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Fidel castro

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{{Infobox_President | name=Fidel Castro | image=Fdel-| image=Fidel Castro5 cropped.JPG | order=20^th President | term_start=2 December, 1976 | term_end=
present | predecessor=Osvaldo DorticÃ³s Torrado | successor=Incumbent | birth_date=August 13, 1926 | birth_place=BirÃ¡n, HolguÃn Province, Cuba | dead=alive | death_date= | death_place= | spouse=Dalia Soto^{Fidel Castro#Family and health 1} | party=Communist Party of Cuba | vicepresident=RaÃºl Castro RaÃºl Castro Ruz }} '''Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz''' (Pronunciation pron. International Phonetic Alphabet IPA: {{IPA|[fidel alehandro kastro rus]}}; born August 13, 1926) has been the leader of Cuba since 1959, when, leading the 26th of July Movement, he overthrew the regime of Fulgencio Batista. In the years that followed he oversaw the transformation of Cuba into the first Communist state in the Western Hemisphere. Fidel Castro first attracted attention in Cuban political life through his student activism. His outspoken nationalism, and radical critique of Batista and US corporate and political influence in Cuba, brought a receptive following as well as criticism, together with attention from the authorities. Later, his leadership of the 1953 attack on the Moncada Barracks, subsequent exile, and eventual guerrilla invasion of Cuba in December 1956 cemented his fame worldwide. Since his accession to power in 1959, he has maintained a high, and controversial, profile. Inciting much condemnation, praise and debate, Castro is a highly controversial leader who is viewed as a dictator by some while others see him as a legitimate and popular leader. Internationally, after the failed American-directed Bay of Pigs invasion of Cuba in 1961, his leadership has been marked by tensions with the United States, a close partnership with the Soviet Union (resulting in the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis) until its collapse in 1991, and foreign intervention in many countries of the third world. Domestically, he has overseen the implementation of land reform followed by the collectivization of agriculture, nationalization of leading Cuban industries, and the availability of Publicly funded medicine free health care and free education. In the event of sickness or death, Castro would likely be succeeded by Vice President, RaÃºl Castro, his brother.

Early life
Image:R2247968516.jpg November 11.html" title="Meaning of thumb thumb|left|250px|University student Fidel Castro (third from the left, standing) talking to fellow students during a protest on [[November 11, 1947..html" title="Meaning of left|250px|University student Fidel Castro (third from the left, standing) talking to fellow students during a protest on [[November 11">thumb|left|250px|University student Fidel Castro (third from the left, standing) talking to fellow students during a protest on [[November 11, 1947.">left|250px|University student Fidel Castro (third from the left, standing) talking to fellow students during a protest on [[November 11">thumb|left|250px|University student Fidel Castro (third from the left, standing) talking to fellow students during a protest on [[November 11, 1947. Castro was born into a wealthy farming family in BirÃ¡n, near Cueto, HolguÃn Province (formerly Provinces of Cuba Oriente Province) and not far from the birthplace of Fulgencio Batista, the man whose government he was to overthrow. The son of a former colonial soldier Ã?ngel Castro y Argiz (and immigrant (after 1898) from Galicia (Spain) Galicia, Spain) and his cook, Lina Ruz GonzÃ¡lez, Castro has two brothers: RamÃ³n Castro RamÃ³n, who has a position in the agriculture department and is said to run the family estates; and half-brother RaÃºl Castro RaÃºl, the Cuban defense minister.Castro also has at least one other sibling, his sister Juanita Castro Juanita, who lives in the United States. In summary his family situation was complex his siblings include RamÃ³n, Lidia, Pedro Emilio, Ã?ngela, RaÃºl, Juana, Emma, and Agustina [http://aguadadepasajeros.bravepages.com/cubahistoria/fidel_castro_historia.htm].

Education
Castro was educated at Society of Jesus Jesuit and La Salle Christian Brothers Schools [http://www.cubanet.org/CNews/y05/feb05/14a9.htm] [http://www.vozcatolica.org/01/aula.htm]) private schools in Santiago de Cuba and the Belen Jesuit Preparatory School Colegio de BelÃ©n in Havana, graduating in 1945. He would later expel the faculty from Cuba, like many other priests and religious figures, and have the schools property nationalized. After high school, Castro enrolled at the University of Havana to study law. Here he joined the Union Insurreccional Revolucionaria (UIR, the Insurrectional Revolutionary Union) an action group led by Emilio Tro [http://www.radioreloj.cu/enfoque1/enf_04_29-6_02.htm],[http://www.whistlestopper.com/forum/showthread.php?t=2452&goto=nextoldest], [http://www.time.com/time/archive/preview/0,10987,804247,00.html], [http://www.paxety.simmonsphotos.com/Archive/20050630TerroristFidelCub.html], [http://www.nocastro.com/news/betancourt.htm] and became involved in political disputes that were often violent and sometimes murderous.

Early political activity
In 1947 he joined the Partido Ortodoxo (Orthodox Party, also known as the Partido del Pueblo Cubano, Party of the Cuban People) and its campaign to expose government corruption and demand reform. In the summer of 1947, Castro, along with Rolando Masferrer, became part of the Caribbean legion that attempted to travel to the Dominican Republic and overthrow its government [http://www.infocostarica.com/history/figueres.html]. The attempt failed, however, when the Cuban police intervened. Fidel and a few other escaped by rafting and swimming two miles before reaching land. Because of this and his other activities, Castro became known through local radio and the ''Alerta'' newspaper.

Bogotazo
In 1948, Castro, already credited with a number of killings in Cuba (Geyer, 2002; Ros, 2003; U.S. State Department 1950-1954), traveled to BogotÃ¡ in Colombia as a delegate of the Federacion Estudiantil Universitaria (FEU, the Cuban University Student Federation) for the ninth Pan-American Union Conference. Some funding for Castro on this trip is understood to have been provided by Juan Peron. During his visit, however, the Colombian Liberal Party leader Jorge Eliecer GaitÃ¡n was assassinated. Castro, who according to the Scotland Yard investigation and other sources had set up an appointment with GaitÃ¡n at a time immediately before the Colombian leader was killed, and participated in the violence the Bogotazo that followed the assassination (Angel Aparicio Lourencio, 1975). Castro who was and still is suspected of collaborating with the Colombian Communist Party in this killing, had to flee the country. These claims are controversial, most notably because Fidel was an admirer of GaitÃ¡n; however, some maintain that Castro is also known to express admiration of those e.g. Camilo Cienfuegos he is believed to have ordered killed. The plane with which Castro made his escape was provided by the Cuban president, Carlos PrÃo SocarrÃ¡s, even though Castro opposed PrÃo.

