the
Emerald Necklace, a string of parks designed by
Frederick Law Olmstead. In the winter, the Frog Pond at Boston Common doubles as a popular ice-skating rink. Another major park is the
Esplanade located along the banks of the
Charles River. A major recreation site for many Bostonians, it is also the site of the
Hatch Shell. Other parks are scattered throughout the city, with the major parks located near
Castle Island, Charlestown, the Dorchester shoreline, and East Boston.
Image:Boston Back Bay.jpg thumb|250px|Back Bay
The
Back Bay, Boston Back Bay district includes many prominent landmarks such as the
Church of Christ, Scientist Christian Science Center,
Boston Public Library,
Copley Square, and
Newbury Street. Back Bay is also the home of two of New England's tallest buildings: the
John Hancock Tower and the
Prudential Center.
[[http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/ci/?id=101045 Boston Skyscrapers. ''Skyscrapers.com'']. Accessed May 15, 2005.] Near the John Hancock Tower is the
John Hancock Tower#The Berkeley Building (the "old John Hancock Building") old John Hancock Building with its prominent weather forecast beacon. Other notable districts/neighborhoods include
Beacon Hill, Boston, Massachusetts Beacon Hill,
Charlestown, Massachusetts Charlestown,
Chinatowns in North America#Massachusetts Chinatown,
Downtown Crossing,
North End, and
South Boston.
Boston is home to several world-renowned museums, including the
Museum of Fine Arts, Boston Museum of Fine Arts, the
Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum, and the
Museum of Science, Boston Museum of Science. The
University of Massachusetts campus at Columbia Point houses the
John F. Kennedy Library. The
New England Aquarium,
Franklin Park Zoo,
Boston Athenaeum (one of the oldest independent libraries in the United States), and the
Boston Children's Museum are located within the city.
There are also two self-guided walking tours: Harbor Walk, which is designed to allow people the walk the entire shore of
Boston Harbor, and the
Black Heritage Trail. A popular guided tour is the Boston Duck Tour, which uses World War II-era
DUKW duck boats. The outer suburbs of Boston, which tend to be forested, have vibrantly colored foliage every
autumn#Autumn and tourism autumn that attracts many tourists.
Sports
Image:Fenway park.jpg Boston Red Sox.html" title="Meaning of thumb thumb|right|200px|A [[Boston Red Sox baseball game at
Fenway Park.html" title="Meaning of right|200px|A [[Boston Red Sox">thumb|right|200px|A [[Boston Red Sox
baseball game at
Fenway Park">right|200px|A [[Boston Red Sox">thumb|right|200px|A [[Boston Red Sox
baseball game at
Fenway Park
The
TD Banknorth Garden (originally called the Fleet Center) is near
North Station (Boston) North Station is the home of two major league teams: the
Boston Bruins ice hockey team (
National Hockey League) and the
Boston Celtics basketball team (
National Basketball Association). The Celtics have the distinction of having more World Championships than any other NBA team with 16 championships from 1957 to 1986.
The
baseball team
Boston Red Sox is a member of the
American League of
Major League Baseball. Their home at
Fenway Park, located near
Kenmore Square, is the oldest ballpark in active use in the United States. Boston was once the home of the
National League baseball team
Atlanta Braves Boston Braves as well as the site of the first
World Series in 1903. The game was played between the Boston Americans (currently the Boston Red Sox) and the
Pittsburgh Pirates.
[[http://mlb.mlb.com/NASApp/mlb/mlb/history/postseason/mlb_ws_recaps.jsp?feature=1903 1903 World Series - Major League Baseball: World Series History. ''MLB.com''].]
Once the Boston Patriots, a charter team of the
American Football League, the
National Football League NFL's New England Patriots American football football team plays in nearby
Foxborough, Massachusetts Foxboro. Boston fans travel there to see the Patriots and the
New England Revolution soccer team of
Major League Soccer. Both teams play at
Gillette Stadium. Another major league team is the
lacrosse team
Boston Cannons of
Major League Lacrosse. The team plays at
Boston University's
Nickerson Field (the former Braves Field).
