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Indo-European languages
*** Shopping-Tip: Indo-European languages
{{Indo-European}}
The '''Indo-European languages''' comprise a
language family family of several hundred
languages and dialects (443 according to the
SIL International SIL estimate), including most of the major languages of
Europe, as well as many in
Southwest Asia,
Central Asia and
Southern Asia. Contemporary languages in this family include
Hindi language Hindi,
Bengali language Bengali,
German language German,
English language English,
Portuguese language Portuguese,
Russian language Russian,
Spanish language Spanish (each with more than
1 E8 100 million native speakers), as well as numerous smaller national or minority languages. Indo-European has the largest numbers of speakers of recognised families of languages in the world today, with its languages spoken by approximately 3 billion native speakers (the
Sino-Tibetan languages Sino-Tibetan family of tongues has the second-largest number of speakers). Some researchers have (controversially) proposed other supergroupings.
Classification
{{Infobox Language family
|name=Indo-European
|altname=Indo-Germanic (obsolete)
|region=Before the 15th century,
Europe, and
South Asia South and
Southwest Asia; today worldwide.
|familycolor=Indo-European
|family=One of the world's major
language family language families; although some have proposed links with other families, none of these has received mainstream acceptance.
|child1=
Albanian language Albanian
|child2=
Anatolian languages Anatolian
|child3=
Armenian language Armenian
|child4=
Balto-Slavic languages Balto-Slavic
|child5=
Celtic languages Celtic
|child6=
Germanic languages Germanic
|child7=
Greek language Greek
|child8=
Indo-Iranian languages Indo-Iranian
|child9=
Italic languages Italic (including
Romance languages Romance)
|child10=
Tocharian languages Tocharian
|map=
Image:IE_countries.png center|thumb|280px|Orange: countries with a majority of speakers of IE languages
Yellow: countries with an IE minority language with official status
}}
The various subgroups of the
Indo-European family include (in historical order of their first attestation):
*
Anatolian languages, earliest attested branch, from the
18th century BC; extinct, most notably including the language of the
Hittites.
*
Indo-Iranian languages, descending from a common ancestor,
Proto-Indo-Iranian language Proto-Indo-Iranian
**
Indo-Aryan languages, including
Sanskrit, attested from the
2nd millennium BC
**
Iranian languages, attested from roughly
1000 BC, including
Avestan ,
Kurdish language Kurdish and
Persian language Persian
**
Dardic languages
**
Nuristani languages
*
Greek language, fragmentary records in
Mycenaean from the
14th century BC;
Homeric traditions date to the
8th century BC. See
Proto-Greek language,
History of the Greek language.
*
Italic languages, including
Latin and its descendants (the
Romance languages), attested from the
1st millennium BC.
*
Celtic languages,
Gaulish inscriptions date as early as the
6th century BC;
Old Irish language Old Irish texts from the
6th century AD, see
Proto-Celtic language.
*
Germanic languages (including
Old English language Old English and
English language English), earliest testimonies in
runic inscriptions from around the
2nd century, earliest coherent texts in
Gothic language Gothic,
4th century, see
Proto-Germanic language.
*
Armenian language, attested from the
5th century.
*
Tocharian languages, extinct tongues of the
Tocharians, extant in two dialects, attested from roughly the
6th century.
*
Balto-Slavic languages, believed by many Indo-Europeanists to derive from a common proto-language later than Proto-Indo-European, while skeptical Indo-Europeanists regard Baltic and Slavic as no more closely related than any other two branches of Indo-European.
**
Slavic languages, attested from the
9th century, earliest texts in
Old Church Slavonic.
**
Baltic languages, attested from the
14th century, and, for languages attested that late, they retain unusually many archaic features attributed to
Proto-Indo-European language Proto-Indo-European.
*
Albanian language,; attested from the
13th century (1210); relations with Illyrian, Dacian, or Thracian proposed.
In addition to the classical ten branches listed above, several extinct and very little-known languages have exists:
*
Illyrian languages — possibly related to Messapian or Venetic; relation to Albanian also proposed.
