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Croatia
*** Shopping-Tip: Croatia
{{Infobox_Country|
native_name = ''Republika Hrvatska'' |
conventional_long_name = Republic of Croatia |
common_name = Croatia |
image_flag = Flag_of_Croatia.svg |
image_coat = Croatian_Coat_of_Arms.svg |
image_map = LocationCroatia.png |
national_motto = none |
national_anthem =
Lijepa naša domovino |
official_languages =
Croatian language Croatian1|
capital =
Zagreb |
latd=45|latm=48|latNS=N|longd=16|longm=0|longEW=E|
largest_city =
Zagreb |
government_type=
Parliamentary system Parliamentary republic |
leader_titles =
Presidents of Croatia PresidentPrime ministers of Croatia Prime minister|
leader_names =
Stjepan Mesić Ivo Sanader |
area_rank = 124th |
area_magnitude = 1_E10 |
area=56,542 |
areami² = 21,831 |
percent_water = 0.01 |
population_estimate = 4,496,869 |
population_estimate_year = July 2004 |
population_estimate_rank = 117th |
population_census = 4,437,460|
population_census_year = 2001|
population_density = 83 |
population_densitymi² = 215 |
population_density_rank = 116th |
GDP_PPP_year=2005 |
GDP_PPP = $55,638 million |
GDP_PPP_rank = 72nd |
GDP_PPP_per_capita = $12,364 |
GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 56th |
HDI_year = 2003 |
HDI = 0.841 |
HDI_rank = 45th |
HDI_category =
high |
sovereignty_type =
Independence |
established_events = |
established_dates =
June 25,
1991 |
currency =
Kuna (currency) Kuna (kn) |
currency_code = HRK |
time_zone=
Central European Time CET |
utc_offset= +1 |
time_zone_DST=
Central European Summer Time CEST |
utc_offset_DST= +2 |
cctld=
.hr |
calling_code = 385 |
footnotes=
1Locally also
Italian language Italian in
Istria county. |
}}
The '''Republic of Croatia''' is a crescent-shaped country in
Europe bordering the
Mediterranean to the South,
Central Europe to the North and the
Balkans to the Southeast. Its
capital city capital is
Zagreb. In recent
history of Croatia history, it was a
republic in the
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia SFR Yugoslavia, but it achieved independence in
1991. It is a
enlargement of the European Union candidate for
EU member states membership of the
European Union.
Name
''Croatia'' is the
Latinized version of the native name of the country: '''Hrvatska''' {{Audio|Hrvatska.ogg|listen}}. The letter "r" in the first syllable "hrv" is ''rolled'' or
continuant.
However, instead of the Latinized version, many languages use a form more similar to the native one. Various forms are [http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Croatia#Translations listed in Wiktionary].
The country code for Croatia is
HR (per
ISO 3166)and the Croatian Internet root domain ends with
.hr. The Croatian
alphabet consists of 30 letters (official character set is ''ISO-8859-2'', but Microsoft's ''Windows-1250'' character set is also used very often).
History
''Main article:
History of Croatia''
Croats came to
Dalmatia and
Pannonia in the
7th century. Ruled by various
List of rulers of Croatia Croatian Princes,
Dukes since
852, Dalmatia eventually absorbed Pannonia and after periods of nominal
Byzantine Empire Eastern Roman imperial and then
Frankish rule, Croatia eventually became a strong independent
Kingdom in
924. Its independence was retained until
1102 when - after decades of inner struggles - the country entered a dynastic union with
Hungary. Croatian statehood was preserved through a number of institutions, notably the
Sabor which served as an assembly of Croatian nobles, and the ban or viceroy. Furthermore, the Croatian nobles retained their lands and titles.
By the mid-1400s, the
Kingdom of Hungary Hungarian kingdom was gravely hurt by the
Ottoman Empire Ottoman expansion as much of the mountainous country now known as
Bosnia and Herzegovina fell to the Turks. At the same time,
Dalmatia became mostly
Republic of Venice Venetian.
Dubrovnik was a
city-state that was firstly
Byzantine Empire Byzantine (Roman) and Venetian, but later, unlike other Dalmatian city-states, it became independent as
Republic of Dubrovnik, even if it was often under the
suzerainty of neighboring powers.