Boston's many colleges and universities field sports teams. The most prominent include
Boston College (member of the
Atlantic Coast Conference),
Boston University (
America East Conference),
Northeastern University, Boston Northeastern University (
Colonial Athletic Association), and
Harvard University. The hockey teams of these four universities meet every year in an immensely popular four-team tournament known as the "
Beanpot". The city is also the site of two other major annual sporting events: the
Boston Marathon, the world-famous 42 km (26 mile) run from
Hopkinton, Massachusetts Hopkinton to Copley Square in Boston, and the
Head of the Charles Regatta rowing competition on the Charles River.
{{seealso|U.S. cities with teams from four major sports}}
Infrastructure
Health and medicine
As the home to some of the world's most respected research
hospitals, Boston enjoys an international reputation in the medical field. The
Longwood Medical Area is a region of Boston with a concentration of medical and research facilities, including
Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center,
Brigham and Women's Hospital,
Children's Hospital Boston Children's Hospital,
Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and
Harvard Medical School. Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Brigham and Women's Hospital were both formed by mergers: the former between Beth Israel Hospital and New England Deaconess Hospital, and the latter by Peter Bent Brigham Hospital and the Boston Hospital for Women.
Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) is located near the Beacon Hill neighborhood, with the
Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary and
Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital nearby. Boston also has
United States Department of Veterans Affairs VA medical centers in the Jamaica Plain and West Roxbury neighborhoods.
Many of Boston's major medical facilities are associated with universities. The facilities in the Longwood Medical Area and MGH are world-renowned research medical centers affiliated with Harvard Medical School. New England Medical Center, located in the southern portions of the Chinatown neighborhood, is affiliated with
Tufts University. Boston Medical Center, located in the South End neighborhood, is the primary teaching facility for the
Boston University School of Medicine as well as the largest
trauma center in the Boston area; it was formed by the merger of Boston University Hospital and Boston City Hospital.
Transportation
Image:Longfellow Bridge 2.jpg MBTA.html" title="Meaning of thumb thumb|200px|right|Longfellow Bridge across the Charles River, with two [[MBTA Red Line trains. The
Beacon Hill, Boston, Massachusetts Beacon Hill neighborhood is in the background..html" title="Meaning of 200px|right|Longfellow Bridge across the Charles River, with two [[MBTA">thumb|200px|right|Longfellow Bridge across the Charles River, with two [[MBTA Red Line trains. The
Beacon Hill, Boston, Massachusetts Beacon Hill neighborhood is in the background.">200px|right|Longfellow Bridge across the Charles River, with two [[MBTA">thumb|200px|right|Longfellow Bridge across the Charles River, with two [[MBTA Red Line trains. The
Beacon Hill, Boston, Massachusetts Beacon Hill neighborhood is in the background.
{{main|Boston transportation}}
Logan International Airport, located in the
East Boston, Massachusetts East Boston neighborhood, is the major airport serving Boston. Another airport serving the city and surrounding areas is
Hanscom Field in
Lexington, Massachusetts Lexington and
Bedford, Massachusetts Bedford.
T. F. Green Airport in
Providence, Rhode Island, and
Manchester Airport (US) Manchester Airport in
Manchester, New Hampshire, are airports outside Massachusetts which serve as secondary facilities.
Downtown Boston's streets appear as though they were not planned, and are often alleged, incorrectly, to have evolved from centuries-old foot and cow paths. Except for the reclaimed
Back Bay, Boston, Massachusetts Back Bay and part of
South Boston, Massachusetts South Boston, the city has no
Grid plan street grid. Boston has been described as a "City of Squares", referring to the tradition of naming the intersections of major thoroughfares after prominent city residents. Roads change names and lose and add lanes seemingly at random. The city also has a number of
rotary intersection rotaries, which have confused many drivers. In its March 2006 issue, ''Bicycling'' magazine named Boston as one of the three worst cities in U.S. for cycling, though the city does have a huge cult following of the activity, especially fixed gear.
Boston is the eastern terminus of
Interstate 90 I-90, also known as the
Massachusetts Turnpike Mass Pike.
Interstate 95 I-95, which surrounds the city, is locally referred to by its historical state route numbering —
Massachusetts Route 128 Route 128.
U.S. Route 1 (also known locally as 'Route 1') and
Interstate 93 I-93 runs north to south through the city. The most infamous portion, the
Central Artery, runs through downtown Boston and was constantly prone to heavy traffic. Through the
Big Dig the elevated highway was replaced with an underground tunnel.