*
Venetic language — close to Italic.
*
Liburnian language — apparently grouped with Venetic.
*
Messapian language — not conclusively deciphered.
*
Phrygian language — language of ancient
Phrygia, possibly close to Greek, Thracian, or Armenian.
*
Paionian language — extinct language once spoken north of Macedon.
*
Thracian language — possibly close to Dacian.
*
Dacian language — possibly close to Thracian and Albanian.
*
Ancient Macedonian language — probably related to Greek, others propose relation to Illyrian, Thracian or Phrygian.
*
Ligurian language — possibly not Indo-European; possibly close to or part of Celtic
No doubt other Indo-European languages once existed which have now vanished without leaving a trace. Scholars cannot classify the fragmentary
Raetian language with any certainty.
Specialists have postulated the existence of further subfamilies, among them
Italo-Celtic and
Graeco-Aryan. Neither of these has achieved wide acceptance.
Indo-Hittite refers to the hypothesis that a significant separation has occurred between Anatolian and all the remaining groups.
Satem and Centum languages
Image:Centum Satem map.png Sintashta-Petrovka thumb|260px|Diachronic map showing the Centum (blue) and Satem (red) areals. The supposed area of origin of Satemization is shown in darker red ([[Sintashta-Petrovka|Sintashta/
Abashevo culture Abashevo/
Srubna culture Srubna cultures)..html" title="Meaning of Sintashta.html" title="Meaning of thumb|260px|Diachronic map showing the Centum (blue) and Satem (red) areals. The supposed area of origin of Satemization is shown in darker red ([[Sintashta-Petrovka|Sintashta">thumb|260px|Diachronic map showing the Centum (blue) and Satem (red) areals. The supposed area of origin of Satemization is shown in darker red ([[Sintashta-Petrovka|Sintashta/
Abashevo culture Abashevo/
Srubna culture Srubna cultures).">Sintashta.html" title="Meaning of thumb|260px|Diachronic map showing the Centum (blue) and Satem (red) areals. The supposed area of origin of Satemization is shown in darker red ([[Sintashta-Petrovka|Sintashta">thumb|260px|Diachronic map showing the Centum (blue) and Satem (red) areals. The supposed area of origin of Satemization is shown in darker red ([[Sintashta-Petrovka|Sintashta/
Abashevo culture Abashevo/
Srubna culture Srubna cultures).
The Indo-European sub-branches are often classified in a
Satem and a
Centum group. This is based on the varying treatments of the three original
velar rows. Satem languages lost the distinction between labiovelar and pure velar sounds, and at the same time
sibilant assibilated the palatal velars. The centum languages, on the other hand, lost the distinction between palatal velars and pure velars. Thus, geographically, the "eastern" languages are Satem (Indo-Iranian, Balto-Slavic, but not including Tocharian and Anatolian), and the "western" languages are Centum (Germanic, Italic, Celtic). The
Centum-Satem isogloss Satem-Centum isogloss runs right between the Greek (Centum) and Armenian (Satem) languages (thought to be related by a number of scholars), with Greek exhibiting some marginal Satem features. Some scholars think that there may be some languages that classify neither as Satem nor as Centum (Anatolian, Tocharian, and possibly Albanian). It should be noted that the grouping does not imply a claim of
monophyly: there does not have to have been a "proto-Centum" or a "proto-Satem", but the sound changes may have been spread by areal contact among already distinct post-PIE languages (say, during the 3rd millennium BC).
{| align="center"
|
Image:IndoEuropeanTreeA.PNG thumb|800px| Indo-European Language Tree
|}
Suggested superfamilies
Some linguists propose that Indo-European languages form part of a hypothetical
Nostratic language superfamily, and attempt to relate Indo-European to other language families, such as
South Caucasian languages,
Altaic languages,
Uralic languages,
Dravidian languages,
Afro-Asiatic languages. This theory is controversial, as is the similar
Eurasiatic languages Eurasiatic theory of
Joseph Greenberg, and the
Proto-Pontic of John Colarusso.