The
Battle of Mohács in
1526 led the
Croatian Parliament to elect the
Habsburgs to the throne of Croatia. Habsburg rule eventually did prove to be successful in thwarting the Ottomans, and by the 18th century, much of the Croatian territories that had previously been occupied were liberated. The odd crescent shape of the Croatian lands remained as a mark, more or less, of the frontier to the Ottoman advance into
Europe.
Istria, Dalmatia and Dubrovnik all eventually passed to the
Habsburg Monarchy between
1797 and
1815.
Image:Hr-map.png framed|Map of Croatia
Following
World War I, Croatia joined the
State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs (comprising what is today,
Slovenia, Croatia and
Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia). Shortly thereafter, this joint state in turn formed a union with
Serbia to form the
Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (which eventually became
Kingdom of Yugoslavia Yugoslavia in
1929).
Yugoslavia was invaded during
World War II and Croatia declared independence and became the
Independent State of Croatia. When the Axis powers were defeated, Yugoslavia became a federal
communist state socialist state.
Along with Slovenia, Croatia declared her independence from
Yugoslavia on
June 25,
1991, which triggered the
Croatian War of Independence. Belgrade rejected the new country and the ensuing months saw combat between various Croatian armed forces and the Belgrade-based
JNA (Yugoslav National Army). In December 1991, Germany recognised Croatia and many other influential countries followed suit.
A
Serb population living in some areas of Croatia revolted in 1991 and proclaimed their own state -
Republic of Serbian Krajina. They were supported by the
JNA Yugoslav army. In
1995, the Croatian Army successfully launched two major offensives to retake the rebel areas by force, leading to a mass exodus of the Serbian population. A few months later, as a result, the war ended upon the negotiation of the
Dayton Agreement. A peaceful integration of the remaining Serbian-controlled territories was completed in
1998 under
UN supervision.
Croatia is currently in the process of joining the
European Union. Accession negotiations were opened on
October 4 2005.
Counties
Image:City of Korcula, Island of Korcula, Croatia.jpg KorÄ?ula.html" title="Meaning of thumb thumb|right|150px|City of [[KorÄ?ula, Island of KorÄ?ula.html" title="Meaning of right|150px|City of [[KorÄ?ula">thumb|right|150px|City of [[KorÄ?ula, Island of KorÄ?ula">right|150px|City of [[KorÄ?ula">thumb|right|150px|City of [[KorÄ?ula, Island of KorÄ?ula
Image:Dubrovnik (near), Croatia.jpg Dubrovnik.html" title="Meaning of thumb thumb|right|150px|[[Dubrovnik.html" title="Meaning of right|150px|
thumb|right|150px|[[Dubrovnik">right|150px|[[Dubrovnik">thumb|right|150px|[[Dubrovnik
Image:Amphitheater (external view), Pula, Istria, Croatia.jpg Pula.html" title="Meaning of thumb thumb|right|150px|Amphitheater in [[Pula,
Istria.html" title="Meaning of right|150px|Amphitheater in [[Pula">thumb|right|150px|Amphitheater in [[Pula,
Istria">right|150px|Amphitheater in [[Pula">thumb|right|150px|Amphitheater in [[Pula,
Istria
''Main article:
Counties of Croatia''
Croatia is divided into 20 counties (Croatian: županija) and the city district of the capital, Zagreb*:
#
Zagreb county (ZagrebaÄ?ka županija)
#
Krapina-Zagorje county (Krapinsko-zagorska županija)
#
Sisak-Moslavina county (SisaÄ?ko-moslavaÄ?ka županija)
#
Karlovac county (KarlovaÄ?ka županija)
#
Varaždin county (Varaždinska županija)
#
Koprivnica-Križevci county (KoprivniÄ?ko-križevaÄ?ka županija)
#
Bjelovar-Bilogora county (Bjelovarsko-bilogorska županija)
#
Primorje-Gorski Kotar county (Primorsko-goranska županija)
#
Lika-Senj county (LiÄ?ko-senjska županija)
#
Virovitica-Podravina county (VirovitiÄ?ko-podravska županija)
#
Požega-Slavonia county (Požeško-slavonska županija)
#
Brod-Posavina county (Brodsko-posavska županija)
#
Zadar county (Zadarska županija)