Putative early contacts with influential people
During his early days Fidel Castro can be said with some confidence to have been linked to a number of influential and powerful people. These contacts include Fulgencio Batista who was definitely close to his family. The mysterious William Wieland (aka (Guillermo) Montenegro, Wilheim Wieland) protÃ©gÃ© of Sumner Welles from the time of Fulgencio Batista's first rise to power in 1933. Wieland was present (US consul) during the Bogotazo while it is said by some to be in contact with Castro. Wieland was a highly influential U.S. State Department Official, variously and conflictingly described as a Communist [http://www.ziua.ro/archive/2003/09/25/docs/26853.html], and as a CIA agent who appears to have aided Castro during the U.S. Arms Embargo Against Batista (1958)[http://www.ziua.ro/archive/2003/09/25/docs/26853.html]. Wieland was an active naysayer during the weak planning and execrable execution of the Bay of Pigs Invasion in 1961, and later was subject to various U.S Government investigations (Holland, 2000). While historians have not yet reached consensus; Wieland is commonly considered to have a left of center record in Latin American matters [http://www.newsmax.com/archives/articles/2003/4/23/170146.shtml]. and quite definitely linked to the influential bisexual underground groups (Bancroft 1983 pp. 132-133) within the US State Department (Paz 2001 pp. 269,270; Welles, 1997). Some sources (citing 245:6572 "State Department Security: The Case of William Wieland", 1962; 245:6573 State Department Security: Testimony of William Wieland", 1962; 245:6574 "State Department Security - 1963-65: The Wieland Case Updated", 1963-1965 [http://www.lib.uconn.edu/online/research/speclib/ASC/findaids/Dodd_Thomas/MSS19940065S4.html]) report that in the 1930s William Wieland, known in Cuba as Arturo Montenegro, was intimate with Sumner Welles and his successor, Jefferson Caffery, thus promoting his successful career [http://www.google.com/search?q=cache:K05mdWwxTgoJ:www.amigospais-guaracabuya.org/oagoh001.php+%22Arturo+Montenegro%22+Cuba&hl=en]. Prior to his 1956 landing Castro was said to be in contact with KGB agent Nikolai Sergeevich Leonov in Mexico City (see below). Other putative contacts include Rafael LeÃ³nidas Trujillo. Castro received money and weapons from Carlos PrÃo SocarrÃ¡s whether this included CIA support is not clear.

First Marriage
That same year, 1948, Castro married Mirta DÃaz Balart, a philosophy student from another wealthy Cuban family, with whom he later had a son, Fidelito Castro. It is said that Castro fled out of the back door of the church of the Virgin of Charity because some of his enemies were waiting for him [http://www.lacasaazul.org/LindenLaneMagazineVolumen4/ReneDayreAbellaLaPieldelaMemoria.htm]. Amongst the wedding presents received was a substantial gift (United States dollar US$500 others say U.S. $1000) from Batista, who by then was both a retired President and dictator with the rank of former general in the Cuban army. In 1950 Castro graduated and began practising law in a small partnership, mostly representing the poor. He had by now become known for his nationalism nationalist views and his opposition to the United States' influence in Cuba. In 1951, after the Partido Ortodoxo's founder Eduardo ChibÃ¡s committed suicide, Castro unsuccessfully claimed leadership of the party and prepared to stand for parliament the following year. However, a coup d'Ã©tat led by Batista on March 10 1952 overthrew SocarrÃ¡s' government and the elections were canceled. Castro broke away from the Partido Ortodoxo and, in court, charged Batista with violating the Cuban constitution. His petition was refused.

Attack on Moncada Barracks
Castro responded to Batista's coup by organizing an armed attack on the Moncada Barracks, Batista's largest garrison outside Santiago de Cuba, on July 26, 1953. The CÃ©spedes garrison in Bayamo was also attacked under the leadership of Antonio "Ã‘ico" Lopez. These attacks proved unsuccessful and more than sixty of the one-hundred and thirty-five militants involved were killed. Castro and other surviving members of his group managed to escape to the part of the Sierra Maestra east of Santiago. Castro and his company were captured after a patrol discovered them while they were sleeping. Although the official attitude of the military was to capture Fidel alive, the real orders were that the leader of the rebellion, Fidel Castro, was to be executed once found. However, some say by a strange coincidence, none of the soldiers recognized Fidel, except one person, the lieutenant who led the patrol that captured Fidel. This lieutenant had been at the University of Havana at the same time Fidel was a student there. While he was searching Fidel for weapons, he whispered in Fidel's ear not to reveal his name, or he would be shot. [http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0853450064 Cuba: Anatomy of a Revolution] . However, most credit the good offices of MonseÃ±or PÃ©rez Serantes [http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bperezse.html] [http://www.fundamentals.com.au/Fidel-Castro], [http://www.newsmax.com/archives/articles/2002/8/9/42810.shtml] as the main reason why the Castro brothers were not executed on capture as was common for their fellow militants [http://havanajournal.com/politics_comments/A834_0_5_0_M/]. Yet, others suggest that Raul Castro's long relationship with Batista, to the point that Raul is said by some to be Batista's godson [http://www.amigospais-guaracabuya.org/g_beruvides.php], and long established Castro-Batista family influences [http://www.elveraz.com/articulo32.htm] played a role. During the subsequent trial in August to October 1953, Castro delivered ''La historia me absolverÃ¡'' (''History Will Absolve Me'', [http://www.marxists.org/history/cuba/archive/castro/1953/10/16.htm complete translation]) as his closing speech, in which he defended his actions and declared his political views. He was sentenced to fifteen years in prison. While he was in prison, Mirta DÃaz-Balart divorced Castro and his enemies are said to have tried to poison him (BBC claims over 600 often baroque and always failed attempts on his life). Having served less than two years, however, he was released in May 1955 thanks to a general amnesty from a confident Batista. He went into exile in Mexico on July 7. Some historians claim that although Castro's group took part in the Moncada Barracks attack, Castro himself was not involved in the fighting. They claim that Castro and his inner circle hid at a nearby location, away from the bloodshed. These claims, however, are highly disputed. [http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/castro/peopleevents/e_moncada.html] It has also been claimed that Castro's unit targeted soldiers who were sleeping or incapacitated in the barracks' infirmary. This claim has been countered as an attempt by Castro's enemies to discredit him. In ''La historia me absolverÃ¡'', Castro said:

''Everyone had instructions, first of all, to be humane in the struggle... From the beginning we took numerous prisoners - nearly twenty... Those soldiers testified before the court and without exception they all acknowledged that we treated them with absolute respect.... In line with this, I want to give my heartfelt thanks to the prosecutor for one thing in the trial of my comrades: when he made his report he was fair enough to acknowledge as an incontestable fact that we maintained a high spirit of chivalry throughout the struggle.'' [http://www.marxists.org/history/cuba/archive/castro/1953/10/16.htm]

