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History of Ancient Israel and Judah

*** Shopping-Tip: History of Ancient Israel and Judah
In compiling the '''history of ancient Kingdom of Israel Israel and Kingdom of Judah Judah''', there are many available sources. These include texts like : the Jew Jewish Tanakh (the Protestant Old Testament), the Talmud, the Ethiopia Ethiopian ''Kebra Nagast'', the writings of Nicolaus of Damascus, Artapanas, Philo of Alexandria and Josephus, and more minor authors and citations. Also there is archeology archaeological evidence including Egypt Egyptian, Moabite, Assyria Assyrian and Babylon Babylonian inscriptions. {{Jew}}

Introduction
Some writers see these sources as being in conflict. See The Bible and history for several views as to how the sources may be reconciled. This is a controversial subject, with implications in the fields of religion, politics and diplomacy. This article attempts to give a scholarly view which would currently be supported by most historians. The precise dates and the precision by which they may be stated are subject to continuing discussion and challenge. There are no biblical events whose precise year can be validated by external sources before the early 9th century BCE (The rise of Omri, King of Israel). Therefore all earlier dates are extrapolations. Further, the Bible does not render itself very easily to these calculations: mostly it does not state any time period longer than a single life time and a historical line must be reconstructed by adding discrete quantities, a process that naturally introduces rounding errors. The accuracy in which dates are represented here reflects a The Bible and history#Biblical maximalism maximalist view, namely one that believes in the historical accuracy of the core stories of the Bible. Others, known as ''Biblical minimalism minimalists'' dispute that many of the events happened at all, making the dating of them moot: if the very existence of the united kingdom is in doubt, it is pointless to claim that it disintegrated in 922 BCE. However, many of the events from the 9th century onward do have corroborations; see for example Mesha Stele.

Early history
The Mousterian Neanderthals were the earliest inhabitants of the area known to archaeologists, and have been estimated to date to c. 200,000 BCE. The first anatomically modern humans to live in the area were the Kebaran Kebarans (conventionally c. 18,000 - 10,500 BCE, but recent paleoanthropological evidence suggests that Kebarans may have arrived as early as 75,000 BCE and shared the region with the Neanderthals for millennia before the latter died out). They were followed by the Natufian culture (c. 10,500 BCE - 8500 BCE), the Yarmukians (c. 8500 - 4300 BCE) and the Ghassulians (carbon dated c. 4300 - 3300 BCE). (Note that not one of these names appears in any classical sources, and were all devised as conventions in recent times by archaeologists, to refer to the lowest strata of remains.) The Semitic culture followed on from the Ghassulians. People became urbanization urbanized and lived in city-states, one of which was Jericho. The area's location at the center of routes linking three continents made it the meeting place for religious and cultural influences from Egypt, Syria, Mesopotamia, and Asia Minor. It was also the natural battleground for the great powers of the region and subject to domination by adjacent empires, beginning with Egypt in the late 3rd millennium BCE. Traditions regarding the early history found in later works such as the ''Kebra Nagast'' and commentaries of Rashi, Philo, and numerous others, (besides of course, the Tanakh) refer to the early inhabitants as the sons of Shem and also speak of an invasion by the people known as Canaanites descended from Ham, son of Noah Ham. The Book of Jubilees states that the land was originally allotted to Shem and Arphaxad (ancestor of the Hebrews) when it was still vacant, but was wrongfully occupied by Canaan and his son Sidon. Jubilees makes this, then, the true justification for the later war to drive out the Canaanites. The Kebra Nagast, however, speaks of the Canaanites invading existing cities of Shem and Ibn Ezra, similarly notes that they had seized land from earlier inhabitants. Rashi mentions that the Canaanites were seizing land from the sons of Shem in the days of Abraham.