#
Osijek-Baranja county (OsjeÄ?ko-baranjska županija)
#
Šibenik-Knin county (Šibensko-kninska županija)
#
Vukovar-Srijem county (Vukovarsko-srijemska županija)
#
Split-Dalmatia county (Splitsko-dalmatinska županija)
#
Istria county (Istarska županija)
#
Dubrovnik-Neretva county (DubrovaÄ?ko-neretvanska županija)
#
Međimurje county (Međimurska županija)
#
Zagreb (Grad Zagreb)*
See also:
List of cities in Croatia
Geography
''Main article:
Geography of Croatia''
Image:Plitvice lakes.JPG Plitvice Lakes.html" title="Meaning of thumb thumb|right|150px|The [[Plitvice Lakes, a
UNESCO-
World Heritage Site.html" title="Meaning of right|150px|The [[Plitvice Lakes">thumb|right|150px|The [[Plitvice Lakes, a
UNESCO-
World Heritage Site">right|150px|The [[Plitvice Lakes">thumb|right|150px|The [[Plitvice Lakes, a
UNESCO-
World Heritage Site
Image:Pakleni otoci (Hell's Islands) near Hvar, Croatia.jpg Hvar.html" title="Meaning of thumb thumb|right|150px|(Pine) Resin Islands (Paklinski otoci) near [[Hvar.html" title="Meaning of right|150px|(Pine) Resin Islands (Paklinski otoci) near [[Hvar">thumb|right|150px|(Pine) Resin Islands (Paklinski otoci) near [[Hvar">right|150px|(Pine) Resin Islands (Paklinski otoci) near [[Hvar">thumb|right|150px|(Pine) Resin Islands (Paklinski otoci) near [[Hvar
Image:Brela, Southern Dalmatia, Croatia.jpg Brela.html" title="Meaning of thumb thumb|150px|right|[[Brela, Southern Dalmatia.html" title="Meaning of 150px|right|
thumb|150px|right|[[Brela, Southern Dalmatia">150px|right|[[Brela">thumb|150px|right|[[Brela, Southern Dalmatia
Croatia is situated between central, southern, and eastern Europe. It has a rather peculiar shape that resembles a crescent or a horseshoe which helps account for its many neighbours:
Slovenia,
Hungary, the
Serbian part of
Serbia and Montenegro,
Bosnia and Herzegovina, the
Montenegro Montenegrin part of Serbia and Montenegro, and
Italy across the Adriatic (disputed, see
Foreign_relations_of_Croatia#Slovenia Slovenia-Croatia border dispute). Its mainland territory is split in two non-contiguous parts by the short coastline of Bosnia and Herzegovina around
Neum.
Its terrain is diverse, containing:
* plains, lakes and rolling hills in the continental north and northeast (Central Croatia and
Slavonia, part of the
Pannonian plain);
* densely wooded mountains in
Lika and Gorski Kotar, part of the
Dinaric Alps;
* rocky coastlines on the
Adriatic Sea (
Istria, Northern Seacoast and
Dalmatia).
The country is famous for its many beautiful
List of national parks of Croatia national parks.
Croatia has a mixture of
climates. In the north and east it is continental, Mediterranean along the coast and a semi-highland and highland climate in the south-central region.
Politics
Political system
''Main article:
Politics of Croatia''
Since the adoption of the
1990 Constitution of Croatia Constitution, Croatia has been a semi-presidental democracy until 2000 (and since 2000, a
parliamentary democracy).
{| class="toccolours" align="right" style="margin: 0.5em"
|-
| style="background:#ccccff" align="center" | '''Croatia is a member of:'''
|-
| align="center" style="font-size: 90%;" |
United Nations
|-
| align="center" style="font-size: 90%;" |
Council of Europe
|-
| align="center" style="font-size: 90%;" |
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe OSCE
|-
| align="center" style="font-size: 90%;" |
Partnership for Peace
|-
| align="center" style="font-size: 90%;" |
Foreign relations of Croatia#International organizations Other organizations
|}
The
Presidents of Croatia President of the Republic (''Predsjednik'') is
head of state and directly elected for a five-year term, any candidate is allowed to candidate a maximum of two times for president, the Prime Minister is Head of Government. In addition to being the
commander in chief of the armed forces, the president has the procedural duty of appointing the Prime minister with the consent of the Parliament, and has some influence on foreign policy.
