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Indo-Aryan Languages
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{{Infobox Language family
|name=Indo-Aryan
|region=
South Asia
|familycolor=Indo-European
|fam2=
Indo-Iranian languages Indo-Iranian
|child1=
Northwest Indo-Aryan languages Northwest Indo-Aryan
|child2=
Midland Indo-Aryan languages Midland Indo-Aryan / Hindustani
|child3=
West and Southwest Indo-Aryan languages West and Southwest Indo-Aryan
|child4=
List of Eastern Indo-Aryan languages East Indo-Aryan}}
The '''
Indo-Aryan languages''' form a subgroup of the
Indo-Iranian languages, thus belonging to the
Indo-European family of languages. The term '''Indic''' refers to the same group without the negative connotations of
Aryan race "Aryan". Note that in opposition to the generic adjective ''
Indian'', Indic is the term used in the context of
Indo-European linguistics, and is not strictly a geographical term, so that non-Indo-European languages spoken in India are not included in the term, while the
Mitanni, on the other hand, probably were speakers of an Indic language without ever having settled on the
Indian subcontinent.
History
The earliest attestations of the group are in
Vedic Sanskrit, the language used in the oldest scriptures of
India, the foundational canon of
Hinduism known as the
Vedas. The language of the
Mitanni is of similar age, but is only attested fragmentarily.
In ca. the
fifth century BC, the
Sanskrit language was codified and standardized by the grammarian
Panini (scholar) Panini; this led (in about
200 BC) to what is now known as 'Classical' Sanskrit. However, although this preserved the integrity of written language for a long time, the spoken language continues to evolve, and by the
6th century sixth century, Sanskrit as a spoken language was rare, being by and large replaced by its descendants, the
Prakrits. All the
Prakrits share a common ancestry, but they are not necessarily mutually intelligible.
In medieval times, the Prakrits diversified into various
Middle Indic dialects.
Apabhramsa is the conventional cover term for transitional dialects connecting late Middle Indic with early Modern Indic, spanning roughly the 6th to 13th centuries. Some of these dialects showed considerable literary production; the
Sravakachar of Devasena (dated to the
930s) is now considered to be the first
Hindi book.
The next major milestone occurred with the
Muslim invasions of India in the 13th, 14th, 15th and 16th centuries. Under the flourishing
Mughal empire,
Persian language Persian became very influential as the language of prestige of the Islamic courts. However, Persian was soon displaced by
Urdu. This Indo-Aryan language is a combination of Persian and Arabic in its vocabulary with the grammar of the local dialects.
The two largest languages that formed from Apabhransa were
Bengali and
Hindi; others include
Gujarati language Gujarati,
Marathi and
Punjabi.
In the Hindi-speaking areas, the main form was Braj-bhasha, which is still spoken today, but was replaced in the 19th century by the Khari Boli dialect. However, a large amount of modern spoken Hindi vocabulary is derived from Perso-Arabic.
This state of affairs continued until the
Partition of India in
1947.
Hindustani (mixture of Urdu & Hindi) was replaced by '
Hindi' as the official language of India, and soon the Perso-Arabic words of
Urdu began to be excised from the official
Hindi corpus, in a bid to make the language more 'Indian'. A throwback to Hindi poets like
Tulsidas resulted in what is known as a Sanskritization of the language. Arabic or Persian words in common parlance were slowly replaced by
Sanskrit words, sometimes borrowed wholesale, or in new compounds. In contemporary times, there is a continuum of Hindi-Urdu, with heavily-Persianized
Urdu at one end and Sanskritized
Hindi at the other, although the basic grammar remains identical. Most people speak a blend of the two, a dialect known as
Hindustani.