History
{| align=right
|
Image:IE5500BP.png Proto-Indo-European language.html" title="Meaning of thumb thumb|232px|right|late [[Proto-Indo-European language in the
Kurgan framework.html" title="Meaning of 232px|right|late [[Proto-Indo-European language">thumb|232px|right|late [[Proto-Indo-European language in the
Kurgan framework">232px|right|late [[Proto-Indo-European language">thumb|232px|right|late [[Proto-Indo-European language in the
Kurgan framework
|-
|
Image:IE4500BP.png 3rd_millennium BC.html" title="Meaning of thumb thumb|232px|right|mid-[[3rd millennium BC distribution.html" title="Meaning of 232px|right|mid-[[3rd millennium BC">thumb|232px|right|mid-[[3rd millennium BC distribution">232px|right|mid-[[3rd millennium BC">thumb|232px|right|mid-[[3rd millennium BC distribution
|-
|
Image:IE3500BP.png 2nd millennium BC.html" title="Meaning of thumb thumb|232px|right|mid [[2nd millennium BC distribution.html" title="Meaning of 232px|right|mid [[2nd millennium BC">thumb|232px|right|mid [[2nd millennium BC distribution">232px|right|mid [[2nd millennium BC">thumb|232px|right|mid [[2nd millennium BC distribution
|-
|
Image:IE2500BP.png 250 BC.html" title="Meaning of thumb thumb|232px|right|distribution around [[250 BC.html" title="Meaning of 232px|right|distribution around [[250 BC">thumb|232px|right|distribution around [[250 BC">232px|right|distribution around [[250 BC">thumb|232px|right|distribution around [[250 BC
|-
|
Image:IE1500BP.png Roman Empire.html" title="Meaning of thumb thumb|232px|right|post- [[Roman Empire and
Migrations period distribution.html" title="Meaning of 232px|right|post- [[Roman Empire">thumb|232px|right|post- [[Roman Empire and
Migrations period distribution">232px|right|post- [[Roman Empire">thumb|232px|right|post- [[Roman Empire and
Migrations period distribution
|-
|
Image:IE0500BP.png Islam.html" title="Meaning of thumb thumb|232px|right|late medieval distribution (after [[Islamic,
Hungary Hungarian and
Turkic peoples Turkic expansions).html" title="Meaning of 232px|right|late medieval distribution (after [[Islam">thumb|232px|right|late medieval distribution (after [[Islamic,
Hungary Hungarian and
Turkic peoples Turkic expansions)">232px|right|late medieval distribution (after [[Islam">thumb|232px|right|late medieval distribution (after [[Islamic,
Hungary Hungarian and
Turkic peoples Turkic expansions)
|}
''See also:
Proto-Indo-European language Proto-Indo-European,
Historical linguistics,
Glottochronology.''
The first proposal of the possibility of common origin for some of these languages came from
Marcus Zuerius van Boxhorn in
1647. Van Boxhorn suggested their derivation from "
Scythian". However, the suggestions of van Boxhorn did not become widely known and were not pursued. The hypothesis was again proposed by
William Jones (philologist) Sir William Jones, who noticed similarities between four of the oldest languages known in his time,
Latin,
Greek language Greek,
Sanskrit, and
Persian language Persian. Systematic comparison of these and other old languages conducted by
Franz Bopp supported this theory, and Bopp's ''Comparative Grammar'', appearing between
1833 and
1852 is considered the starting point of
Indo-European studies as an academic discipline.
Scholars have dubbed the common ancestral (reconstructed) language
Proto-Indo-European language Proto-Indo-European (PIE). There is disagreement as to the original
geography geographic location (the so-called "
Urheimat" or "original homeland") from where it originated. There are two main candidates today:
# the steppes north of the
Black Sea and the
Caspian Sea (see
Kurgan)
#
Anatolia (see
Colin Renfrew).