Life as a guerrilla
Once in Mexico, Castro reunited with other exiles and founded the 26th of July Movement. They went to the United States, where they gathered funds from Cubans living in that country and the United States especially from Carlos PrÃo SocarrÃ¡s the elected Cuban president who was deposed by Fulgencio Batista in 1952. Regular and cordial contacts with the KGB agent Nikolai Sergeevich Leonov in Mexico City did not result in weapon supply (Andrew and Gordievsky, 1990). Medical doctor Che Guevara Ernesto "Che" Guevara joined the group in Mexico. In Mexico the group trained under Spanish Civil War Veteran, Cuban born [http://www.sbhac.net/Republica/Personajes/Militares/Militares1.htm], Alberto Bayo Giraud, [http://www.guerracivil1936.galeon.com/biorep.htm], who had fled Francisco Franco's victory to Mexico. On November 26 1956 they returned to Cuba, sailing from Tuxpan to Cuba on the 60-ft pleasure yacht ''Granma''. Two "traitors" are mentioned before the yacht sailed Evaristo Venereo and Rafael del Pino (the del Pino who had been with Castro in the Bogotazo, [http://cubahora.co.cu/index.php?tpl=principal/ver-noticias/ver-not_hist.tpl.html&newsid_obj_id=1010443]) The expeditionaries landed in Los Cayuelos near the eastern city of Manzanillo on December 2, 1956. They missed their scheduled arrival by two days. On November 30th, another group of Castro's supporters, wearing olive green uniforms and the 26th of July Movement's red & black insignias, staged a street revolt in Santiago, organized by Frank Pais. While some state that only between twelve and sixteen of the original eighty-three men of the Granma group survived encounters with the Cuban army, and fled to the Sierra Maestra mountains, a careful breakdown of the events, indicate three were killed at AlegrÃa de PÃo (Israel Cabrera, Humberto Lamotte and Oscar RodrÃguez; JosÃ© Ponce DÃaz was severely wounded [http://cubahora.co.cu/index.php?tpl=principal/ver-noticias/ver-not_hist.tpl.html&newsid_obj_id=1010442]), The rest dispersed. Of the 80 remaining 21 were captured and executed, 22 were held prisoner; of the remaining 37 about 20 escaped (7 rejoined the rebels) and some 17-20 reached the high mountains (Cuban web sources e.g [http://rhc.cu/kmilo/informaciones/cincopalmas.htm] and Thomas, 898-900). These survivors were aided by a group that included Celia Sanchez Manduley, Huber Matos and bandit Cresencio Perez's relatives. Some are now said to have been members of covert branch of the communist party or "agrarian reformers" [http://www.jrebelde.cubaweb.cu/2003/enero-marzo/en1394/tienes.html]. The survivors, who included Che Guevara, RaÃºl Castro, and Camilo Cienfuegos, reformed into the JosÃ© MartÃ column under Castro's command. There were a number of purges usually carried out by Che Guevara, even one expeditionary, â€œGallegoâ€? MorÃ¡n, was declared a traitor and executed in GuantÃ¡namo [http://www.patriagrande.net/cuba/ernesto.che.guevara/pasajes/08.htm] Castro's movement gained popular support and grew to over eight hundred men. In mid-1957 Castro gave Che Guevara command of a second column. A journalist, Herbert Matthews from the New York Times, came to interview him in the Sierra Maestra, attracting interest to his cause in the United States. This was followed up by the TV television crew of Andrew Saint George [http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/JFKstgeorge.htm] said to be a CIA contact person. Castro's colorful command of the English language English enabled him to appeal directly to a US audience. He then became viewed as a revolutionary leader in the United States. Image:FidelGuerilla.JPG thumb|left| On May 24, 1958, Batista launched seventeen battalions (about 10,000 soldiers) against Castro and other anti-government groups in ''Operation Verano'' called "la Ofensiva" by the rebels (AlarcÃ³n RamÃrez,1997). Despite being heavily outnumbered, Castro's forces scored a series of victories, in part aided by desertion from Batista's army. Whilst subsequent pro-Castro Cuban sources emphasize Castro and his group's role in these battles, other groups and leaders were involved, such as escopeteros (poorly-armed irregulars). During the Battle of Las Mercedes, Castro's small army came close to defeat but he managed to pull his troops out by opening up negotiations with General Cantillo while secretly pulling his soliders out of the trap. When ''Operation Verano'' ended, Castro ordered three columns under Guevara, Jaime Vega and Camilo Cienfuegos to invade central Cuba where they were strongly supported by elements of Column One, nominally directed by Universo SÃ¡nchez and by veteran plains Escopeteros such as the "Muchachos de Lara" who had long been operating in the area. Castro's own column (Columna Uno) pushed past Bueycito out onto the Cauto Plains. Here they were now supported by Huber Matos, Raul Castro and others to the eastern most part of the province. On the plains Castro's forces first surrounded Guisa and drove out their enemies, and proceeded to take most of the towns that were taken by Calixto Garcia in the 1895-1898 Cuban War of Independence. In December 1958, Guevara and Cienfuegos' columns joined with other anti-Batista forces already in the central mountains, occupied several towns and began preperations for an attack on Santa Clara, Cuba, the capital of the Las Villas province. Guevara's column derailed an armored train which Batista had sent to aid his troops in the city while Cienfuegos won the Battle of Yaguajay. Defeated on all sides, Batista's forces crumbled. The provincial capital was captured after less than a day of fighting on December 31, 1958. On December 28, 1958 Castro met semi-secretly with Batista General Eulogio Cantillo [http://www.radioprogreso.cu/despliegue.php?de=reportero&idti=4319] who arrived at Castro's headquarters in a helicopter. With the loss of Santa Clara and expecting the betrayal of his own army, Batista and president-elect AndrÃ©s Rivero AgÃ¼ero(see Carlos Rivero AgÃ¼ero) fled Cuba in the early hours of January 1, 1959, initially to the Dominican Republic and then to Francisco Franco's Spain.

Early years in power
On January 1, 1959, Castro's forces entered Havana and on January 5 the liberal law professor JosÃ© MirÃ³ Cardona created a new government with himself as prime minister and Manuel Urrutia LleÃ³ as president. On January 8 Castro himself arrived in Havana and assumed the post of Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces. In February, however, MirÃ³ resigned and Castro assumed the role nearly a month later after initially rejecting the offer; and in July, Urrutia resigned and was replaced by Osvaldo DorticÃ³s Torrado, a lawyer more sympathetic to Castro's ideology. Initially the United States was quick to recognize the new government. On April 15 Castro went on a famous twelve day unofficial tour of the US, where he met Malcolm X, Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser and Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru while staying in a cheap hotel in Harlem - an example of his tendency to 'mix with the people', as he later also did in PanamÃ¡, where he used the service entrance of the hotel more than the front door. He subsequently visited the White House and met with Vice President Richard Nixon. Sometime during this period Castro spoke for his first time to members of the Council of Foreign Relations. Castro's economic policies had caused some concerns in Washington that Castro was a Communist with an allegiance to the Soviet Union. Supposedly, President Dwight D. Eisenhower snubbed Castro, giving the excuse that he was playing golf, and left Nixon to speak to him. Following the meeting, Nixon remarked that Castro was "either incredibly naÃ¯ve about Communism or under Communist discipline â€” my guess is the former. " Castro spent two days in Canada, initiating a friendship with future Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau. Friction with the US soon developed when, in May 1959, the new government began expropriating US-owned property (much owned by US-owned corporations, such as the United Fruit Company) in accordance with the First Agrarian Reform Law. Compensation for the expropriated properties was based on their declared property tax value, which, for many years, the same companies had managed to keep artificially low. In June 1960, Eisenhower reduced Cuba's sugar import quota by 700,000 tons, and in response, Cuba nationalization nationalized some $850 million worth of US property and businesses. The revolutionary government consolidated control of the nation by nationalizing industry, expropriating property owned by Cubans and non-Cubans alike, collectivizing agriculture, and enacting policies which it claimed would benefit the population. These policies alienated many former supporters of the revolution among the Cuban middle and upper-classes, who made up roughly half of the Cuban population. Over one million Cubans later migrated to the US, forming a vocal anti-Castro community in Miami, Florida Cuban-American lobby. According to Andrew and Gordievsky (1990) as early as July 1959 Castro's intelligence chief Ramiro ValdÃ©s contacted the KGB in Mexico City, the USSR sent over one hundred mostly Spanish speaking advisors; including Enrique Lister Farjan to organize the Committees for the Defense of the Revolution. In February 1960 Cuba signed an agreement to buy oil from the USSR. When the US-owned refineries in Cuba refused to process the oil, they were expropriated, and the United States broke off diplomatic relations with the Castro government soon afterward. To the concern of the Eisenhower administration, Cuba began to establish closer ties with the Soviet Union. A variety of pacts were signed between Castro and Premier of the Soviet Union Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev, allowing Cuba to receive large amounts of economic and military aid from them.

