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Epidendroideae
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{{Taxobox
| color = lightgreen
| name = Epidendroid orchids
| regnum =
Plantae
| divisio =
Flowering plant Magnoliophyta
| classis =
Monocotyledon Liliopsida
| ordo =
Asparagales
| familia =
Orchidaceae
| subfamilia = '''Epidendroideae'''
| subdivision_ranks = Tribes
| subdivision =
See text.
}}
The '''Epidendroideae''', or epidendroid
orchids, are a
subfamily of the orchid family (
Orchidaceae).
The former subfamily
Vandoideae has become a specialised
cladistics clade within a more broadly defined Epidendroideae.
This is the largest subfamily, larger than all the other orchid subfamilies together. It comprises more than 15,000
species in 576 genera.
Most are tropical
epiphytes (usually with
pseudobulbs), but some are
terrestrials and even a few
saprophytes. Several genera live in a
symbiosis symbiotic relationship with
micorrhyzum micorrhyza, with the
fungus fungi supplying the
plant with water and
nutrients and receiving in exchange
carbohydrates.
They typically contain the remaining orchids with a single, fertile
anther ( = monandrous), which is also fully incumbent(= strongly convex) to suberect (= ascending towards the edges). The anther form arises from
column (botany) column elongation or, as in the vandoids, from early anther bending. The incumbent anther forms a right angle with the column axis or is pointed backward in many genera.
Most have hard
pollinium pollinia, i.e. a mass of waxy
pollen or of coherent pollen grains. The pollinia are with
caudicle and
viscidium or without.
The
stigma are entire or 3-lobed; a
rostellum beak is present. The apical part of the muiddle stigma lobe forms a
stipe ( = pollinium stalk).
The
ovary is 1-locular.
The
Leaf leaves are distichous or spiraling, growing on thickened
Plant stem stems.
The Epidendroideae are difficult to classify. They have been divided in “lower epidendroids� and “higher epidendroids�.
The lower epidendroids are
paraphyletic and contain the following tribes:
*
Sobralliinae
*
Neottieae
*
Palmorchideae
*
Tropidieae
*
Diceratostelae
*
Triphoreae
*
Nervilieae
*
Gastrodieae (achlorophyllous)
* and the anomalous genus
Xerorchis
The higher epidendroids are partly
monophyletic and partly
polyphyletic (tribes
Arethuseae and
Epidendreae).
*
Maxillarieae
*
Cymbidieae
*
Vandeae
*
Epidendreae II
*
Calypsoeae (problematic, difficult to classify)
*
Dendrobieae
*
Malaxideae
*
Podochileae
*
Epidendreae I
*
Arethuseae
*
Coelogyneae
This classification has a rather ephemeral nature. Changes are likely to occur as new data become known.
External links
-
A phylogentic analysis of the Orchidaceae - evidence from ''rbcL'' nucleotide sequences
-
Orchid Tree : a phylogeny of epiphytes on the tree of life
Category:Orchids
es:Epidendroideae
pt:Epidendroideae
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