The patriarchal period
The patriarchal period begins with Abraham. Most Bible commentaries place the events surrounding Abraham (originally Abram) circa 18th century BCE 1800 BCE, give or take 100 years. The account of his life is found in the Book of Genesis, beginning in Chapter 11, at the close of a genealogy of the sons of Shem (which includes among its members Eber, the eponym of the Hebrews). His father Terah came from Ur Kasdim. His father moved his family, including his son Abram, from Ur Kasdim to the city of Haran. God called Abram to faith and obedience. Abram married his half-sister Sarai. He and his extended clan then moved to the land of Canaan. According the Bible, God called Abram to go to "the land I will show you", and promised to bless him and make him (though hitherto childless) a great nation. Trusting this promise, Abram journeyed down to Shechem, then to a spot between Bethel and Ai (biblical) Ai. He then moved to the oaks of Mamre in Hebron. The name ''Abraham'' was given to Abram (and the name Sarah to Sarai) at the same time as the covenant of circumcision (chapter 17), which is practiced in Judaism and Islam to this day. At this time Abraham was promised not only many descendants, but descendants through Sarah specifically, as well as the land where he was living, which was to belong to his descendants. The covenant was to be fulfilled through Isaac, though God promised that Ishmael would become a great nation as well. Some modern historians dispute the historical accuracy of the patriarchal narratives in the Bible, and hold these events to be largely, or perhaps entirely, mythical. Others consider them to be largely historical, and presented in terms reflecting the understanding of the times. Abraham's grandson Jacob was later renamed Israel, and according to the Biblical account, his twelve sons became the fathers of the Israelites twelve tribes of Israel[http://www.us-israel.org/jsource/History/hebpat.html][http://www.theology.edu/otha01.htm]

Egyptian domination
The narrative behind how the Israelites became slaves, or if they did at all, is still unclear in many sources. A few historians believe that this may have been due to the changing political conditions within Egypt. In 1600s BCE 1600 BCE, Egypt was conquered by tribes, apparently Semitic, known as the Hyksos by the Egyptians. The Hyksos were later driven out by Kamose, the last king of the seventeenth dynasty. Ahmose I reigned approximately 1550s BCE 1550 - 1520s BCE 1525 BCE, founded the Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt 18th Egyptian dynasty, and a new age for Egypt, the New Kingdom. Thutmose III established Egypt's empire in the western Near East. From then on, the chronology can only roughly be given in approximate dates for most events, until about the 7th century BCE. *1440s BCE 1440 BCE The Egyptian reign of Amenhotep II, during which the first mention of the Habiru Habiru (possibly the Hebrews) is found in Egyptian texts [http://www.us-israel.org/jsource/History/hebrews.html]. Recently discovered evidence (see Tikunani Prism) indicates that the Habiru spoke Hurrian, the language of the Hurrians. *c.1400 First mention of the Shasu in Egyptian records, located just south of the Dead Sea. The Shasu contain a group with a Yahwistic name. *1300s BCE 1300 BCE Some Bible commentaries place the birth of Moses around this time. [http://www.jajz-ed.org.il/history/body1.htm] [http://www.us-israel.org/jsource/biography/moses.html] *1290s BCE 1295 BCE Egypt's 19th dynasty began with the reign of Ramesses I. Ramesses II (1270s BCE 1279-1210s BCE 1213 BCE) filled the land with enormous monuments, and signed a treaty with the Hittites after losing the northern Levant to the Hittite Empire. Ancient Israelite History begins with the Exodus of the Israelites from Egypt. This event and its chronology are much-debated. It has long been believed that the Exodus took place in the reign of Ramesses II, but there is no evidence in the archaeological or textual record that Egypt suffered from any major natural disasters during the rule of this monarch, or that there was any mass escape of enslaved Asians at this time. This means that either: a) The Exodus narrative is largely mythological and fictitious; or b) The Pharaoh of the Exodus must have been another king, not Ramesses II. Currently most scholars opt for the first of these. Those who prefer the second option believe the Pharaoh of the Exodus may have been Akhenaton or Tutimaios. Tutimaios was the last Pharaoh of the Thirteenth Dynasty. His reign ended in disaster and confusion, with the collapse of the Egyptian nation. The Second Intermediate Period ensued. In every way, Tutimaios makes a much better candidate than Ramesses II for the Pharaoh of the Exodus. This would place the Exodus about three hundred years earlier than the older theory above.