Bay of Pigs
{{main|Bay of Pigs Invasion}} On April 15, 1961, the day after Castro described his revolution as socialism socialist, four Cuban airfields were bombed by A-26 Invader A-26s bearing false Cuban markings. These bombing runs were the beginning stages of the Bay of Pigs invasion. The United States staged an unsuccessful attack on Cuba on 17 April, 1961. Assault Brigade 2506, a force of about 1,400 Cuban exiles, financed and trained by the Central Intelligence Agency, and commanded by Cuban Manuel Artime and CIA operatives Grayston Lynch and William Robertson (CIA) William Robertson, landed perhaps a hundred miles south-east of Havana, at Playa GirÃ³n on the Bay of Pigs. Under the leadership of Stephen Penney, the CIA assumed that the invasion would spark a popular uprising against Castro; the operation itself was expected by Castro, however, and in anticipation the government rounded up perhaps 100,000 (Lynch reports 250,000) anti-Castro Cubans -at least 20,000 in Havana alone (Priestland, 2003), executed some and imprisoned the others under threat of death should the invasion succeed. Led by Erneido Oliva, most of the 1,200 men invasion force made it ashore; however, reserve ammunition in two US supplied support ships, the ''Houston'' and the ''RÃo Escondido'', sunk by Cuban Air Force Sea Fury propeller-driven aircraft and T-33 Jets, was lost. President John F. Kennedy Kennedy was influenced by some State Department officials including Roy Rubottom and especially his assistant William Weiland who had been involved in Castro related matters since the Bogotazo and in Cuban matters 1933 as assistant to Sumner Welles. Kennedy withdrew support for the invasion at the last minute, by canceling several bombing sorties that could have crippled the entire Cuban Air Force. The cancellation also prevented US Marines waiting off the coast from landing in support of the Cuban exiles. After three days of ferocious fighting in which about 100 invaders and perhaps 2,000 militia, perhaps 5000 according to Lynch, more died (most trapped in buses on the causeways), the rest of the invaders were captured [http://www.newsmax.com/archives/articles/2002/4/29/34913.shtml]. At least nine invaders were formally executed in connection with this action, however, a number died of suffocation in an unventilated truck trailer, while Castro attributed the defeat of the invasion to his leadership. In a nationally broadcast speech on 1961-12-02, Castro declared that he was a Marxism-Leninism Marxist-Leninist and that Cuba was going to adopt Communism. On February 7, 1962, the US imposed an United States embargo against Cuba embargo against Cuba, which included a general travel ban for American tourists.

October Crisis
{{main|Cuban Missile Crisis}} Tensions between Castro and US heightened during the 1962 Cuban missile crisis, which nearly brought the USSR and the US to direct confrontation. Khrushchev conceived the idea of placing missiles in Cuba as a deterrent to a US invasion. After consultations with his military advisors, he met with a Cuban delegation led by RaÃºl Castro in July in order to work out the specifics. It was agreed to deploy Soviet R-12 MRBMs on Cuban soil; however, American Lockheed U-2 reconnaissance discovered the construction of the missile installations on 15 October, 1962 before the weapons had actually been deployed. The US government viewed the installation of Soviet nuclear weapons 90 miles south of Key West as an aggressive act and a threat to US security. As a result, the US publicly announced its discovery on 22 October, 1962, and implemented a quarantine around Cuba that would actively intercept and search any vessels heading for the island. Nikolai Sergeevich Leonov, who would become General in KGB Intelligence Directorate [http://www.kcl.ac.uk/lhcma/cats/coldwar/xc70-28-.htm], and Soviet KGB deputy station chief in Warsaw [http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=library.document&topic_id=1409&id=146], was the translator Castro used for contact with the Russians. In a personal letter to Khrushchev dated 27 October, 1962, Castro urged Khrushchev to launch a nuclear first strike against the United States if Cuba were invaded, but Khrushchev rejected any first strike response ([http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/nsa/cuba_mis_cri/621030%20Letter%20to%20Castro.pdf pdf]). Soviet field commanders in Cuba were, however, authorized to use tactical nuclear weapons if attacked by the United States. Khrushchev agreed to remove the missiles in exchange for a US commitment not to invade Cuba and an understanding that the US would remove American MRBMs targeting the Soviet Union from Turkey and Italy, a measure that the US never implemented.

Cuban Missile Crisis
{{see|nuclear weapons}} In a televised speech on October 22, 1962, United States American President John F. Kennedy publicly announced that the USSR had begun to deploy medium and intermediate-range nuclear missiles in Cuba, approximately 145 km (90 mi) from Florida. Moreover, the president said, by their doing so the Soviets had demonstrated that they had for many months been lying about their intentions in that island nation. Kennedy then stated that the United States was prepared to not only blockade Cuba but to ultimately do whatever might be necessary to remove the missiles. Finally, he warned, a Soviet attack on any target in the United States or Latin America would result in what he called "a full retaliatory response on the Soviet Union." In the days that followed Kennedy's address, Soviet ships moved toward a line of U.S. naval vessels that had been set up as a blockade to "quarantine" Cuba. The U.S. government's intention was to force the Soviets to ship their missiles back to the Soviet Union. By October 27, the superpowers seemed near to war. As the Soviet missile sites reached completion, the American pilot of a U-2 spy plane was shot down over Cuba and the pilot killed. Also during that time, President Kennedy ordered 180,000 combat-ready troops deployed to the southeastern United States to prepare to attack Cuba. On October 28, however, just before 9:00 EST, Soviet chairman Nikita Khrushchev announced in a broadcast over Radio Moscow that he would accept Kennedy's pledge not to invade Cuba in return for a Soviet pledge to remove the missiles from the island. Cuban leader Fidel Castro was outraged at what he felt was a Soviet betrayal, but he reluctantly allowed the missiles to be withdrawn. The stark reality of the Cuban Missile Crisis only became clear decades later, the result of a joint U.S.-Russian-Cuban research project (the Cuban Missile Crisis Project), which sponsored six international conferences between 1987 and 2002 that included some of the major players from both sides who had taken part in the confrontation. As a result of these conferences and continuing research, it is now clear that the key sources of the crisis were the enormous, mutual misperceptions and misunderstandings between Washington and Moscow and Havana. The Soviets, for example, felt that they had to deploy the missiles to Cuba because they believed (incorrectly, but understandably, following the abortive Bay of Pigs invasion of April 1961) that a massive U.S. assault on Cuba was imminent. On the other hand, the United States dismissed growing signs of the possibility of a Soviet deployment of nuclear missiles to Cuba because the Soviets had never before positioned such weapons outside the Soviet Union, and because it was so obvious (to the United States, though not to the Soviets) that such a move would be totally unacceptable in Washington. In addition, the Soviets felt sure (though the Cubans tried several times to persuade them that they were wrong) that the missiles could be introduced into Cuba secretly, via a clandestine operation supplemented by a systematic attempt to deceive the United States. Thus the danger of the confrontation in 1962 was more severe than U.S. leaders, from Kennedy on down, believed at the time. Recent revelations from the Cuban Missile Crisis Project have shown that any U.S. attack on Cuba would have also been an attack on more than 40,000 Soviet citizens who were deployed chiefly around the missile sites, which would have been the primary targets. At the time, the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) estimated that fewer than 10,000 Soviets had arrived on the island. Furthermore, by the last weekend of October 1962, Castro had concluded that a U.S. air strike and invasion of Cuba was all but inevitable. This led him to request of Khrushchev, in a cable sent on October 27, that in the event of an invasion, the Soviet leader launch an all-out nuclear strike against the United States. If Cuba was to be destroyed, Castro urged the Soviets to take the United States down with it. Cuba would thus be a martyr for the socialist cause. Also by October 27, when the majority of President Kennedy's military and civilian advisors were advocating an attack on Cuba, the Soviets had already delivered 162 nuclear warheads to that country. The CIA believed at the time that there were no warheads on the island. During the last few days of the crisis, the Soviet field commander ordered the warheads for the short-range, tactical weapons moved out of storage and closer to their launchers. He did so without prior approval from Moscow, and he likely would have ordered their use in the event of a U.S. invasion. A further fact uncovered is that each Soviet submarine escorting ships bound for Cuba carried one nuclear-tipped torpedo, which could be used without consultation with Moscow. One such submarine, certain that it was under attack from U.S. vessels and that war may have already begun, came very close to launching its nuclear weapon against the U.S. fleet blockading Cuba, an action that might well have led to a U.S. nuclear response. Thus the Cuban Missile Crisis Project came to the conclusion that by the last weekend of October 1962, all the pieces were in place for Armageddon to occur. Some 250,000 Cuban troops and more than 40,000 Soviet troops armed with dozens of tactical nuclear weapons would have met a U.S. invasion force (which would not have been equipped with nuclear weapons), initiating nuclear war in the (mistaken) assumption that the United States would have attacked with nuclear weapons. Historians speculate that such an action would very likely have ended in nuclear catastrophe. In the end, President Kennedy rejected military advice for a full-scale surprise attack on Cuba and instead delivered the public ultimatum to the USSR on October 22, declaring the quarantine and demanding the withdrawal of all offensive missiles. After nearly a week of unprecedented tension, the Khrushchev government yielded. Kennedy, in return, agreed to refrain from attempting an overthrow of Castro's government. Despite this concession, all sides regarded the outcome as a substantial victory for the United States, and Kennedy won a reputation as a formidable international statesman. The USSR, for its part, began a long-term effort to strengthen its military capability, but in the immediate future both nations sought to relax hostilities.

