Dictionary of Meaning
<<Back
Please select a letter:
A |
B |
C |
D |
E |
F |
G |
H |
I |
J |
K |
L |
M |
N |
O |
P |
Q |
R |
S |
T |
U |
V |
W |
X |
Y |
Z |
0-9
Click here for Shopping
Industrialisation
*** Shopping-Tip: Industrialisation
'''Industrialisation'''{{fn|1}} or an '''industrial revolution''' (in general, with lowercase letters) is a process of
social and
economic change whereby a human
society is transformed from a pre-industrial (an economy where the amount of capital accumulated is low) to an
industry industrial state (see
Pre-industrial society). This social and economic change is closely intertwined with
technology technological innovation, particularly the development of large-scale
energy production and
metallurgy. Industrialisation is also related to some form of
philosophy philosophical change, or to a different attitude in the perception of nature, though whether these philosophical changes are caused by industrialisation or vice-versa is subject to debate.
Industrialisation has spawned its own health problems. Modern stressors include noise, air, water pollution, poor nutrition, dangerous machinery, impersonal work, isolation, poverty, homelessness, and substance abuse. Health problems in industrial nations are as much caused by economic, social, political, and cultural factors as by pathogens. Industrialisation has became a major medical issue world wide, and hopefully will become less of a problem over the upcoming years.
When capitalised,
Industrial Revolution refers to the first known industrial revolution, which took place in
Europe during the
18th century 18th and
19th century 19th centuries. The
Second Industrial Revolution describes later, somewhat less dramatic changes which came about with the widespread availability of
Electric power and the
Internal-combustion engine.
Pre-industrial economies may have
sustenance standards of living, so that large portions of the population focus their collective resources on producing only what can be consumed by them (in medieval Europe, 80% of the labour force were employed in agriculture of subsistence). Some pre-industrial economies, such as
Ancient Athens, have had trade and commerce as significant factors, enjoying wealth far beyond a sustenance standard of living.
Famines were frequent in most pre-industrial societies, although some, such as the
Netherlands and
England of the 17th and 18th centuries and the ancient
Classical civilisation were able to escape the famine cycle through increasing trade and
commercialisation of the agricultural sector.
Many
third world countries began industrialisation under the influence of either the
United States or the
Soviet Union USSR during the
Cold War. This effort has been successful in many
East Asian countries and less successful in other areas (excluding some late industrialisers in
Europe that were already progressing fast before the
second world war).
The currently prevailing "development paradigm" in the international development community (which means the
World Bank,
OECD, many
United Nations departments and some other such organisations) is poverty reduction, which pays attention to economic growth as such, but does not recognise traditional industrialisation policies as being beneficial in the longer term (with the perception that it simply creates
inefficient local industry that is ineffective in a
free-trade dominated world).
References
*
J. D. Bernal Bernal, John Desmond. ''Science and Industry in the Nineteenth Century''. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1970, ISBN 0253201284.
*Derry, Thomas Kingston and Trevor I. Williams. ''A Short History of Technology: From the Earliest Times to A.D. 1900''. New York: Dover Publications, 1993, ISBN 0486274721.
*
Eric Hobsbawm Hobsbawm, Eric J.. ''Industry and Empire: From 1750 to the Present Day''. New York: New Press; Distributed by W.W. Norton, 1999, ISBN 1565845617.
*Kranzberg, Melvin and Carroll W. Pursell, Jr. editors. ''Technology in Western civilization''. New York, Oxford University Press, 1967.
*Landes, David S. ''The Unbound Prometheus: Technical Change and Industrial Development in Western Europe from 1750 to the Present''. 2nd ed.. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003, ISBN 0521826667.
{{fnb|1}}The spelling ''industrialisation'' is a
British English British variant of ''industrialization''. The spelling ''industralization'' is used in American and Canadian English, and often in academic British English. Use varies in other
Commonwealth of Nations Commonwealth countries, although ''industrialisation'' tends to dominate.
See also
*
Automation
*
Newly industrialized countries
*
History of the Soviet Union (1927-1953)#Industrialization in practice History of the Soviet Union: Stalinist industrialization
*
Pre-industrial society
External links
-
Winds of Change: Reforms and Unions — The impacts of industrialisation in Canada (illustrated with many late 19th photographs)
Category:Industry
bg:ИндуÑ?триализациÑ?
cs:Industrializace
de:Industrialisierung
es:Industrialización
fr:Industrialisation
gl:Industrialización
ko:ì‚°ì—…í™”
hr:Industrijalizacija
nl:Industrialisatie
ja:å·¥æ¥åŒ–
pt:Industrialização
ru:ИндуÑ?триализациÑ?
fi:Teollistuminen
uk:ІндуÑ?тріалізаціÑ?
*** Shopping-Tip: Industrialisation
