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Earl of Richmond

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The title of '''Earl of Richmond, North Yorkshire Richmond''' was created many times in the Peerage of Peerage of England England. See also Duke of Richmond.

Earls of Richmond
The title appears to have been in existence in England a considerable time before it was held in accordance with any strict legal principle. Alan Le Roux (c. 1040-1089), was a Norman relative of Geoffrey I, Duke of Brittany Geoffrey of Brittany. He took part in William the Conqueror's invasion of England, and Le Roux obtained grants of land in various parts of England, including manors formerly held by Edwin, Earl of Mercia Earl Edwin in Yorkshire. He built the castle of Richmond, North Yorkshire Richmond in one of these. His brother Alan Le Noir, or Niger, (c. 1045-1093), succeeded to these estates on the former's death. Le Noir was in turn succeeded by Stephen (d. 1137), Count of Penthievre, who was either his son or another brother. These Brittany Breton counts were territorial lords of Richmond, and are often reckoned as 'earls of Richmond', though they were not so in the strict later sense. Stephen's son Alan de Bretagne, 1st Earl of Richmond Alan (c. 1116-1146), was the first of these lords to be styled 'Earl of Richmond'. This Alan married Bertha, daughter and heiress of Conan III, Duke of Brittany Conan of Brittany. Their son Conan IV, Duke of Brittany Conan (c. 1138-1171) married Margaret of Huntingdon, sister of Malcolm IV of Scotland. He asserted his right to Brittany, and with it Richmond, and transferred it in his lifetime to his daughter Constance of Brittany Constance (c. 1162-1201). As he left no sons, Richmond and his other English possessions passed to the king in 1171, though Constance is loosely spoken of as countess of Richmond in her own right. Constance was three times married, and each of her husbands in turn assumed the title of earl of Richmond, in conjunction with that of Duke of Brittany. They were: Geoffrey II, Duke of Brittany Geoffrey Plantagenet (1158-1186), son of Henry II of England; Ranulph de Blondeville, 4th Earl of Chester Ranulph de Blondeville, Earl of Chester (c. 1172-1232), the marriage with whom Constance treated as null on the ground of consanguinity; and Guy de Thouars (d. 1213), who survived his wife for twelve years. The only son of the first marriage, Arthur I, Duke of Brittany Arthur (1187-1203), was styled Earl of Richmond in his mother's lifetime, and on his murder at the hands of his uncle, John I of England King John, the earldom was resumed by the crown. By her third husband Constance had two daughters, the elder of whom, Alice, was given in marriage by Philip II of France Philip Augustus of France, to Peter de Braine, 1st Earl of Richmond Peter de Braine in 1213, after which date Peter was styled Duke of Brittany and Earl of Richmond, until about 1235, when he renounced his allegiance to England, and consequently suffered forfeiture of his English estates. In 1241 Henry III of England Henry III granted the estates of Richmond to Peter II of Savoy Peter of Savoy (1203-1268), uncle of his queen consort, Eleanor of Provence. Peter was thereafter described as Earl of Richmond by contemporary chroniclers. By his will he left Richmond to his niece, Eleanor, who transferred it to the crown. In the same year (1268) Henry III granted the earldom specifically to John I, Duke of Brittany (1217-1286), son of Peter de Braine, in whose family the title continued, though it was frequently forfeited, or reverted to the crown, and was recreated for the next heir, until 1342, when it was apparently resumed by Edward III of England Edward III, and granted by him to his son John of Gaunt, who then surrendered it in 1372. The earldom was then given to John V, Duke of Brittany John de Montfort, Duke of Brittany, but on his death without heirs in 1399, or possibly at an earlier date through forfeiture, it reverted to the crown. The earldom now became finally separated from the Duke of Brittany Duchy of Brittany, with which it had been loosely conjoined since the Conquest, although the Dukes of Brittany continued to assume the title till a much later date. From 1414 to 1435 the earldom of Richmond was held by John, Duke of Bedford John Plantagenet, Duke of Bedford, and in 1453 it was conferred on Edmund Tudor, 1st Earl of Richmond Edmund Tudor, brother to Henry VI of England King Henry VI. When Edmund's son Henry ascended the throne as Henry VII of England Henry VII in 1485, the earldom of Richmond merged in the crown, and for the next forty years there was no further grant of the title. Ludovic Stuart, 2nd Duke of Lennox (1574-1624), who also held other titles in the peerage of Scotland, was created Earl of Richmond in 1613 and Duke of Richmond in 1623. These became extinct at his death in 1624. The earldom was not recreated. {{1911}}

Earls of Richmond, 1st Creation (1136)
*Alan de Bretagne, 1st Earl of Richmond (d.1146) *Conan IV, Duke of Brittany (d.1171) *Constance of Brittany (1162-1201) *Arthur of Brittany Arthur, Duke of Brittany (1187-1203) *on his death, his sister, Eleanor, Countess of Richmond Eleanor, was considered by some to have succeeded to the Earldom. She d. 1236.

Earls of Richmond, 2nd Creation (1219)
*Peter de Braine, 1st Earl of Richmond (1190-1250), forfeit 1235

Earls of Richmond, 3rd Creation (1261)
*Peter of Savoy, 1st Earl of Richmond (1203-1268)

Earls of Richmond, 4th Creation (1268)
*John I, Duke of Brittany (1217-1286), resigned peerage to his son 1268 *John II, Duke of Brittany John de Bretagne, 2nd Earl of Richmond (1239-1305)

Earls of Richmond, 5th Creation (1306)
*John de Bretagne, 1st Earl of Richmond (1266-1334) *John III, Duke of Brittany (1286-1341)

Earls of Richmond, 6th Creation (1341)
*John de Montfort John de Montfort, 1st Earl of Richmond (1293-1345)

Earls of Richmond, 7th Creation (1342)
*John of Gaunt John of Gaunt, 1st Earl of Richmond (1340-1399, surrendered earldom 1372)

Earls of Richmond, 8th Creation (1372)
*John IV, Duke of Brittany (1339-1399)

Earls of Richmond, 9th Creation (1414)
*John, Duke of Bedford (1389-1435)

Earls of Richmond, 10th Creation (1453)
*Edmund Tudor, 1st Earl of Richmond (1430-1456) *Henry VII of England Henry Tudor, 2nd Earl of Richmond (1456-1509), forfeit 1461, became Henry VII 1485

Earls of Richmond, 11th Creation (1613)
*Ludovic Stuart, 1st Duke of Richmond Ludovic Stuart, 2nd Duke of Lennox (1574-1624), created Duke of Richmond in 1623 Category:Earldoms Richmond fr:Liste des comtes de Richmond

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