Relations with the outside world
Image:Castro Khrushchev.jpg Soviet.html" title="Meaning of thumb thumb|right|275px|Fidel Castro embracing [[Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev..html" title="Meaning of right|275px|Fidel Castro embracing [[Soviet">thumb|right|275px|Fidel Castro embracing [[Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev.">right|275px|Fidel Castro embracing [[Soviet">thumb|right|275px|Fidel Castro embracing [[Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev. Image:Castrotrudeau.jpg Canadian.html" title="Meaning of thumb thumb|right|275px|Castro and [[Canadian Prime Minister of Canada Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau..html" title="Meaning of right|275px|Castro and [[Canadian">thumb|right|275px|Castro and [[Canadian Prime Minister of Canada Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau.">right|275px|Castro and [[Canadian">thumb|right|275px|Castro and [[Canadian Prime Minister of Canada Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau. Image:Palme.castro.jpg Olof Palme.html" title="Meaning of thumb thumb|right|275px|Swedish Prime Minister [[Olof Palme visits Cuba in 1975..html" title="Meaning of right|275px|Swedish Prime Minister [[Olof Palme">thumb|right|275px|Swedish Prime Minister [[Olof Palme visits Cuba in 1975.">right|275px|Swedish Prime Minister [[Olof Palme">thumb|right|275px|Swedish Prime Minister [[Olof Palme visits Cuba in 1975. Following the establishment of diplomatic ties to the Soviet Union, and the Cuban Missile Crisis, Cuba became increasingly dependent on Soviet markets and military and economic aid. Castro was able to build a formidable military force with the help of Soviet equipment and military advisors. The KGB kept in close touch with Havana, and Castro tightened Communist Party control over all levels of government, the media, and the educational system, while developing a Soviet-style internal police force. Castro's alliance with the Soviet Union caused something of a split between him and Guevara, who took a more pro-China Chinese view following ideological conflict between the Communist Party of the Soviet Union CPSU and the Maoism Maoist Communist Party of China CPC. In 1966, Guevara left for Bolivia in an ill-fated attempt to stir up revolution against the country's government. On 23 August, 1968 Castro made a public gesture to the Soviet Union that reaffirmed their support in him. Two days after the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia to repress the Prague Spring, Castro took to the airwaves and publicly denounced the Czech rebellion. Castro warned the Cuban people about the Czechoslovakian 'counter-revolutionaries', who "were moving Czechoslovakia towards capitalism and into the arms of imperialism imperialists". He called the leaders of the rebellion "the agents of West Germany and fascist reactionary rabble." In return for his public backing of the invasion, at a time when many Soviet allies were deeming the invasion an infringement of Czechoslovakia's sovereignty, the Soviets bailed out the Cuban economy with extra loans and an immediate increase in oil exports. Image:Salvador-Allende Fidel.JPG Salvador_Allende.html" title="Meaning of thumb thumb|left|250px|[[Salvador Allende and Fidel Castro.html" title="Meaning of left|250px|[[Salvador Allende">thumb|left|250px|[[Salvador Allende and Fidel Castro">left|250px|[[Salvador Allende">thumb|left|250px|[[Salvador Allende and Fidel Castro In 1971, following the re-establishment of diplomatic relations with Cuba, despite a previously established Organization of American States convention that no nation in the Western Hemisphere would do so (the only exception being Mexico, which had refused to adopt that convention), Cuban President Fidel Castro took a month-long visit to Chile. The visit, in which Castro participated actively in the internal politics of the country, holding massive rallies and giving public advice to Allende, was seen by those on the political right as proof to support their view that "The Chilean Way to Socialism" was an effort to put Chile on the same path as Cuba. On November 4, 1975, Castro ordered the deployment of Cuban troops to Angola in order to aid the Marxist Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola MPLA-ruled government against the National Union for Total Independence of Angola UNITA opposition forces, which gained the support of the government of South Africa. Moscow aided the Cuban initiative with the USSR engaging in a massive airlift of Cuban forces into Angola. On this, Nelson Mandela has remarked "Cuban internationalists have done so much for African independence, freedom, and justice." [http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela] Cuban troops were also sent to Marxist Ethiopia to assist Ethiopian forces in the Ogaden War with Somalia in 1977. In addition, Castro extended support to Marxist Revolutionary movements throughout Latin America, such as aiding the Sandinistas in overthrowing the Somoza dictatorship in Nicaragua in 1979. When Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev visited Cuba in 1989, the close relationship between Moscow and Havana was strained by Gorbachev's implementation of economic reforms. "We are witnessing sad things in other socialist countries, very sad things," stated Castro in November 1989, in reference to the reforms that were sweeping such communist allies as the Soviet Union, East Germany, Hungary, and Poland. [http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?r101:S17NO9-1592:] The Soviet Union had subsidized the Cuban economy for decades, paying $1.23 per pound for sugar while the world market price of which had been steady between 17 and 22 cents per pound. According to Castro, "the sun vanished from the horizon when the Soviet Union collapsed." Cuba entered what it called the "Special Period". [http://www.ucobserver.org/archives/may00_cvst.htm]. The effects were immediate and devastating.