The
Croatian Parliament (''Sabor'') is a
unicameral legislative body of not less than 100 and not more than 160 representatives, all elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms. The plenary sessions of the Sabor take place from January 15 to July 15, and from September 15 to December 15.
The
Croatian Government (''Vlada'') is headed by the
Prime ministers of Croatia Prime minister who has 2 deputy prime ministers and 14 ministers in charge of particular sectors of activity. The executive branch is responsible for proposing legislation and a budget, executing the laws, and guiding the foreign and internal policies of the republic.
Croatia has a three-tiered judicial system, consisting of the
Croatian Supreme Court Supreme Court, county courts, and municipal courts. The
Croatian Constitutional Court Constitutional Court rules on matters regarding the
Constitution of Croatia Constitution.
''See also:''
Foreign relations of Croatia
European Union
''Main article:
Enlargement of the European Union#Croatia Croatian accession to the European Union
Economy
''Main article:
Economy of Croatia''
Image:Sibenik_(Croatia)_Cathedral_of_St_Jacob.jpg Å ibenik.html" title="Meaning of thumb thumb|right|150px|Cathedral of St. Jakob in [[Å ibenik.html" title="Meaning of right|150px|Cathedral of St. Jakob in [[Å ibenik">thumb|right|150px|Cathedral of St. Jakob in [[Å ibenik">right|150px|Cathedral of St. Jakob in [[Å ibenik">thumb|right|150px|Cathedral of St. Jakob in [[Å ibenik
Croatia has an economy based mostly on various
Tertiary sector of industry services and some, mostly light
Secondary sector of industry industry.
Tourism is a notable source of income.
The estimated
Gross Domestic Product per capita in
purchasing power parity terms for 2004 was USD 11,200 or 41.6% of the
European Union EU average for the same year.
The Croatian economy is
Post-Communism post-communist. In the late 1980s, at the beginning of the process of economic
transition, its position was favourable, but it was gravely impacted by de-industrialization and war damages.
Main problems include massive structural
unemployment followed by an insufficient amount of economic reforms. Of particular concern is the gravely backlogged
judiciary system combined with inefficient
public administration, especially involving land ownership.
The country has since experienced faster
economic growth and has been preparing for membership in the European Union, its most important
international trade trading partner.
Image:Zagreb_skyline_1.jpg Zagreb.html" title="Meaning of thumb thumb|right|300px|[[Zagreb skyline.html" title="Meaning of right|300px|
thumb|right|300px|[[Zagreb skyline">right|300px|[[Zagreb">thumb|right|300px|[[Zagreb skyline
In February 2005, Croatia implemented the
Stabilization and Association Agreement with the
EU and is advancing further towards full EU membership. The country expects some major economic impulses and high growth rates in the following next years (currently Croatia suffers most from its high export deficit and considerable debt). Some big trading companies have already taken advantage of the liberalization of the Croatian market. Croatia is expecting a boom in investments, especially
Greenfield land greenfield investments.
Demographics
''Main article:
Demographics of Croatia''
Image:Costume from Konavle near Dubrovnik, Croatia.jpg Konavle.html" title="Meaning of thumb thumb|right|150px|Girl wearing costume from [[Konavle near
Dubrovnik.html" title="Meaning of right|150px|Girl wearing costume from [[Konavle">thumb|right|150px|Girl wearing costume from [[Konavle near
Dubrovnik">right|150px|Girl wearing costume from [[Konavle">thumb|right|150px|Girl wearing costume from [[Konavle near
Dubrovnik
The population of Croatia has been stagnating over the last decade. The 1991-1995 war in Croatia had previously displaced large parts of the population and increased emigration. The natural growth rate is minute or negative (less than ± 1%), as the
demographic transition has been completed half a century ago. Average life expectancy is approximately 75 years, and the literacy rate is 98.5%.
