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HTML

*** Shopping-Tip: HTML
Image:Html-source-code3.png syntax highlighting.html" title="Meaning of thumb thumb|309px|A piece of HTML code with [[syntax highlighting.html" title="Meaning of 309px|A piece of HTML code with [[syntax highlighting">thumb|309px|A piece of HTML code with [[syntax highlighting">309px|A piece of HTML code with [[syntax highlighting">thumb|309px|A piece of HTML code with [[syntax highlighting In computing, '''''HyperText Markup Language''''' ('''HTML''') is a markup language designed for the creation of web pages with hypertext and other information to be displayed in a web browser. HTML is used to structure information — denoting certain text as headings, paragraphs, lists and so on — and can be used to describe, to some degree, the appearance and semantics of a document. Originally defined by Tim Berners-Lee and further developed by the IETF with a simplified SGML syntax, HTML is now an international standard (International Organization for Standardization ISO/International Electrotechnical Commission IEC 15445:2000). Later HTML specifications are maintained by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). Early versions of HTML were defined with looser syntactic rules which helped its adoption by those unfamiliar with web publishing. Web browsers commonly made assumptions about intent and proceeded with rendering of the page. Over time, the trend in the official standards has been to create an increasingly strict language syntax; however, browsers still continue to render pages that are far from valid HTML. XHTML, which applies the stricter rules of XML to HTML to make it easier to process and maintain, is the W3C's successor to HTML. As such, many consider XHTML to be the "current version" of HTML, but it is a separate, parallel standard; the W3C continues to recommend the use of either XHTML 1.1, XHTML 1.0, or HTML 4.01 for web publishing.

Version history of the standard
{{Html series}}
- Hypertext Markup Language (First Version), published June 1993 as an Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) working draft (not standard).
- HTML 2.0, published November 1995 as IETF Request for Comments RFC 1866, and declared obsolete/historic by RFC 2854 in June 2000.
- HTML 3.2, published January 14, 1997 as a W3C Recommendation.
- HTML 4.0, published December 18, 1997 as a W3C Recommendation.
- HTML 4.01, published December 24, 1999 as a W3C Recommendation.
- ISO/IEC 15445:2000 ("International Organization for Standardization ISO HTML", based on HTML 4.01 Strict), published May 15, 2000 as an ISO/IEC international standard.
- XHTML 1.0, published January 26, 2000 as a W3C Recommendation, later revised and republished August 1, 2002.
- XHTML 1.1, published May 31, 2001 * ([http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml2/ XHTML 2.0], W3C Working Draft) There is no official standard HTML 1.0 specification because there were multiple informal HTML standards at the time. However, some people consider the initial edition provided by Tim Berners-Lee to be the definitive HTML 1.0. That version did not include an IMG element type. Work on a successor for HTML, then called "HTML+", began in late 1993, designed originally to be "A superset of HTML…which will allow a gradual rollover from the previous format of HTML". The first formal specification was therefore given the version number 2.0 in order to distinguish it from these unofficial "standards". Work on HTML+ continued, but it never became a standard. The HTML 3.0 standard was proposed by the newly formed W3C in March 1995, and provided many new capabilities such as support for tables, text flow around figures, and the display of complex math elements. Even though it was designed to be compatible with HTML 2.0, it was too complex at the time to be implemented, and when the draft expired in September 1995 work in this direction was discontinued due to lack of browser support. HTML 3.1 was never officially proposed, and the next standard proposal was HTML 3.2 (code-named "Wilbur"), which dropped the majority of the new features in HTML 3.0 and instead adopted many browser-specific element types and attributes which had been created for the Netscape Navigator Netscape and Mosaic (web browser) Mosaic web browsers. Math support as proposed by HTML 3.0 finally came about years later with a different standard, MathML. HTML 4.0 likewise adopted many browser-specific element types and attributes, but at the same time began to try to "clean up" the standard by marking some of them as deprecation deprecated, and suggesting they not be used. Minor editorial revisions to the HTML 4.0 specification were published as HTML 4.01. The most common extension for files containing HTML is .html, however, older operating systems, such as DOS, limit file extensions to three letters, so a .htm extension is also used. Although perhaps less common now, the shorter form is still widely supported by current software.