Remaining as president
In 2005, American business and financial magazine ''Forbes'' listed Castro among the world's richest people, with an estimated net worth of $550 million.. As a result of Forbes' comments, Castro is considering filing a lawsuit against the magazine, claiming the accusations are false and the article was meant to defame him.

Religion
Castro is an atheist and has not been a practicing Roman Catholicism Roman Catholic since his childhood. Pope John XXIII excommunicated Castro on January 3, 1962 on the basis of a 1949 decree by Pope Pius XII forbidding Catholics from supporting communist governments. For Castro, who had previously renounced his Catholic faith, this was an event of very little consequence, nor was it expected to be otherwise. It was primarily aimed at undermining support for Castro among Catholics. In 1992, Castro agreed to loosen restrictions on religion and even permitted church-going Catholics to join the Cuban Communist Party. After Pope John Paul II denounced the US embargo on Cuba as "unjust and ethically unacceptable", the relationship between the Holy See Vatican and Castro improved. John Paul II visited Cuba in 1998, the first visit by a ruling pontiff to the island. Castro and the Pope appeared side by side in public on several occasions during the visit; the Pope generally stayed away from overt political themes, instead emphasizing that his trip was designed to strengthen the Catholic Church in Cuba. However, he criticized widespread abortion in Cuban hospitals as well as urged Castro to end the government's monopoly on education, in order to allow the return of Catholic schools. [http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/9801/22/pope/] Following the visit, Cubans were again allowed to mark Christmas as a holiday and to openly hold religious processions. After the Pope's death in April 2005, Castro attended a funeral mass mass in his honor in Havana's cathedral. He had last visited the cathedral in 1959, 46 years earlier, for the wedding of one of his sisters. Cardinal Jaime Ortega, who led the mass, welcomed Castro, who was dressed in a dark suit, and expressed his gratitude for the "heartfelt way the death of our Holy Father John Paul II was received (in Cuba)." [http://www.caribbeannetnews.com/2005/04/05/mourns..html]

Human rights in Cuba
{{main|Human rights in Cuba}} Some studies report that thousands of political opponents have been killed during Castro's decades-long leadership. [http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/warstat6.htm#Cuba59]; however, given the nature of the sources of this information and how it is tabulated, including or not including those dead in Cuban external and internal wars, exact numbers are not known. Some Cubans who have been labeled "counterrevolutionaries", "fascists", or "CIA operatives" have been imprisoned in extremely poor conditions without trial; at least some have been summarily executed. Military Units to Aid Production, or UMAP's were labor camps established in 1965, according to Castro, for "people who have committed crimes against revolutionary morals" in order to work counter-revolutionary influences out of certain segments of the population. Citing previous US hostility, supporters of Castro thus portray active opposition to the Cuban government as illegitimate, and the result of an ongoing conspiracy fostered by Cuban exiles with ties to the United States or the CIA. Many Castro supporters say that Castro's measures are justified to prevent the United States from installing a puppet leader in Cuba. Castro's opposition say he uses the United States as an excuse to justify his continuing political control.

Popular image
Since Fidel Castro came to power, he and his government have exhibited many traits of personalist rule commonly attributed to a cult of personality, despite attempts to discourage it. In contrast to many of the world's modern strongmen, Castro has only twice been personally featured on a Cuban stamp. In 1974 he appeared on a stamp to commemorate the visit of Leonid Brezhnev, and in 1999 he appeared on a stamp commemorating the 40th anniversary of the Revolution. There has been a strong tendency to encourage reverence for other Cuban figures such as JosÃ© MartÃ, Che Guevara, and the "martyrs" of the Cuban revolution such as Camilo Cienfuegos. The Cuban government, specifically the ComitÃ©s de Defensa de la RevoluciÃ³n CDR, frequently puts up billboards and posters with propaganda slogans. Castro features prominently in much of this, his own persona being intertwined with the Cuban flag and identity, and the revolution itself. Fidel rarely appears in public without his military fatigues, and is famous for giving speeches which often last several hours. Large crowds of people gather to cheer at these fiery speeches. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/244974.stm "Castro: The great survivor"] BBC story. This style of leadership has led to a common characterization of Castro as being a subject of a personality cult, especially by critics. However, in contrast to most personality cults, the details of Castro's private life, particularly those concerning his family members, are scarce. However, the spread of satellite technology seems to be eroding this [http://www.ledger-enquirer.com/mld/miamiherald/news/world/americas/13543423.htm?source=rss&channel=miamiherald_americas]. He is also not the only individual that figures prominently in official propaganda, as fellow Cuban revolutionary Che Guevara appears not only on billboards and posters, but on the sides of buildings and especially on various trinkets sold to tourists. It was said that this sort of posthumous imposition of a personality cult is similar to the usage of Vladimir Lenin's persona during the era of Joseph Stalin in the Soviet Union, in that a deceased leader is invoked in support of government policies and the state itself. Castro, however, has always maintained that there exists no such thing:

We have never preached cult of personality. You will not see a statue of me anywhere, nor a school with my name, nor a street, nor a little town, nor any type of personality cult because we have not taught our people to believe, but to think, to reason out. [http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/latin_america/cuba/castro_2-12-85.html Online Newshour: Fidel Castro -- February 12, 1985] Interview with Fidel Castro