Wandering Years
After leaving Egypt and wandering in the desert for a generation, the Israelites invaded the land of Canaan, destroying major Canaanite cities such as Jericho and Hazor. The paradigm that has Ramses II as Exodus Pharaoh also has the conquest of Canaan and the destruction of Jericho and other Canaanite cities around 1200 BCE. However, around this time Jericho was an unimportant site, with no great defensive walls such as those crucial to the Conquest narrative. The options are the same as before: Either dismiss the Biblical narrative as mythological and fictitious, or else consider the Conquest as having taken place at a time when Jericho had great walls that were destroyed by an earthquake, a time when the walled cities of Canaan were destroyed. This happened at a time close to the beginning of the Second Intermediate Period of Egypt. Moses led the Israelites out of Egypt. The Israelites then wandered in the desert for 40 years, and eventually came to "the promised land" in Canaan. Moses died before entering Canaan, and Joshua became the next leader. (If, however, the parting of the Red Sea was caused by the eruption of the Santorini volcano, then The Exodus might have happened around 1500 BCE.)

Book of Judges Period of the Judges
Image:1759_map_Holy_Land_and_12_Tribes.jpg thumb|1759 map of the tribal allotments of Israel The Hebrews migrated into Canaan circa 1200s BCE 1200 BCE, a time when the great powers of the region were neutralized by troubles of various kinds. In their initial attacks under Joshua, the Hebrews occupied most of Canaan, which they settled according to traditional family lines derived from the sons of Jacob and Joseph (the "tribes" of Israel). No formal government existed and the people were led by ad hoc leaders (the "judges" of the biblical Book of Judges) in times of crisis. Around this time, the name "Israel" is first mentioned in a contemporary archaeological source, the Merneptah Stele. 1200s BCE 1200 BCE. The Hittite empire of Anatolia was conquered by allied tribes from the west. The northern, coastal Canaanites (called the Phoenicians by the Greeks) may have been temporarily displaced, but returned when the invading tribes showed no inclination to settle. [http://www.escape.com/~farras/ugarit.htm] Circa 1180s BCE 1185 BCE the Sea People, as they were called by the Egyptians, swept across Asia Minor and the Mediterranean. They invaded Egypt in Ramesses III's reign, but were repelled. Amongst them were a group called the ''P-r-s-t'' (first recorded by the ancient Egyptians as ''P-r/l-s-t'') generally identified with the Philistines. They appear in the Medinet Habu inscription of Ramses III[http://www.courses.psu.edu/cams/cams400w_aek11/mhabtext.html], where he describes his victory against the Sea Peoples. Nineteenth-century Bible scholars identified the land of the Philistines (''Philistia'' or ''Peleshet'' in Hebrew language Hebrew meaning "invaders") with ''Palastu'' and ''Pilista'' in Assyrian inscriptions, according to ''Easton's Bible Dictionary'' (1897). The name is used in the Bible to denote the coastal region inhabited by the Philistines. The five principal Philistine cities were Gaza, Ashdod, Ekron, Gath_(city) Gath, and Ashkelon. Modern archaeology has suggested early cultural links with the Mycenaean Greece Mycenean world in mainland Greece. Though the Philistines adopted local Canaanite culture and language before leaving any written texts, an Indo-European languages Indo-European origin has been suggested for a handful of known Philistine words. 1140s BCE 1140 BCE the Canaanite tribes tried to destroy the Israelite tribes of northern and central Canaan. According to the Bible, the Israelite response was led by Barak, and the Hebrew prophet Deborah. The Canaanites were defeated.

The United Monarchy
Increasing pressure from the Philistines and other neighboring tribes forced the Israelites to unite under one king. The notion of kingship was for a long time anathemetised, as it was seen as one man being put in a position of reverence and power that in their faith was reserved for the one true God. According to the Bible, it was Samuel, one of last of the judges, to whom the nation appealed for a king. Although he tried to disuade them, they were resolute and Samuel anointed Saul the King Saul ben Kish from the tribe of Benjamin as the first king of the Israelites in approximately 1020s BCE 1020 BCE. It was his successor, David c.1000s BCE 1006 BCE, who was responsible for consolidating the monarchy and creating the first Hebrew state. David waged several successful military campaigns, annexing Philistia, Edom, Moab, Ammon, and parts of ancient Aram (roughly modern Syria) known as Aram-Zobah, and Aram-Damascus. Aram itself became a vassal state of Israel under David. Perhaps the most important event of David's reign was his capture of Jerusalem from the Canaanite Jebusites. By moving his capital from Hebron and making Jerusalem his capital, David ensured its lasting importance as a religious center. David was succeeded by his son Solomon around 960s BCE 965 BCE. Solomon's reign was largely peaceful and the kingdom prospered, becoming an international power and a center of culture and trade. But maintaining his splendid court life and ambitious building projects, including the Temple of Solomon First Temple at Jerusalem, proved burdensome to his people. Some Hebrews were used as forced labor and territory was ceded to Tyre in return for supplying craftsmen and materials. He was criticized for tolerating the pagan religious practices of the many non-Hebrew wives he had acquired from diplomatic marriages. However, on Solomon's death in c. 920s BCE 926 BCE tensions between the northern and southern tribes mounted. When Solomon successor Rehoboam dealt tactlessly with the economic complaints of the northern tribes the kingdom split: the kingdom of Israel in the north (including the cities of Shechem and Samaria), and the kingdom of Judah in the south (containing Jerusalem). Most of the non-Hebrew provinces fell away.