Markup element types
Below are the kinds of HTML element markup element types in HTML. * '''Structural''' markup. Describes the purpose of text. For example, ::Golf :directs the browser to render "Golf" as a second-level heading, similar to "Markup element types" at the start of this section. Structural markup does not denote any specific rendering, but most web browsers have standardised on how elements should be formatted. For example, by default, headings like these will appear in large, bold text. Further styling should be done with Cascading Style Sheets (CSS). * '''Presentational''' markup. Describes the appearance of the text, regardless of its function. For example, ::boldface :will render "boldface" in '''bold''' text. In the majority of cases, using presentational markup is inappropriate, and presentation should be controlled by using CSS. In the case of both bold and italic there are elements which usually have an equivalent visual rendering but are more semantic in nature, namely strong emphasis and emphasis respectively. It is easier to see how an aural user agent should interpret the latter two elements. Note that most presentational markup elements have become deprecated under the HTML 4.0 specification, in favour of CSS based style design. * '''Hypertext''' markup. Links parts of the document to other documents. For example, :: :will render the word [http://wikipedia.org ] as a hyperlink URL.

The Document Type Definition
In order to specify which version of the HTML standard they conform to, all HTML documents should start with a Document Type Declaration (informally, a "DOCTYPE"), which makes reference to a Document Type Definition (DTD). For example: This declaration asserts that the document conforms to the Strict DTD of HTML 4.01, which is purely structural, leaving formatting to Cascading Style Sheets. In some cases, the presence or absence of an appropriate DTD may influence how a web browser will display the page. In addition to the Strict DTD, HTML 4.01 provides Transitional and Frameset DTDs. The Transitional DTD was intended to gradually phase in the changes made in the Strict DTD, while the Frameset DTD was intended for those documents which contained frames.

Separation of style and content
Efforts of the web development community have led to a return to the original intention regarding the way a web document should be written; XHTML epitomizes this effort. Standards stress using markup which suggests the structure of the document, like headings, paragraphs, block quoted text, and tables, instead of using markup which is written for visual purposes only, like <font>, <b> (bold), and <i> (italics). Some of these elements are not permitted in certain varieties of HTML, like HTML 4.01 Strict. CSS provides a way to separate the HTML structure from the content's presentation, by keeping all code dealing with presentation defined in a CSS file. See separation of style and content.

Publishing HTML with HTTP
The World Wide Web is primarily composed of HTML documents transmitted from a web server to a web browser using the HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP). However, HTTP can be used to serve images, sound and other content in addition to HTML. To allow the web browser to know how to handle the document it received, an indication of the file format of the document must be transmitted along with the document. This vital metadata includes the MIME type (text.html for HTML 4.01 and earlier, application/xhtml+xml for XHTML 1.0 and later) and the character encoding (see Character encodings in HTML). In modern browsers, the MIME type that is sent with the HTML document affects how the document is interpreted. A document sent with an XHTML MIME type, or ''served as application/xhtml+xml'', is expected to be XML#Well-formed documents well-formed XML and a syntax error may cause the browser to fail to render the document. The same document sent with a HTML MIME type, or ''served as text.html'', might get displayed since web browsers are more lenient with HTML. If the MIME type is not recognized as HTML, the web browser should not attempt to render the document as HTML, even if the document is prefaced with a correct Document Type Declaration. Nevertheless, some web browsers do examine the contents or URL of the document and attempt to infer the file type. Such behaviour is discouraged due to security problems; even the most notorious offender, Internet Explorer, has mostly abandoned the practice in recent versions (as of 2005).