Family and health
Image:Fidel Castro.jpg thumb|200px|right|Fidel Castro Fidel Castro's parents were Lina Ruz GonzÃ¡lez and Ã?ngel Castro y Argiz. He has two brothers: RamÃ³n (born in 1924), RaÃºl Castro RaÃºl (born in 1931) and at least two sisters Juanita Castro Ruz who lives in Miami, Florida and Agustina Castro Ruz who lives in Havana. By his first wife Mirta DÃaz-Balart, he has a son named Fidel "Fidelito" Castro DÃaz-Balart. Mirta left Cuba in 1954 taking Fidelito with her, and she divorced Castro later the same year. Fidelito was later returned to Cuba. Mirta now lives in Spain. Fidel has four sons named Alex, Alexis, Antonio, and Alejandro with his second wife Dalia Soto del Valle. Mrs Soto del Valle is a mysterious figure believed to an excellent administrator [http://www.sincensura.org/files/v07n04.htm] and to have a residence in France as well as in Cuba [http://the26thparallel.blogspot.com/2006/01/google-vs-castro.html]]. During his days in the Sierra, Castro was linked romantically with much beloved fellow rebel Celia SÃ¡nchez. While Fidel was still married to Mirta, he had an affair with Naty Revuelta which resulted in a daughter named Alina Fernandez Alina Fernandez-Revuelta. Alina left Cuba in 1993, disguised as a Spanish tourist to avoid emigration restrictions. She now lives in the United States. There has been speculation about Castro's health since he apparently fainted during a seven-hour speech under the Caribbean sun in June 2001. His doctors say his health is improving. During 2004, there was further speculation about the state of Castro's health. In January 2004, Luis Eduardo GarzÃ³n, the mayor of BogotÃ¡, said that Castro "seemed very sick to me" following a meeting with him during a vacation in Cuba. ([http://www.cnn.com/2004/WORLD/americas/01/14/castro.health.ap/ url]) In May 2004, Castro's physician denied that his health was failing, and speculated that he would live to be 140 years old, a somewhat typical Cuban overexaggeration for effect. Dr. Eugenio Selman Housein said that the "press is always speculating about something, that he had a heart attack once, that he had cancer, some neurological problem", but maintained that Castro was in good health. ([http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2004/05/18/1084783511071.html?oneclick=true url]) On 20 October 2004, Castro fell off a stage following a speech he gave at a rally. The fall fractured his knee and arm. He underwent three hours and 15 minutes of surgery to repair his left kneecap, which was fractured into eight pieces. [http://tania.blythe-systems.com/pipermail/nytr/Week-of-Mon-20041018/007935.html] Following his fall, Castro wrote a letter that was read on Cuban television and published in newspapers. In it, he assured the public that he was fine and would "not lose contact with you." ([http://www.miami.com/mld/miamiherald/9993023.htm?1c url]) A government statement added: "His general health is good, and spirits are excellent." By November, Castro surprised many when he suddenly stood up from his wheelchair during a state visit by Chinese President Hu Jintao, leaning on a metal cane with an arm support. The following month, he stood unassisted for several minutes during a visit by Venezuelan President Hugo ChÃ¡vez. Finally, cheered by hundreds of lawmakers, a smiling Castro walked in public for the first time since shattering his kneecap in the fall after only two months. Legislators looked stunned, then smiled and applauded, when Cuba's then 78-year-old president entered the main auditorium of the Convention Palace on the arm of a uniformed schoolgirl to attend a year-end National Assembly meeting. Because of his large role in Cuba, his well-being has become a continual source of speculation, both on and off the island, as he has grown older. Castro's quick recovery from breaking his left kneecap into eight pieces was likely to dampen the latest round of rumors questioning his health. An AP report alleges that Castro has Parkinson's disease after rumors have been going around for years. Castro denies such allegations, [http://today.reuters.com/news/newsArticle.aspx?type=topNews&storyID=2005-11-18T035418Z_01_MCC813593_RTRUKOC_0_US-CUBA-USA-CASTRO.xml as reported by Reuters news service.]

Assasination Attempts
''Main article : Sam Giancana'' Image:samgiancana.jpg right Sam Giancana was a famous and powerful Mafia mafioso and boss of the Chicago Outfit from 1957-66. Born in Chicago's "Little Italy," Sam Giancana was arrested more than 70 times in his life, but was imprisoned only twice. Giancana's nickname "Momo" was derived from the slang term "Mooney" (which meant "crazy") as Giancana had long had a reputation for very unstable and unpredictably vicious behavior. Giancana started his criminal career in the 1920s on Chicago's West Side as a member of a violent street gang called "The 42s". He soon developed a reputation for being an excellent getaway driver, high earner and vicious killer. These qualities got him noticed by the successor to Al Capone, Frank Nitti Frank "The Enforcer" Nitti. It is widely reputed Giancana and other mobsters had been recruited by the CIA during the waning days of the Dwight D. Eisenhower Eisenhower administration to assassinate Cuban leader Fidel Castro, who had came to power in January 1959. Giancana was himself reported to have said that the CIA and the Mafia are "different sides of the same coin." It is also widely reputed that at roughly the same time Joseph P. Kennedy recruited Giancana to help mobilize labor union voter and financial support behind his son, Massachusetts Senator John F. Kennedy in the latter's bid to secure the U.S. Democratic Party Democratic nomination for the U.S. presidential election, 1960 1960 Presidential election.

References

Further reading
*AlarcÃ³n RamÃrez, Dariel ("Benigno")1997 Memorias de un Soldado Cubano: Vida y Muerte de la RevoluciÃ³n. Tusquets Editores S.A. Barcelona, ISBN 848319942 *Alexe, Vladimir 2003 (accessed 20/01/2006) Fidel Castro: biografia secreta Bucuresti. Ziua Sambata, 20 septembrie 2003 http://www.ziua.ro/archive/2003/09/25/docs/26853.html *Ameringer, Charles D 1995 The Caribbean Legion Patriots, Politicians, Soldiers of Fortune, 1946-1950 Pennsylvania State University Press (December, 1995) (Paperback) ISBN 0271014520 *Ã?lvarez Batista, GerÃ³nimo 1983. III Frente a las puertas de Santiago. Editorial Letras Cubanas, Havana. *Ames, Michaela Lajda; Mendoza, Plinio Apuleyo; Montaner, Carlos Alberto; Llosa, Mario Vargas; Montaner, Carlos Alberto. Guide to the Perfect Latin American Idiot. *Anderson, Jon Lee 1997. Che Guevara: A Revolutionary Life, Bantam Press, ISBN 0553406647 or Grove Press, ISBN 0-8021-1600-0 *Aparicio Laurencio, Angel 1975 "Antecedentes desconocidos del nueve de abril" Ediciones Universal, Madrid. ISBN 8439913362 *Batista, Fulgencio 1960 Repuesta. Manuel LeÃ³n SÃ¡nchez S.C.L., Mexico D.F *Bancroft, Mary 1983. Autobiography of a spy. William Morrow and Company. Inc. New York. ISBN 0688020194 *Bonachea, Ramon L and Marta San Martin 1974. The Cuban insurrection 1952-1959. Transaction Publishers, New Brunswik, New Jersey ISBN 0878555765 *Castro, Fidel, ''History Will Absolve Me'', Editorial de Ciencias Sociales, La Habana, 1975 *de la Cova, Antonio Rafael (In Press) The Moncada Attack: Birth of the Cuba Revolution University of South Carolina Press *Fontanova, Humberto 2005 Fidel: Hollywood's Favorite Tyrant. Regnery Publishing Company, Washington DC. ISBN 0895260433 *Franqui, Carlos (Translator Albert B. Teichner) 1968 The Twelve. Lyle Stuart New York ISBN 0818400897 Carlos Franqui *Fuentes, Norberto 2005 La Autobiografia de Fidel Castro. Destino Ediciones. ISBN: 9707490012 *Geyer, Georgie Anne 2002 Guerrilla Prince. Andrews McMeel Publishing Kansas City ISBN 0740720643 *Gonzalez, Servando 2002 The Secret Fidel Castro: Deconstructing the Symbol. Spooks Books, U.S. ISBN 0971139105 ISBN 0971139113 *Gott, Richard (2004). ''Cuba: A New History.'' Yale University Press. ISBN 0300104111 *Guevara, Ernesto â€œCheâ€? (and Waters, Mary Alice editor) 1996 Episodes of the Cuban Revolutionary War 1956-1958. Pathfinder New York. ISBN 0873488245 *Holland, Max 1999 A Luce Connection: Senator Keating, William Pawley, and the Cuban Missile Crisis. Journal of Cold War Studies 1.3, 139-167. *Johnson, Haynes 1964 The Bay of Pigs: The Leaders' Story of Brigade 2506. W. W. Norton & Co Inc. New York. 1974 edition ISBN 0393042634 *Lagas, Jacques 1964 Memorias de un capitÃ¡n rebelde. Editorial del PÃ¡cifico. Santiago, Chile. *Lazo, Mario 1968 Dagger in the heart: American policy failures in Cuba. Twin Circle. NewYork *Martin, Lionel 1978 The Early Fidel: Roots of Castro's Communism Lyle Stuart, Secaucus New Jersey; 1st ed edition ISBN 0818402547 p. 25. *Matos, Huber, 2002. Como llego la Noche. Tusquet Editores, SA, Barcelona. ISBN 848310944 *MorÃ¡n Arce, Lucas 1980 La revoluciÃ³n cubana, 1953-1959: Una versiÃ³n rebelde Imprenta Universitaria, Universidad CatÃ³lica; ISBN B0000EDAW9 *de Paz-SÃ¡nchez, Manuel 1997. Zona Rebelde. La diplomacia EspaÃ±ola ante la revoluciÃ³n cubana. LitografÃa Romero. S.A. Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain ISBN 847926263X *de Paz-SÃ¡nchez, Manuel 2001. Zona de Guerra. EspaÃ±a ante la RevoluciÃ³n Cubana. LitografÃa Romero. S.A. Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain ISBN 8479263644 *Priestland, Jane (editor) 2003 British Archives on Cuba: Cuba under Castro 1959-1962. Archival Publications International Limited, 2003, London ISBN 1903008204 *Rojo del RÃo, Manuel. 1981 La Historia Cambio En La Sierra. Editorial Texto, San JosÃ©, Costa Rica 2a Ed. Aumentada *Ros, Enrique 2003 Fidel Castro y El Gatillo Alegre: Sus A~nos Universitarios (Coleccion Cuba y Sus Jueces) Ediciones Universal Miami ISBN 1593880065 *Thomas, Hugh. 1998 Cuba or The Pursuit of Freedom. Da Capo Press, New York Updated Ed. ISBN 0-306-80827-7 *U.S. State Department 1950-1954. Confidential Central files Cuba 1950-1954 Internal Affairs Decimal Numbers 737, 837 and 937, Foreign Affairs decimal numbers 637 611.37 Microfilm Project University of Publications of America, Inc. http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/us-cuba/Confidential_Files-Nov-1952-July-1953.pdf http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/us-cuba/Confidential_Files-Aug-1953-Oct-1954.pdf