The period of the Kingdoms of Israel and Judah
Image:Levant 800.png Levant.html" title="Meaning of thumb thumb|272px|Map of the southern [[Levant, c.800 BCE..html" title="Meaning of 272px|Map of the southern [[Levant">thumb|272px|Map of the southern [[Levant, c.800 BCE.">272px|Map of the southern [[Levant">thumb|272px|Map of the southern [[Levant, c.800 BCE. In 920s BCE 922 BCE, the Kingdom of Israel was divided. Kingdom of Judah Judah, the southern Kingdom, had Jerusalem as its capital and was led by Rehoboam. It was populated by the tribes of tribe of Judah Judah, tribe of Benjamin Benjamin, and tribe of Simeon Simeon (and some of tribe of Levi). Simeon and Judah later merged, and Simeon lost its separate identity. [http://www.us-israel.org/jsource/History/Kingdoms1.html] [http://www.israel-mfa.gov.il/facts/hist/fhist2.html#divided] Jeroboam led the revolt of the northern tribes, and established the Kingdom of Israel, consisting of nine tribes: tribe of Zebulun Zebulun, tribe of Issachar Issachar, tribe of Asher Asher, tribe of Naphtali Naphtali, tribe of Dan Dan, tribe of Manasseh Menasseh, tribe of Ephraim Ephraim, tribe of Reuben Reuben and tribe of Gad Gad (and some of Levi), with Samaria as its capital. [http://www.us-israel.org/jsource/History/Kings.html] [http://www.us-israel.org/jsource/History/Judah.html] Israel fell to the Assyrian Empire Assyrians in 720s BCE 721 BCE; Judah fell to the Babylonia Babylonians a little over a century later, in 590s BCE 597 BCE.

The period of captivity
In 720s BCE 722 BCE, the Assyrians, under Shalmaneser III Shalmaneser, and then under Sargon II Sargon, conquered Israel (the northern Kingdom), destroyed its capital Samaria, and sent many of the Israelites into exile and captivity. The ruling class of the northern kingdom (perhaps a small portion of the overall population) were deported to other lands in the Assyrian empire and a new nobility was imported by the Assyrians. *720s BCE 729-680s BCE 687 BCE. Reign of king Hezekiah of Judah. He is noted in the Bible for initiating reforms that outlawed, or enforced Jewish laws against, idolatry (in this case, the worship of Ba'alim and/or Asherah, among other traditional Near Eastern divinities). [http://scholar.cc.emory.edu:80/scripts/ASOR/BA/Borowski.html] *680s BCE 687-630s BCE 638 BCE. Reign of King Manasseh. *630s BCE 638-630s BCE 637 BCE. Reign of king Amon. These two kings reversed Hezekiah's reforms and officially revived idolatry. According to later rabbinical accounts, Manasseh placed a grotesque, four-faced idol in the Holy of Holies. *630s BCE 637-600s BCE 607 BCE. The reign of king Josiah was accompanied by a religious reformation. According to the Bible, while repairs were made on the Temple, a 'Book of the Law' was discovered (possibly the book of Deuteronomy). [http://www.infidels.org/library/modern/gerald_larue/otll/chap19.html] *610s BCE 612 BCE. Nabopolassar of Babylonia attacked and destroyed the Assyrian capital city of Nineveh, regaining Babylonia's independence. The Assyrian empire was destroyed. *580s BCE 587 BCE. Babylon, under king Nebuchadnezzar II of Babylon Nebuchadnezzar II, seized Jerusalem. The First Temple was destroyed; the date was the 9th of ''Av'', or ''Tisha B'Av''. [http://www.jajz-ed.org.il/festivls/9avrka.html] *580s BCE 586 BCE. Conquest of Judah (Southern Kingdom) by Babylon. Part of Judah's population, primarily the nobility, was exiled to Babylonian captivity of Judah Babylon. *720s BCE 722 & 580s BCE 586 BCE. The First Dispersion, or Jewish diaspora Diaspora. Jews were either taken as slaves in what is commonly referred to as the Babylonian captivity of Judah, or they fled to Egypt, Syria, Mesopotamia, or Persia. [http://www.us-israel.org/jsource/History/Exile.html] *550s BCE 559 BCE. Cyrus the Great became King of Iran Persia. [http://www.us-israel.org/jsource/History/Persians.html] *530s BCE 539 BCE. The Babylonian Empire fell to Persia under Cyrus. *550s BCE 550-330s BCE 333 BCE. The Persian Empire ruled over much of Western Asia, including Israel.