Proponents of the Kurgan hypothesis tend to date the proto-language to ca.
4000 BC, while proponents of Anatolian origin usually date it several millennia earlier, associating the spread of Indo-European languages with the Neolithic spread of farming (see
Indo-Hittite).
Kurgan hypothesis
{{main|Kurgan hypothesis}}
Marija Gimbutas originally suggested the Kurgan hypothesis in the
1950s. According to the Kurgan hypothesis, early PIE was spoken in the
chalcolithic steppe cultures of the
5th millennium BC between the
Black Sea and the
Volga.
Timeline
*
4500 BC 4500–4000: '''Early PIE'''.
Sredny Stog culture Sredny Stog,
Dnieper-Donets culture Dnieper-Donets and
Samara culture Sarama cultures,
domestication of the horse.
*
4000 BC 4000–3500: The
Yamna culture, the prototypical
kurgan builders, emerges in the steppe, and the
Maykop culture in the northern
Caucasus (geographic region) Caucasus.
Indo-Hittite models postulate the separation of
Anatolian languages Proto-Anatolian before this time.
*
3500 BC 3500–3000: '''Middle PIE'''. The Yamna culture is at its peak, representing the classical reconstructed
Proto-Indo-European society, with
Ukrainian stone stela stone idols, early two-wheeled proto-chariots, predominantly practicing
animal husbandry, but also with permanent settlements and
hillforts, subsisting on agriculture and fishing, along rivers. Contact of the Yamna culture with late
Neolithic Europe cultures results in the "kurganized"
Globular Amphora culture Globular Amphora and
Baden culture Baden cultures. The
Maykop culture shows the earliest evidence of the beginning
Bronze Age, and bronze weapons and artefacts are introduced to Yamna territory. Probable early
Satemization.
*
3000 BC 3000–2500: '''Late PIE'''. The Yamna culture extends over the entire Pontic steppe. The
Corded Ware culture extends from the
Rhine to the
Volga, corresponding to the latest phase of Indo-European unity, the vast "kurganized" area disintegrating into various independent languages and cultures, still in loose contact enabling the spread of technology and early loans between the groups, except for the Anatolian and Tocharian branches, which are already isolated from these processes. The Centum-Satem break is probably complete, but the phonetic trends of Satemization remain active.
*
2500 BC 2500–2000: The breakup into the proto-languages of the attested dialects is complete.
Proto-Greek is spoken in the
Balkans,
Indo-Iranian languages Proto-Indo-Iranian north of the Caspian in the
Sintashta-Petrovka culture. The Bronze Age reaches
Central Europe with the
Beaker culture, likely composed of various Centum dialects.
Proto-Balto-Slavic (or alternatively,
Proto-Slavic and
Proto-Baltic communities in close contact) develops in north-eastern Europe. The
Tarim mummies possibly correspond to proto-
Tocharians.
*
2000 BC 2000–1500: The
chariot is invented, leading to the split and rapid spread of
Iranian languages Iranian and
Indo-Aryan languages Indo-Aryan from the
Andronovo culture and the
Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex over much of
Central Asia, Northern
India,
Iran and Eastern
Anatolia. Proto-Anatolian is split into
Hittite language Hittite and
Luwian. The pre-Proto-Celtic
Unetice culture has an active metal industry (
Nebra skydisk).
*
1500 BC 1500–1000: The
Nordic Bronze Age develops (pre-)
Proto-Germanic, and the (pre-)
Proto-Celtic Urnfield and
Hallstatt culture Hallstatt cultures emerge in Central Europe, introducing the
Iron Age.
Proto-Italic migration into the
Italian peninsula. Redaction of the
Rigveda and rise of the
Vedic civilization in the
Punjab region Punjab. Flourishing and decline of the
Hittite Empire. The
Mycenaean civilization gives way to the
Greek Dark Ages.
*
1000 BC–
500 BC: The
Celtic languages spread over Central and Western Europe. Northern Europe enters the
Pre-Roman Iron Age, the formative phase of
Proto Germanic.