The
Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA) operated the nation's first underground
rapid transit system, which has since been expanded, reaching as far north as
Malden, Massachusetts Malden, as far south as
Braintree, Massachusetts Braintree, and as far west as
Newton, Massachusetts Newton. Collectively known as the "T", the MBTA also operates an extensive network of
MBTA Bus bus lines and water shuttles, and a
MBTA Commuter Rail commuter rail network extending north to the
Merrimack River valley, west to
Worcester, Massachusetts Worcester, and south to
Providence, Rhode Island.
Amtrak Amtrak's Northeast Corridor and
Chicago, Illinois Chicago lines originate at
South Station (Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority) South Station and stop at
Back Bay (Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority) Back Bay. Fast Northeast Corridor trains, which service
New York City,
Washington, D.C., and points in between, also stop at
Route 128 Station in the southwestern suburbs of Boston. Meanwhile, Amtrak's
Downeaster service to
Maine originates at
North Station (Boston) North Station.
Utilities
Water supply and sewage-disposal services are provided by the
Boston Water and Sewer Commission. The Commission in turn purchases wholesale water and sewage disposal from the
Massachusetts Water Resources Authority (MWRA). Established as a public authority in 1984, the MWRA pipes water from reservoirs in Western and Central Massachusetts, notably the
Quabbin Reservoir Quabbin and
Wachusett Reservoirs, for several communities within Greater Boston. The agency operates several facilities for sewage treatment, notably an effluent tunnel in Boston Harbor and the Deer Island Wastewater Treatment Plant near the mouth of Boston Harbor.
NSTAR is the exclusive ''distributor'' of
electric power to the city, though due to deregulation, customers now have a choice of electric ''generation'' companies.
Natural gas is distributed by
KeySpan Corporation (the successor company to Boston Gas); only commercial and industrial customers may choose an alternate natural gas supplier.
Verizon, successor to
New England Telephone,
NYNEX, and
Bell Atlantic, is the primary wired telephone service provider for the area. Phone service is also available from various
List of United States mobile phone companies national wireless companies.
Cable television is available from
Comcast and
RCN.
Broadband Internet access is provided by Comcast and RCN in certain areas.
Satellite television is available from
Dish Network and
DirecTV. A variety of
digital subscriber line DSL providers and resellers are able to provide broadband Internet over Verizon-owned phone lines.
See also
*
Notable Bostonians
*
List of television shows set in Boston
*
List of films, operas, and plays set in Boston
*
List of Boston skyscrapers
*
Boston in fiction
*
Fictional people from Boston
Notes
References
-
The Boston Indicators Project (2004). ''The Boston Foundation''.
*{{cite book| author= Ira Gershkoff and Richard Trachtman | title=The Boston Driver's Handbook | publisher=Da Capo Press | year=2004 | id=ISBN 0306813262}}
*{{cite book| author=Patricia Harris and David Lyon | title=Boston | location=Oakland, CA | publisher=Compass American Guides | year=1999 | id=ISBN 0679002847}}
*{{cite book| author=Howard Mumford Jones and Bessie Zaban Jones | title=The Many Voices of Boston: A Historical Anthology 1630-1975 | location=Boston | publisher=Little, Brown and Company | year=1975 | id=ISBN 0316472824}}
*{{cite book| author=Rambow, John D. et. al | title=Fodor's Boston | location=New York | publisher=Fodors Travel Publication | year=2003 | id=ISBN 1400010284}}
*{{cite book| author=Vanderwarker, Peter | title=Boston Then and Now | publisher=Courier Dover Publications | year=1982 | id=ISBN 0486243125}}
External links
{{sisterlinks|Boston}}
-
City's official website
:
-
Maps of Boston neighborhoods
-
Boston guide organized by square
-
Metro Boston Thought Aggregation & Mass Archiving Project
-
Greater Boston Convention & Visitors Bureau
-
Guide to the local language
-
The Boston Historical Society
-
About.com for Boston
-
Old Maps of Boston
-
Boston Urban Discussion
*{{wikitravelpar|Boston}}
{{Mapit-US-cityscale|42.35|-71.066666}}
{{Massachusetts}}
{{USStateCapitals}}
{{USLargestCities}}
{{coor title dms|42|21|32|N|71|03|24|W|type:city(589141)}}
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