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Geneva Conventions
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Geneva Conventions
Image:Geneva_Conventions_1864-1949.png thumb|right|Development of the Geneva Conventions from 1864 to 1949
The '''Geneva Conventions''' consist of four
treaties formulated in
Geneva,
Switzerland that set the standards for
international law for humanitarian concerns. The conventions were the results of efforts by
Henri Dunant, who was motivated by the horrors of war he witnessed at the
Battle of Solferino.
As per article 49, 50, 129 and 146 of the Geneva Conventions I, II, III and IV, respectively, all signatory states are required to enact sufficient national law to make grave violations of the Geneva Conventions a punishable criminal offense.
The conventions and their agreements are as follows:
*
First Geneva Convention ''"for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field"'' (first adopted in
1864, last revision in
1949)
*
Second Geneva Convention ''"for the Amelioration of the Condition of Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked Members of Armed Forces at Sea"'' (first adopted in
1949, successor of the
1907 Hague Convention X)
*
Third Geneva Convention ''"relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War"'' (
Third Geneva Convention (1929) first adopted in 1929, last revision in
1949)
*
Fourth Geneva Convention ''"relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War"'' (first adopted in
1949, based on parts of the
1907 Hague Convention IV)
In addition, there are three additional protocols to the Geneva Convention:
*
Protocol I (
1977): Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of
12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts
*
Protocol II (
1977): Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of
12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of Non-International Armed Conflicts
*
Protocol III (
2005): Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of
12 August 1949, and relating to the Adoption of an Additional Distinctive Emblem
The adoption of the First Convention followed the foundation of the
International Committee of the Red Cross in
1863. The text is given in the
Resolutions of the Geneva International Conference.
All four conventions were last revised and ratified in
1949, based on previous revisions and partly on some of the 1907 Hague Conventions; the whole set is referred to as the "Geneva Conventions of 1949" or simply the "Geneva Conventions". Later conferences have added provisions prohibiting certain methods of warfare and addressing issues of civil wars. Nearly all 200 countries of the world are "signatory" nations, in that they have ratified these conventions.
Clara Barton was instrumental in campaigning for the ratification of the First Geneva Convention by the
United States; the U.S. signed in
1882. By the Fourth Geneva Convention some 47 nations had ratified the agreements.
Other conventions bearing the Geneva-name must not be confused with the above-mentioned treaties (e.g. "(The Geneva)
Convention on the Territorial Sea and the Contiguous Zone" and others), the Geneva Conventions refers to already mentioned treaties of humanitarian law.
See also
*
International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
*
Laws of war
*
Hague Conventions (1899 and 1907)
*
War crime
*
Collateral damage
*
Atrocity
*
Human rights
*
Attacks on humanitarian workers
*
Geneva Conference
*
Reprisals
*
Nuremberg Principles
External links
-
party to the Geneva Conventions and their Additional Protocols''
-
Red Cross and Geneva Conventions
* Texts of the Conventions [http://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/WebCONVFULL!OpenView Source: ICRC 1949 Conventions and 1977 Protocols] [http://www.globalissuesgroup.com/geneva/texts.html Source: Society of Professional Journalists]
-
Reference Guide to the Geneva Conventions
-
United Nation's Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights - ''International Human Rights Instruments''
-
Geneva Conventions at Law-Ref.org - fully indexed and crosslinked with other documents
-
list of states which have signed the Geneva conventions (1929 and 1949) and additional protocols (1977) (documents in French) —
Switzerland is [http://www.eda.admin.ch/eda/e/home/foreign/intagr.html currently the depositary of] [http://www.eda.admin.ch/eda/f/home/foreign/intagr/train.html approximately 60 international treaties and lists of the states parties to each of these treaties (in French)]. There is also [http://www.eda.admin.ch/eda/e/home/foreign/intagr/dabase.html database access].
-
Geneva Conventions depository overview in English (.PDF) created from the Swiss archives by [http://www.aiipowmia.com/ Advocacy & Intelligence Index For POWs-MIAs Archives]
Category:Geneva Conventions
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Category:Human rights instruments
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