Homer initiates Greek literature and early
Classical Antiquity. The Vedic Civilization gives way to the
Mahajanapadas.
Zoroaster composes the
Gathas, rise of the
Achaemenid Empire, replacing the
Elamites and
Babylonia. The
Cimmerians (
Srubna culture) are replaced by
Scythians in the Pontic steppe.
Armenians succeed the
Urartu culture. Separation of Proto-Italic into
Osco-Umbrian languages Osco-Umbrian and
Latin-Faliscan languages Latin-Faliscan, and foundation of
Rome. Genesis of the
Greek alphabet Greek and
Old Italic alphabet Old Italic alphabets. A variety of
Paleo-Balkan languages are spoken in Southern Europe. The Anatolian languages are
language death extinct.
A strength of the Kurgan hypothesis is that part of its proposed mode of spread (military conquest by horsemen) agrees with historical reports about the spread of early Greek and early Indo-Aryan.
Anatolian hypothesis
Colin Renfrew in
1987 suggested
[ {{cite book | last = Renfrew | first = Colin | authorlink = Colin Renfrew | title = Archeology and Language | publisher = Jonathan Cape | year = 1987 | id = ISBN 0521386756 }} ] an association between the spread of Indo-European and the
Neolithic revolution, spreading peacefully into Europe from
Asia Minor (Anatolia) from around
7000 BC with the advance of farming (''wave of advance''). Accordingly, all of
Neolithic Europe would have been Indo-European speaking, and the Kurgan migrations would at best have replaced Indo-European dialects with other Indo-European dialects.
According to Renfrew
[ {{cite book | last = Renfrew | first = Colin | year = 2003 | chapter = Time Depth, Convergence Theory, and Innovation in Proto-Indo-European | title = Languages in Prehistoric Europe | id = ISBN 3-8253-1449-9 }} ], the spread of Indo-European proceeded in the following steps.
* Around 6500 BC: '''Pre-Proto-Indo-European''', located in Anatolia, splits into Anatolian and '''Archaic Proto-Indo-European''', the language of those Pre-Proto-Indo-European farmers that migrate to Europe in the initial farming disposal. Archaic Proto-Indo-European is spoken in the Balkans (
StarÄ?evo-Körös-Cris culture), the Danube valley (
Linear Pottery culture), and possibly the Bug-Dniestr area (Eastern Linear pottery culture).
* Around 5000 BC: Archaic Proto-Indo-European splits into '''Northwestern Indo-European''' (the ancestor of Italic, Celtic, and Germanic), located in the Danube valley, '''Balkan Proto-Indo-European''' (corresponding to
Marija Gimbutas Gimbutas'
Old European culture), and '''Early Steppe Proto-Indo-European''' (the ancestor of Tocharic).
* After 3000 BC: The individual families of Indo-European develop; except for the mentioned ones, they all derive from Balkan Proto-Indo-European. Proto-Greek moves southward into Greece; Proto-Indo-Iranian moves northeast into the steppe area.
The main strength of the farming hypothesis is that it connects the spread of Indo-European languages with an archeologically known event that likely involved major population shifts: the spread of farming; although the validity of basing a linguistics theory on archeological evidence is disputed.
While the theory enjoyed brief support when first proposed, it is now considered false, especially in the linguistic community. It is mainly criticized for the fact that it postulates a much earlier date for Proto-Indo-European than linguistic evidence suggests. If PIE broke up in the 7th millennium, it is impossible to postulate a common Indo-European word for "
wheel" (invented in the 5th millennium), incidentially one of the most solidly reconstructed Indo-European lexemes. While the spread of farming is undisputedly important event, Renfrew's critics see no case to connect it with Indo-Europeans in particular, seeing that terms for animal husbandry tend to be have much better reconstructions than terms related to agriculture.