Croatia is inhabited mostly by
Croats (89.6%). There are around twenty minorities,
Serbs being the biggest one (4.5%), others having less than 0.5% each. The predominate religion is
Roman Catholic Church Catholicism (87.8%), with some
Eastern Orthodoxy Orthodox (4.4%) and
Sunni Muslim (1.3%) minorities.
The official and common language,
Croatian language Croatian, is a South
Slavic language, using the
Latin alphabet. Less than 5% of the population cites other languages as their mother tongues.
Culture
''Main article:
Culture of Croatia''
Image:Zadar - église Saint-Donat.jpg Zadar.html" title="Meaning of thumb thumb|right|170px|St. Donatus' Church - the monumental building in the pre Romanesque style from 9th century [[Zadar.html" title="Meaning of right|170px|St. Donatus' Church - the monumental building in the pre Romanesque style from 9th century [[Zadar">thumb|right|170px|St. Donatus' Church - the monumental building in the pre Romanesque style from 9th century [[Zadar">right|170px|St. Donatus' Church - the monumental building in the pre Romanesque style from 9th century [[Zadar">thumb|right|170px|St. Donatus' Church - the monumental building in the pre Romanesque style from 9th century [[Zadar
Croatian culture is based on a
Culture of Croatia#History thirteen century long history during which the country has attained many monuments and cities, which gave birth to a good number of
Culture of Croatia#People brilliant individuals. The country includes
Culture of Croatia#Places six World Heritage sites and eight national parks. Two
Nobel prize winners came from Croatia, as did numerous important inventors and
List of Croatians other notable people — notably, some of the first
fountain pens came from Croatia.
Croatia also has a place in the history of clothing as the origin of the
necktie (''cravat''). The country has a long
Culture of Croatia#Arts and literature artistic, literary and
Music of Croatia musical tradition. Of particular interest is also the diverse
Croatian cuisine cuisine.
Famous Croats
Image:Alka tournament, Sinj, Croatia.jpg Alka.html"_title="Meaning of thumb thumb|150px|right|[[Alka_in
Sinj.html" title="Meaning of 150px|right|[[Alka">thumb|150px|right|[[Alka in
Sinj">150px|right|[[Alka">thumb|150px|right|[[Alka in
Sinj
For a full list see
List of Croatians List of Croats.
'''Nobel Prize winners'''
*
Vladimir Prelog -
chemistry
*
Lavoslav RužiÄ?ka -
chemistry
*
Ivo Andrić -
literature
'''Literature'''
*
Miroslav Krleža - poet and novelist
*
Antun Gustav Matoš - poet
*
August Å enoa - writer
*
Marko Marulić - writer
*
Ivan Gundulić Ivan Dživo Gundulić - poet
'''Science'''
*
Rudjer Boskovic Ruđer Bošković - physicist and Jesuit
*
Slavoljub Penkala - engineer and inventor
*
Nikola Tesla - inventor, physicist, mechanical engineer and electrical engineer
*
Faust VranÄ?ić - philosopher, thinker
*
Andrija MohoroviÄ?ić - seismologist, meteorologist
'''Sport'''
*
Davor Å uker - former
football (soccer) football player, Top scorer
FIFA World Cup 1998
*
Zvonimir Boban - former
football (soccer) football player
*
Dražen Petrović - former professional basketball player, member of Basketball Hall of Fame, tragically died in Car crash in 1993.