Rebuilding the Temple
*530s BCE 537 BCE. Cyrus allowed Sheshbazzar, a prince from the tribe of Judah, to bring the Jews from Babylon back to Jerusalem. Jews were allowed to return with the Temple vessels that the Babylonians had taken. Construction of the Second Temple began.[http://jeru.huji.ac.il/ec1.htm][http://www.us-israel.org/jsource/Judaism/return.html] *520s BCE 520-510s BCE 515 BCE. Under the spiritual leadership of the Prophets Haggai and Zechariah, the Second Temple was completed. At this time the Holy Land is a subdistrict of a Persian ''satrapy'' (province). *440s BCE 444 BCE. The reformation of Israel was led by the Jewish scribes Nehemiah and Ezra. Ezra instituted synagogue and prayer services, and canonized the Torah by reading it publicly to the Great Assembly that he set up in Jerusalem. Ezra and Nehemiah flourished around this era. [http://www.infidels.org/library/modern/gerald_larue/otll/chap25.html][http://www.cis.ohio-state.edu/hypertext/faq/usenet/judaism/FAQ/03-Torah-Halacha/faq-doc-8.html] (This was the Classical period in Greece)

The legacy of Alexander the Great and the dawn of Rabbinic Judaism
*331 BCE. The Persian Empire was defeated by Alexander the Great. The Empire of Alexander the Great included Israel.[http://mars.acnet.wnec.edu/~grempel/courses/wc1/lectures/09alexander.html] However, it is said that he did not attack Jerusalem directly, after a delegation of Jews met him and assured him of their loyalty by showing him certain prophecies contained in their writings. *323 BCE. Alexander the Great died. In the power struggle after Alexander's death, the part of his empire that included Israel changed hands at least five times in just over twenty years. Babylonia and Syria were ruled by the Seleucid dynasty Seleucids, and Egypt by the Ptolemaic dynasty Ptolemies. *301 BCE. Ptolemy I of Egypt Ptolemy I Soter became the first Ptolemaic ruler of Israel. *250 BCE. The beginning of the Pharisees party (rabbinic, or modern, Jews), and other Jewish sects such as the Sadducees and Essenes. [http://www.us-israel.org/jsource/Judaism/The_Temple.html] *198 BCE. Armies of the Seleucid King Antiochus III the Great Antiochus III (Antiochus the Great) ousted Ptolemy V of Egypt Ptolemy V from Judea and Samaria. *180 BCE 180-142 BCE. The Maccabees Maccabee Rebellion, Hanukkah and the Hasmonean Kingdom [http://www.us-israel.org/jsource/History/Maccabees.html] *160 BCE-60 BCE Somewhere around this time, the community at Qumran began. From whom came the Dead Sea Scrolls.