See also
*Politics of Cuba *List of dictators *List of national leaders *List of Presidents of Cuba *Opposition to Fidel Castro *Operation Northwoods *''Comandante'' - a 2003 documentary film by Oliver Stone *''Fidel (film)'' - a 2002 movie by David Attwood

External links
{{sisterlinks|Fidel Castro}}

By Fidel Castro

- Archive of Fidel Castro's speeches in 6 languages
- Fidel Castro History Archive at Marxists Internet Archive.
- Collection of Castro's speeches

About Fidel Castro

- 1949 Newsreel Video of Castro shortly after taking control of Cuba
- Fidel Castro biography with pictures and sound clips
- Official Site for ''Fidel: The Untold Story'' (2001)
- "A Visit With Castro" Arthur Miller tells about his encounter with Castro (December 24, 2003) in The Nation (U.S. periodical) The Nation.
- Cuban exile Humberto Fontova about Castro and Cuba
- Cuba: Socialism and Democracy by Peter Taaffe
- CIA Inspector General's Report on Plots to Assassinate Castro
- Cidob biography in Spanish
- PBS American Experience Interactive site on Fidel Castro with a teacher's guide
- Prominent People - Fidel Castro

About Cuba

- Zenith and Eclipse: A Comparative Look at Socio-Economic Conditions in Pre-Castro and Present Day Cuba, Bureau of Inter-American Affairs, 9 February 1998
- Human Rights Watch - Publication by Human Rights Watch comments about Cuba.
- Political and other freedoms in Cuba - a report by FreedomHouse.
- Continuous Coverage on Cuba - by NewsMax.com.
- Prohibited Books in Cuba - by Center for a Free Cuba.
- State Department on Repression in Cuba - Released by the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor and the Bureau of Public Affairs *"members.allstream.net/~dchris/CubaFAQ.html" Democracy in Cuba: Issues & Answers by Dan Christensen- Information and point of views about the political system in Cuba (Only copied link works).

Castro in arts
*{{imdb name | id=0004242 | name=Fidel Castro}} {{start box}} {{succession box | before = JosÃ© MirÃ³ Cardona .html">1959–1976 _after = (position abolished 1976)}} {{end box}} {{start box}} {{succession box | before = Osvaldo DorticÃ³s Torrado .html">List of Presidents of Cuba President of Cuba |years=1976–present| after = ''Incumbent''
}} {{end box}} {{Persondata |NAME=Castro Ruz, Fidel Alejandro |ALTERNATIVE NAMES=Fidel Castro |SHORT DESCRIPTION=Cuban leader |DATE OF BIRTH=1926-08-13 |PLACE OF BIRTH=BirÃ¡n, Cuba |DATE OF DEATH= |PLACE OF DEATH= }} Category:1926 births Castro, Fidel Category:Atheists Castro, Fidel Category:Communist rulers Castro, Fidel Category:Cuban communists Castro, Fidel Category:Current national leaders Castro, Fidel Category:Living people Castro, Fidel Category:Premature obituaries Castro, Fidel Category:Presidents of Cuba Castro, Fidel Category:Revolutionaries Castro, Fidel Category:Former Catholics CAstro, Fidel af:Fidel Castro ar:Ù?ÙŠØ¯Ù„ ÙƒØ§Ø³ØªØ±Ùˆ bg:Ð¤Ð¸Ð´ÐµÐ» ÐšÐ°Ñ?Ñ‚Ñ€Ð¾ be:Ð¤Ñ–Ð´Ñ?Ð»ÑŒ ÐšÐ°Ñ?Ñ‚Ñ€Ð° bs:Fidel Castro ca:Fidel Castro Ruz cs:Fidel Castro da:Fidel Castro de:Fidel Castro et:Fidel Castro es:Fidel Castro eo:Fidel Castro eu:Fidel Castro fa:Ù?ÛŒØ¯Ù„ Ú©Ø§Ø³ØªØ±Ùˆ fr:Fidel Castro gl:Fidel Castro hr:Fidel Castro io:Fidel Castro id:Fidel Castro it:Fidel Castro he:×¤×™×“×œ ×§×¡×˜×¨×• ka:áƒ™áƒ?áƒ¡áƒ¢áƒ áƒ?, áƒ¤áƒ˜áƒ“áƒ”áƒš lv:Fidels Kastro Russ lt:Fidelis Kastro mk:Ð¤Ð¸Ð´ÐµÐ» ÐšÐ°Ñ?Ñ‚Ñ€Ð¾ nl:Fidel Castro ja:ãƒ•ã‚£ãƒ‡ãƒ«ãƒ»ã‚«ã‚¹ãƒˆãƒ no:Fidel Castro pl:Fidel Castro pt:Fidel Castro ro:Fidel Castro ru:ÐšÐ°Ñ?Ñ‚Ñ€Ð¾ Ð ÑƒÑ?, Ð¤Ð¸Ð´ÐµÐ»ÑŒ Ð?Ð»ÐµÑ…Ð°Ð½Ð´Ñ€Ð¾ sh:Fidel Castro simple:Fidel Castro sk:Fidel Castro sr:Ð¤Ð¸Ð´ÐµÐ» ÐšÐ°Ñ?Ñ‚Ñ€Ð¾ fi:Fidel Castro sv:Fidel Castro tl:Fidel Castro th:à¸Ÿà¸´à¹€à¸”à¸¥ à¸„à¸²à¸ªà¹‚à¸•à¸£ vi:Fidel Castro tr:Fidel Castro zh:è?²å¾·å°”Â·å?¡æ–¯ç‰¹ç½— see Fidel Castro

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