HTML Email
Some graphical e-mail clients allow the use of a subset of HTML (often ill-defined) as a pure display language. Many of these clients include a GUI HTML editor for composing emails and a rendering engine for displaying them once received. Use of HTML in email is quite controversial due to a variety of issues. The main benefit is the ability to decorate an email with presentational attributes (bold headings etc). However, there are a number of disadvantages, which include: * the recipient may not have an email client that can display HTML * the email has larger size because lots of formatting will be much larger than the plain text equivalent. This issue is made slightly worse by the fact that, for compatibility, most clients send a plaintext version as well. * overuse of formatting (there was at one stage a craze for making letterheads using HTML and sending them as part of every e-mail) * potential security issues of deluding the recipient to accept an email as being from an authoritative source (such as a bank) when this is not the case; this is related to phishing scams. * potential security issues of simply rendering a complex format like HTML, particularly if the object, embed, iframe or script tags are included as tags to be parsed. * potential privacy issues when embedding external content such as Digital image images, which can alert a third party that an email has been read (some e-mail clients do not load external images by default for this reason). For these reasons many Electronic mailing list mailing lists deliberately block HTML email either stripping out the HTML part to just leave the plain text part or rejecting the entire message.

HTML as a hypertext format
HTML is the basis of a comparatively weak hypertext implementation. Earlier hypertext systems had features such as typed links, transclusion and source tracking. Another feature lacking today is fat links. Even some hypertext features that were in early versions of HTML have been ignored by most popular webbrowsers until now, such as the link element and editable webpages. Sometimes web services or browser manufacturers remedy these shortcomings. For instance, members of the modern social software landscape such as wikis and content management systems allow surfers to edit the web pages they visit. See also: [http://www.useit.com/alertbox/20050103.html Jacob Nielsen on advanced hypertext for the World Wide Web].

See also
*Alt attribute *Character encodings in HTML *Cascading Style Sheets *Dynamic HTML *HTML editor *HTML element *HTML reference *HTML scripting *HTML syntax *Parsing *SELFHTML *Tim Berners-Lee *Unicode and HTML *Web colors *List of document markup languages *Comparison of document markup languages *Comparison of layout engines (HTML) *XHTML * :WikiProject Usability/HTML

External links
{{wikibooks}}

W3C Specifications

- HTML 4.01 Specification
- XHTML 1.0 Specification
- XHTML Media Types

Selected Tutorials/Guides

- HTML Source: HTML Tutorials
- HTML Dog
- Gregdo.com: HTML Help and Tutorials

Validators

- W3C's Markup Validator
- WDG HTML Validator
- Validators and checkers ([http://uitest.com/en/check/ Site Check])
- Off-line HTML Validator: A clipbook for [http://www.notetab.com/ NoteTab] text editor (author: Igor Podlubny)
- Off-line HTML Validator v1.0 for Windows (author: Jan Kacur) Category:HTML Category:4-letter acronyms Category:ISO standards Category:Markup languages Category:Technical communication Category:W3C standards af:HTML als:HTML ar:HTML bg:HTML bs:HTML br:HTML ca:HTML cs:HTML da:Hypertext Markup Language de:Hypertext Markup Language et:HTML es:HTML eo:HTML eu:HTML fa:Ø§Ú†â€ŒØªÛŒâ€ŒØ§Ù…â€ŒØ§Ù„ fr:Hypertext Markup Language fy:HTML ga:HTML gl:HTML ko:HTML hr:HTML id:HTML ia:HTML is:HTML it:HTML he:HTML lv:HTML lt:HTML hu:HTML nl:HyperText Markup Language ja:HyperText Markup Language no:HTML pl:HTML pt:HTML ro:HTML ru:HTML sh:HTML simple:HTML sk:Hypertext markup language sl:HTML sr:HTML fi:HTML sv:HTML tl:HTML th:HTML vi:HTML tr:Hiper Metin Ä°ÅŸaret Dili uk:HTML uz:HTML yi:HTML zh:HTML see HTML Articles about the HTML markup language. Category:Markup languages de:Kategorie:HTML lv:Category:HTML nl:Categorie:HTML ru:ÐšÐ°Ñ‚ÐµÐ³Ð¾Ñ€Ð¸Ñ?:HTML sk:KategÃ³ria:HTML vi:Thá»ƒ loáº¡i:HTML {| class="infobox" |- bgcolor="#ccccff" !HTML |- | align="center" | Cascading Style Sheets
Character encodings in HTML Character encodings
Comparison of layout engines (HTML) Layout engine comparison
Dynamic HTML
Font family (HTML) Font family
HTML editor
HTML element
HTML scripting
Unicode and HTML
Web colors
World Wide Web Consortium W3C
XHTML |}

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