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Holstein-Gottorp
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'''Holstein-Gottorp''' or '''Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp''' was a
duchy consisting of areas within
Schleswig and
Holstein, in present-day
Denmark and
Germany. From
1544, when it was ceded to
Adolf of Holstein-Gottorp Adolf, the brother of King
Christian III of Denmark Christian III of Denmark, the Dukes of Holstein-Gottorp shared the rule of Schleswig and Holstein with the Kings of Denmark. As such, they were often the clients of the Swedes, the great enemies to the Danes, and Duke Friedrich IV married the daughter of King
Charles XI of Sweden. Following the defeat of Holstein-Gottorp in the
Great Northern War in which the duchy had sided with
Sweden, the peace settlement of 1721 forced the dukes to surrender all territorial claims in Schleswig to the king of Denmark. Duke
Karl Friedrich, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp Karl Friedrich, however, fled to the court of
Peter I of Russia Peter the Great of
Russia, and for some time the Russians intrigued to restore Karl Friedrich to his lands in Schleswig. Karl Friedrich himself was married to Grand Duchess Anna, Peter's daughter. Although Peter's successors abandoned his policy of backing the pretensions of the Duke of Holstein-Gottorp, from this marriage was born
Peter III of Russia Karl Peter Ulrich, who succeeded to Holstein-Gottorp in
1739, and became heir to the Russian throne upon the accession of his aunt
Elisabeth of Russia Elisabeth in
1741.
Karl Peter Ulrich, who acceded the Russian throne as Peter III in
1762, was determined to conquering Schleswig and Holstein from Denmark. When he became tsar in 1762, he immediately signed a generous peace with
Prussia (which was on its knees and virtually destroyed) and withdrew
Russia from the
Seven Years' War in order to concentrate fully on an attack upon Denmark. This move angered Russian opinion, who considered it a betrayal of Russia's sacrifices in the war, as well as placing national interests in jeopardy. At the same time, the Danish army had hastily moved across the border into Mecklenburg, to avoid an invasion of Holstein, and assumed battle positions. The two armies stood less than 30 kilometres from each other when news from Saint Petersburg suddenly reached the Russian army than the mad tsar had been overthrown by his wife, who had now acceded the throne as
Catherine II of Russia. One of her first actions was to call off the war against Denmark and restore normal relations.
Peter III's son,
Paul I of Russia Paul, the new Duke of Holstein-Gottorp, was under the regency of his mother
Catherine II of Russia Catherine the Great, who in
1773 agreed with the Danes for her son's abdication of his rights in Schleswig-Holstein in favor of the Prince-Bishop of Lübeck, representative of a younger branch, and to a trade which would allow the Danes to take over the Holstein-Gottorp lands, giving the Prince-Bishop the County of
Oldenburg (state) Oldenburg in exchange.
The dynastic policy of the Dukes of Holstein-Gottorp resulted in cadet branches of the
House of Holstein-Gottorp ruling
Sweden from
1751 until
1818 and Oldenburg from
1773 to
1918, while the senior branch ruled
Russia briefly in
1762 and then again from
1796 until
1917. The senior branch has devolved to a morganatic branch of the Russian Imperial House.
Dukes of Holstein-Gottorp
*
1544-
1586 :
Adolf, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp Adolf
*
1586-
1587 :
Friedrich II, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp Friedrich II
*
1587-
1590 :
Philipp, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp Philipp
*
1590-
1616 :
Johann Adolf, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp Johann Adolf
*
1616-
1659 :
Friedrich III, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp Friedrich III
*
1659-
1694 :
Christian Albrecht, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp Christian Albrecht
*
1694-
1702 :
Friedrich IV, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp Friedrich IV
*
1702-
1739 :
Karl Friedrich, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp Karl Friedrich
*
1739-
1762 :
Peter III of Russia Karl Peter Ulrich (later Peter III of
Russia)
*
1762-
1773 :
Paul of Russia Paul (later Paul I of Russia)
*
1796-
1801 :
Paul I of Russia (as Emperor)
*
1801-
1825 :
Alexander I of Russia
*
1825-
1856 :
Nicholas I of Russia
*
1856-
1881 :
Alexander II of Russia
*
1881-
1896 :
Alexander III of Russia
*
1896-
1918 :
Nicholas II of Russia
After the Murder of the Emperor and Tsarevitch in 1918, the Dukedom of Schleswig-Holstein passed to the surviving senior male branch of the Romanov family.
*
1918-
1938 :
Grand Duke Kirill of Russia
*
1938-
1992 :
Grand Duke Wladimir of Russia
Grand Duke Wladimir died with only female issue, and so the title passed to the senior male member of the House of Romanov-Holstein-Gottorp. To find the senior male, one must go back to Alexander II through his son, Grand Duke Paul, and thence to his son Grand Duke Dimitri, and thence to his son:
*
1992-2004 :
Prince Paul Dimitrievitch Romanovsky-Ilynsky
*
2004- :
Prince Dimitri Pavlovitch Romanovsky-Ilynsky
Category:Schleswig-Holstein
de:Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorf
ja:ホルシュタイン・ゴットルプ家
sv:Holstein-Gottorp
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