List
* '''Ancient languages'''
**
Mitanni
**
Sanskrit, including
Vedic Sanskrit
**
Prakrits, including
Pali language Pali
* '''
List of Central Indo-Aryan languages Central Zone languages'''
**
Bhil languages
**
Domari language
** Gujarati languages
***
Gujarati language
***
Saurashtra language
** Khandesi languages
***
Dhanki language
***
Khandesi language
** Panjabi languages
***
Punjabi language (Eastern Panjabi)
**
Rajasthani languages
***
Goaria language
***
Gujjar Gujari language
***
Loarki language
***
Malvi language
***
Mewari language
***
Nimadi language
**
Romany languages
** Western Hindi languages
***
Bundeli language
***
Haryanvi language
***
Hindi language
***
Urdu language
***
Kanauji language
* '''East-Central Zone languages'''
**
Awadhi language
**
Bagheli language
**
Chhattisgarhi language
**
Dhanwar language
**
Fijian Hindustani language
* '''
List of Eastern Indo-Aryan languages Magadhan languages (Eastern Zone languages)'''
**Bengali-Assamese languages
***
Assamese language Assamese (Ôxômiya)
***
Bengali language Bengali (Bangla)
***
Bishnupriya Manipuri language Bishnupriya Manipuri (Imar Thar)
***
Chakma
***
Chittagonian language Chittagonian
***
Hajong language Hajong
***
Halbi language Halbi
***
Kharia Thar language Kharia Thar
***
Kayort language Kayort
***
Mal Paharia language Mal Paharia
***
Mirgan language Mirgan
***
Nahari language Nahari
***
Rajbangsi language Rajbangsi
***
Sylheti language Sylheti (Silôţi)
***
Tangchangya language Tangchangya
**Bihari languages
***
Angika language Angika
***
Bhojpuri language Bhojpuri
***
Caribbean Hindustani language Caribbean Hindustani
***
Kudmali language Kudmali
***
Magahi language Magahi
***
Maithili language Maithili
***
Majhi language Majhi
***
Musasa language Musasa
***
Oraon Sadri language Oraon Sadri
***
Panchpargania language Panchpargania
***
Sadri language Sadri
***
Surajpuri language Surajpuri
**Oriya languages
***
Adivasi Oriya language Adivasi Oriya
***
Bhatri language Bhatri
***
Bhunjia language Bhunjia
***
Bodo Parja language Bodo Parja
***
Kupia language Kupia
***
Oriya language Oriya (OÅ—ia)
***
Reli language (Reli)
**Unclassified Eastern
***
Bote-Majhi language Bote-Majhi
***
Buksa language Buksa
***
Chitwania Tharu language Chitwania Tharu
***
Degaru language Degaru
***
Deokhuri Tharu language Deokhuri Tharu
***
Kochila Tharu language Kochila Tharu
***
Mahotari Tharu language Mahotari Tharu
***
Rana Tharu language Rana Tharu
* '''
Pahari languages (Northern Zone languages)'''
** Central Pahari languages
***
Kumauni language
** Eastern Pahari languages
***
Nepali language
***
Palpi language
** Garhwali languages
***
Garhwali language
***
Tehri language
** Western Pahari languages
***
Bilaspuri language
***
Pahari-Potwari language
* '''North-Western Zone languages'''
** Lahnda languages
***
Jakati language
***
Western Punjabi language
** Sindhi languages
***
Sindhi language
***
Dhatki language
***
Siraiki language
***
Marwari language
* '''Sinhalese-Maldivian languages'''
**
Maldivian language
**
Sinhalese language
**
Veddah language
* '''Southern Zone languages'''
**
Konkani language
**
Marathi language
** Manadeshi
See also
*
Indo-Aryans
*
Indo-Iranian languages
*
Indo-Iranians
*
Indo-European
*
Indo-Aryan migration
*The family of
Brahmic family Brahmic scripts
*
Linguistic history of India
External links
-
The Indic languages
-
Transliteration of Indic Languages & Scripts - Dr. Anthony Stone's Page
Bibliography
* Deshpande, Madhav. (1979). ''Sociolinguistic attitudes in India: An historical reconstruction''. Ann Arbor: Karoma Publishers. ISBN 0-8972-0007-1, ISBN 0-8972-0008-X (pbk).
* Erdosy, George. (1995). ''The Indo-Aryans of ancient South Asia: Language, material culture and ethnicity''. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 3-1101-4447-6.
* Jain, Dhanesh; & Cardona, George. (2003). ''The Indo-Aryan languages''. London: Routledge.ISBN 0-7007-1130-9.
* Kobayashi, Masato.; & Cardona, George. (2004). ''Historical phonology of old Indo-Aryan consonants''. Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa, Tokyo University of Foreign Studies. ISBN 4-8729-7894-3.
* Masica, Colin P. (1991). ''The Indo-Aryan languages''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-5212-3420-4.
* Misra, Satya Swarup. (1980). ''Fresh light on Indo-European classification and chronology''. Varanasi: Ashutosh Prakashan Sansthan.
* Misra, Satya Swarup. (1991-1993). ''The Old-Indo-Aryan, a historical & comparative grammar'' (Vols. 1-2). Varanasi: Ashutosh Prakashan Sansthan.
* Sen, Sukumar. (1995). ''Syntactic studies of Indo-Aryan languages''. Tokyo: Institute for the Study of Languages and Foreign Cultures of Asia and Africa, Tokyo University of Foreign Studies.
* Vacek, Jaroslav. (1976). ''The sibilants in Old Indo-Aryan: A contribution to the history of a linguistic area''. Prague: Charles University.
Category:Indo-Aryan languages *
da:Indoariske sprog
de:Indoarische Sprachen
es:Lenguas indo-arias
fa:زبان های هندوآریایی
fr:Langues indo-aryennes
hi:भारत की भाषाएँ
nl:Indische talen
pl:Języki indyjskie
sv:Indoariska språk
zh:印度-雅利安语支
Category:Indo-Iranian languages
Category:Linguistic history of India
bg:КатегориÑ?:ИндоарийÑ?ки езици
da:Kategori:Indoariske sprog
de:Kategorie:Indoarische Sprache
fr:Catégorie:Langue indo-aryenne
nn:Kategori:Indoariske språk
ru:КатегориÑ?:ИндоарийÑ?кие Ñ?зыки
fi:Luokka:Indoarjalaiset kielet
see
Indo-Aryan languages
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