Roman conquests
Image:First century palestine.gif thumb|250px|right|Iudaea and surrounding area in the 1st cenutry In 63 BCE, Pompey conquered the region and made it a client kingdom of Rome. In 6 CE, Caesar Augustus made it a Roman province under a promagistrate procurator. From 40 BCE - 4 BCE, Herod the Great is King of Judea. In 20 BCE, Herod Antipas, son of Herod the Great is born. In 4 BCE - 4, Jesus is born. From 4 BCE - 6, Herod Archelaus is Ethnarch. From 26 to 36 Pontius Pilate was the governor of the Roman province of Judea. In 66, the Great Jewish Revolt broke out, lasting until 73. In 67, Vespasian and his forces landed in the north of Israel, where they received the submission of Jews from Ptolemais to Sepphoris. The Jewish garrison at Yodfat (Jodeptah) was massacred after a two month siege. By the end of this year, Jewish resistance in the north had been crushed. In 69, Vespasian seized the throne after a civil war. By 70, the Romans had occupied Jerusalem. Titus, son of the Roman Emperor, destroyed the Second Temple on the 9th of ''Av'', ie. ''Tisha B'Av'' (656 years to the day after the destruction of the First Temple in 587 BCE). Over 100,000 Jews died during the siege, and nearly 100,000 were taken to Rome as slaves. Many Jews fled to Mesopotamia (Iraq), and to other countries around the Mediterranean. After 70 the Romans, seeking to suppress the name "Judaea", reorganized it as part of the province of Syria-Palestine. The Latin name, ''Palaestina'', was chosen in honour of the Philistines, who had occupied the coastline much earlier and whom the Romans identified as the worst enemies of the Jews in history.{{fact}} From then on the region was known as Palestine. Rabbi Yochanan ben Zakkai escaped from Jerusalem. He obtained permission from the Roman general to establish a center of Jewish learning and the seat of the Sanhedrin in the outlying town of Yavneh. Judaism survived the destruction of Jerusalem through this new center. The Sanhedrin became the supreme religious, political and judicial body for Jews worldwide until 425 425 CE, when it was forcibly disbanded by the Roman government, by then officially dominated by the Christian Church. [http://www.shamash.org/jb/bk950804/comm2.htm] In 73 the last Jewish resistance was crushed by Rome at the mountain fortress of Masada; the last 900 defenders committed suicide rather than be captured and sold into slavery. In 132 Simon bar Kokhba led a revolt and declared an independent state in Israel. By 135 this revolt was crushed by Rome. 200 BCE- 100 CE. At some point during this period the Tanakh (Hebrew Bible, Old Testament) was canonized.

See also

Notable people
*Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, Joseph (dreamer) Joseph, Benjamin, Moses, Joshua

Partial list of kings of Israel
*Saul the King Saul 1020s BCE 1020–1000s BCE 1005 BCE *David 1000s BCE 1005–960s BCE 965 BCE *Solomon 960s BCE 965–920s BCE 926 BCE *Jeroboam 920s BCE 926–900s BCE 909 BCE *Omri *Ahab 870s BCE 875 BCE *Jehoash *Jeroboam II 820s BCE 825–780s BCE 784 BCE Archealogist Finkelstein in The Bible Unearthed pg. 20 has differing years: David 1005-970 BCE Solomon 970-931 BCE Jeroboam 1st 931-909 BCE Omri 884-873 BCE Ahab 873-852BCE Joash above as Jeohash 800-784 BCE Jeroboam 2nd 788-747 BCE See above listing for further dating and lineage.

Partial list of kings of Judah
*Rehoboam 920s BCE 926 BCE– *Abijah Abijam *Amaziah 5 Kings before Amaziah *Uzziah *Jehoshaphat *Hezekiah Three above not listed on archaelogial lists of Kings of Judah *Josiah 9 Kings from Amaziah to Josiah

Notable places
*Bethlehem, Chaldea, Galilee, Jerusalem, Nazareth, Palestine (region) Palestine, Sidon, Tyre *Tutimaios is found in the ancient Egyptian chronicler Manetho, whose works are preserved in fragments in Josephus, Africanus and Eusebius.

Religious places and objects
*The Temple in Jerusalem, the Ark of the covenant

See also
*Bible *Biblical archaeology *Documentary hypothesis (a discussion of how modern critics view Bible studies.) *Hebrew Bible *History of Israel *History of Levant *Israelite *Old Testament *Tanakh *Torah

References
*''Ancient Judaism (book) Ancient Judaism'', Max Weber, Free Press, 1967, ISBN 0029341302 *David M. Rohl, Pharaohs and Kings, ISBN 0609802309

External links
Category:Ancient Israel and Judah Category:History of the Middle East es:Historia del antiguo reino de Israel pl:Starożytny Izrael see History of ancient Israel and Judah

*** Shopping-Tip: History of Ancient Israel and Judah