Other hypotheses
Tamaz Gamkrelidze and
Vyacheslav V. Ivanov in
1984 placed the Indo-European homeland on
Lake Urmia [ {{cite book .html">Armenian language Armenian stayed in the Indo-European cradle while other Indo-European languages left the homeland and migrated on a route that led them along the eastern coast of the Caspian Sea to the steppe north of the Black Sea. This migration route is meant to explain the existence of Tocharic, and the assumed early contacts between Indo-European and Uralic languages.
Gamkrelidze and Ivanov also originated the Glottalic theory.
Some people have pointed to the Black Sea deluge theory, dating the genesis of the Sea of Azov to ca. 5600 BC, as a direct cause of the Indo-European expansion.{{fact}} This event occurred in still clearly Neolithic times and happened rather too early to fit with Kurgan archaeology. It may still be imagined as an event in the remote past of the Sredny Stog culture, and the people living on the land now beneath the Sea of Azov as possible pre-Proto-Indo-Europeans.
Other theories exist, often with a nationalism nationalistic flavour, sometimes bordering on national mysticism, typically positing the development ''in situ'' of their proponents' respective homes. For a prominent modern example of such, note the Indian theories that derive Vedic Sanskrit from the Indus valley civilization, postulating that Vedic Sanskrit essentially equates to Proto-Indo-European, and that all other dialects must ultimately trace back to the early Indus valley civilization of ca. 3000 BC. This theory has not received wide acceptance among scholars, although it enjoys some support in India. See Indo-Aryan migration for a discussion.
Various nationalistic European groups in the 19th and early 20th centuries espoused other theories along these lines. For example, one German nationalist view placed the Proto-Indo-Europeans in Northern Europe, thereby justifying the view of the German people as "Aryan". For a modern example of this European origin theory see the Paleolithic Continuity Theory, proposed by Italian theorists, that derives Indo-European from the European Paleolithic cultures.
]
Sound changes
{{main|Indo-European sound laws}}
As the Proto-Indo-European language broke up, its sound system diverged as well, changing according to various sound laws evidenced in the daughter-languages. Notable cases of such sound laws include Grimm's law in Proto-Germanic, loss of prevocalic ''*p-'' in Proto-Celtic, loss of prevocalic ''*s-'' in Proto-Greek, Brugmann's law in Proto-Indo-Iranian, as well as Satemization (discussed above). Grassmann's law and Bartholomae's law may or may not have operated at the common Indo-European stage.
References
* {{cite book | last = Watkins | first = Calvert | title = The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots | publisher = Houghton Mifflin | year = 2000 | id = ISBN 0618082506 }}
* August Schleicher, ''A Compendium of the Comparative Grammar of the Indo-European Languages'' (1861/62).
* Leszek Bednarczuk (red.), ''Języki indoeuropejskie''. PWN. Warszawa. 1986 (in Polish). .
* {{cite book | last = Mallory | first = J. P. | title = In Search of the Indo-Europeans | publisher = Thames and Hudson | year = 1989 | id = ISBN 0500276161}}
Cited references
See also
* Language family
* Indo-European studies
* Proto-Indo-European language
* List of Indo-European roots
* List of Indo-European languages
* List of languages
External links
;Databases
- The Indo-European Database
- IE language family overview (SIL)
- Indo-European at the LLOW-database
- Indo-European Documentation Center at the University of Texas at Austin
;Evolution
- The Evolution of the Indo-European Languages, by Dr. C. George Boeree.
- A possible Homeland of the Indo-European Languages by Hans J. Holm
- Gray & Atkinson, article on PIE Phylogeny
;Lexicon
- Indo-European Roots, from the American Heritage Dictionary.