*
Toni KukoÄ?- professional basketball player
*
Goran Ivanišević - former tennis player,
The Championships, Wimbledon Wimbledon winner
*
Ivan LjubiÄ?ić - tennis player,
Davis Cup winner
*
Iva Majoli - tennis player,
French_Open Roland Garros champion
*
Janica Kostelić - triple world ski champion, winner of six Olympic medals ( 4. Golds 2. Silver ), most successful female winter olympic athlete ever, three times Skiing world cup champion, FIS World Cup record holder with most points won during one season,
*
Ivica Kostelic Ivica Kostelić - former Slalom World Cup champion, former slalom World Champion, Olympic silver medal winner
*
Mirko Filipović - kickboxer and
mixed martial artist
'''Politics'''
* Ban
Josip JelaÄ?ić - politician, soldier
*
Ante StarÄ?ević - politician
*
Stjepan Radić - politician
*
Josip Broz - Tito - politician and guerilla leader (President of Yugoslavia)
*
Franjo Tuđman - politician, first Croatian president
See also
*
Communications in Croatia
*
Transportation in Croatia: recent highway construction progress, buses, railways and airports in Croatia
*
Military of Croatia
*
Holidays in Croatia
*
Tourism in Croatia
*
List of Croatians
Literature
*AgiÄ?ić et al. (2000): Povijest i zemljopis Hrvatske (History and Geography of Croatia), priruÄ?nik za hrvatske manjinske Å¡kole (handbook for croatian minority schools), Biblioteka Geographica Croatica, 292 p., Zagreb, ISBN 953-6235-40-4 ''(croatian)''
Interesting Facts
*
Marco Polo was born on
KorÄ?ula, an island in the
Adriatic Sea belonging to the Dalmatian archipelago.
* The
Dalmatian (dog), named in the 18th century, was bred from the Dalmatia region of Croatia.
* In 1776, Croatia's Republic of Dubrovnik was the first country to recognize the
United States of America as an independent nation.
*
Necktie, originally '''cravat''' originates from Croatia. The name '''cravat''' is a corrupted word for croat. It was spread through Europe by Croatian mercenaries in 17th century France.
References
{{unreferenced}}
External links
{{portal}}
{{sisterlinks|Croatia}}
-
Basic facts, website of the Croatian Ministry of Foreign Affairs
-
kartegradova.com, detailed maps of Croatia
-
50 - Searchable city maps with geocoded information about city streets, cities, public facilities, and bussines subjects - CroMaps navigator
-
Croatian National Tourist Board @ croatia.hr
-
General information about Croatia @ www.hr
-
The Croatian government's official website @ vlada.hr
-
Picture Gallery @ fivestars.hr
-
Picture Gallery @ hrvatska.nl
-
Culture Links @ mythinglinks.org
-
Speleology @ showcaves.com
-
Castles @ romwell.com
-
Map of Croatia
-
Physical Map of Croatia
Category:Croatia
{{Europe}}
{{EU countries and candidates}}
{{Mediterranean}}
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Image:Croatia flag large.png National_flag 150px|thumb|right|[[National flag|National flag of Croatia.html" title="Meaning of National.html" title="Meaning of 150px|thumb|right|[[National flag|National">150px|thumb|right|[[National flag|National
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flag of Croatia
{{commonscat|Croatia}}
{{sisterlinkswp|Category:Croatia}}
'''
Croatia''' (official name ''Republika Hrvatska'') is a
crescent-shaped
Slavic people Slavic country in
Europe, bordering the
Adriatic Sea,
Central Europe and the
Balkans. The main
language is
Croatian language Croatian. The
capital city capital is
Zagreb and the
port of
Split is the
second city. The
demographics of Croatia population is stable at around four and a half million.
History of Croatia Historically, the territory had been occupied since
prehistory by groups including
Illyrians,
Celts,
ancient Rome Romans and
Huns before the
Croats settled in the
7th century. The
Medieval Croatian state Croatian kingdom rose to prominence in the
9th century before it
Croatia in the union with Hungary merged into the
Kingdom of Hungary in the early
12th century. By the mid-
15th century much of
Dalmatia became part of
Republic of Venice Venice while
Republic of Dubrovnik Dubrovnik was independent.
Ottoman Empire Ottoman attacks saw much of continental Croatia occupied and in the
16th century the power was transferred to the
Habsburgs. By the end of the
17th century, the Turks were repelled and their former gains as well as Dalmatia and
Dubrovnik were absorbed into the
Habsburg Monarchy, after
1867 the
Austro-Hungarian Empire. Post-
First World War WWI, Croatia became part of the
Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (renamed
Yugoslavia) and apart for a brief spell as a
fascist Independent State of Croatia puppet state in
WW2 it remained
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Yugoslav territory until
History of modern Croatia independence under
Franjo Tudjman Tuđman in
1991, hostilities with the Yugoslav rump ending in
1992. Croatia is now a
democracy,
World Trade Organisation WTO member and a
Expansion of the European Union candidate for
European Union EU Member states of the EU membership.
{{catmore}}
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