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Indexicality
*** Shopping-Tip: Indexicality
An '''indexical''' behavior or utterance is one whose meaning varies according to certain features of the context in which it is uttered. ''Now'', ''here'', and ''I'' are typical examples of indexical pronouns. ''I'' refers to whoever is speaking. ''Now'' refers to the time at which it is uttered.
Indexicals are closely related to
demonstratives (''this'', ''that''), in that both vary in meaning depending on context. The difference is that indexicals do not require the user to indicate the object to which they are supposed to refer by means of a pointing gesture or other non-verbal means. Many if not all indexicals are also egocentric, which means that in order to successfully interpret them the hearer must know the respective speaker, time, and place of utterance.
Example
An episode of the Simpsons plays off of the popular character
Smokey the Bear, whose motto is "Only ''you'' can prevent forest fires":
:Robotic Smokey the Bear: Only ''who'' can prevent forest fires?
:(Bart has the choice between the buttons "me" and "you" so he presses "you.")
:Robotic Smokey the Bear: You pressed ''you'' referring to ''me.'' That is incorrect. The correct answer is ''you''.
Bart selected the ''word'' which correctly completes Smokey's usual line. But the word "you" as uttered by Bart refers to a different person than when it is uttered by Smokey, and Smokey interprets Bart's answer as attempting to refer to the same person Smokey would refer to. Bart should use ''me'' to refer to that person, so (he says) Bart is wrong.
Other sources
David Kaplan's essay ''
Demonstratives'' is widely considered one of the most important philosphical and logical discussions of indexical terms.
The sociologist
Harold Garfinkel uses the concept of indexicality as one of the key assumptions of his school of
ethnomethodology. He assumes, in other words, that in social life all behaviour and discourse is indexical. It is the sociologist's job to provide the context such that the action or speech can be understood. See
contextualism,
thick description.
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sv:Indexikalitet