- Indo-European Root/lemmas (by Andi Zeneli)
Category:Indo-European languages *
Category:language families
af:Indo-Europese tale
ang:Indo-Europisc geþéodu
ar:هندوأوروبية
bg:ИндоевропейÑ?ки езици
be:ІндаÑ?ўрапейÑ?кіÑ? мовы
bs:Indoevropski jezici
br:Yezhoù Europa
ca:Llengües indoeuropees
cs:Indoevropská jazyková rodina
cy:Ieithoedd Indo-Ewropeaidd
da:Indoeuropæiske sprog
de:Indogermanische Sprachfamilie
et:Indoeuroopa keeled
el:ΙνδοευÏ?ωπαϊκÎÏ‚ γλώσσες
es:Lenguas indoeuropeas
eo:HindeÅropa lingvaro
fa:زبانهای هندواروپایی
fo:Indo-evropeisk mál
fr:Langues indo-européennes
fy:Yndo-Jeropeeske talen
ga:Cine teangeolaÃoch Ind-Eorpach
gl:Linguas indoeuropeas
ko:ì?¸ë?„ìœ ëŸ½ì–´ì¡±
hr:Indoeuropska jeziÄ?na porodica
io:Indo-Europana linguaro
id:Indo-Eropa
it:Lingue indoeuropee
he:שפות הודו-×?ירופיות
kw:Yethow Eyndo-Europek
ku:Zimanmalbata hind û ewropî
la:Linguae Indoeuropaeae
lv:Indoeiropieši
jbo:xinjoiro'o bangu
hu:Indoeurópai nyelvcsalád
mk:Индо-европÑ?ки јазици
nl:Indo-Europese talen
nds:Indoeuropääsche Spraken
ja:インド・ヨーãƒãƒƒãƒ‘語æ—?
no:Indo-europeiske språk
oc:Categoria:Lengas indo-europèas
pl:Języki indoeuropejskie
pt:LÃnguas indo-européias
ro:Limbile indo-europene
ru:ИндоевропейÑ?кие Ñ?зыки
se:Indoeurohpálaš gielat
sl:Indoevropski jeziki
fi:Indoeurooppalaiset kielet
sv:Indoeuropeiska språk
th:ภาษาà¸?ลุ่มà¸à¸´à¸™à¹‚ด-ยูโรเปียน
vi:Hệ ngôn ngữ Ấn-Âu
tr:Hint-Avrupa dil ailesi
uk:ІндоєвропейÑ?ькі мови
zh:å?°æ¬§è¯ç³»
see Indo-European languages
The '''Indo-European languages''' include some 443 (SIL estimate) languages and dialects spoken by about three billion people, including most of the major language families and languages language families of Europe and western Asia.
Category:Language families
Category:Indo-European
an:Category:Luengas indo-europeas
ast:CategorÃa:Llingües indoeuropees
bg:КатегориÑ?:ИндоевропейÑ?ки езици
be:КатÑ?горыÑ?:ІндаÑ?ўрапейÑ?кіÑ? мовы
ca:Categoria:Llengües indoeuropees
cs:Kategorie:Indoevropské jazyky
da:Kategori:Indoeuropæiske sprog
de:Kategorie:Indogermanisch
el:ΚατηγοÏ?ία:ΙνδοευÏ?ωπαϊκÎÏ‚ γλώσσες
es:CategorÃa:Lenguas indoeuropeas
eo:Kategorio:HindeÅropa lingvaro
fr:Catégorie:Langue indo-européenne
ko:분류:ì?¸ë?„ìœ ëŸ½ì–´ì¡±
id:Kategori:Bahasa Indo-Eropa
it:Categoria:Lingue indoeuropee
ka:კ�ტეგ�რი�:ინდ�ევრ�პული ენები
la:Categoria:Linguae Indoeuropaeae
nl:Categorie:Indo-Europese taalfamilie
ja:Category:インド・ヨーãƒãƒƒãƒ‘語æ—?
no:Kategori:Indoeuropeiske språk
nn:Kategori:Indoeuropeiske språk
pl:Kategoria:Języki indoeuropejskie
pt:Categoria:LÃnguas indo-européias
ro:Categorie:Limbi indo-europene
ru:КатегориÑ?:ИндоевропейÑ?кие Ñ?зыки
fi:Luokka:Indoeurooppalaiset kielet
sv:Kategori:Indoeuropeiska språk
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