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Italian language
*** Shopping-Tip: Italian language
{{Infobox Language
|name=Italian
|nativename=Italiano
|region=
Italy and 29 other countries
|speakers=70 millions
|rank=19-20 native (in a near tie with
Turkish language Turkish and
Urdu)
|familycolor=Indo-European
|fam2=
Italic languages Italic
|fam3=
Romance languages Romance
|fam4=
Italo-Western languages Italo-Western
|fam5=
Italo-Dalmatian languages Italo-Dalmatian
|nation=
Italy,
European Union,
Switzerland,
San Marino,
Slovenia (regional language),
Vatican City,
Istria county of
Croatia
|agency=
Accademia della Crusca
|iso1=it|iso2=ita|iso3=ita}}
'''Italian''' (''{{Audio|It-italiano.ogg|italiano}}'', or ''lingua italiana'') is a
Romance languages Romance language spoken by about 70 millions people primarily in
Italy. Standard Italian is based on the
Tuscan dialect and is somewhat intermediate between the languages of
Mezzogiorno Southern Italy and the Gallo-Romance languages of the North. Like many languages written using the
Latin alphabet, Italian has double consonants. However, contrary to, for example,
French language French and
Spanish language Spanish, double
consonants are pronounced as long (
gemination geminated) in Italian. As in most
Romance languages (with the notable exception of French),
stress (linguistics) stress is distinctive. Out of the Romance languages, Italian is generally considered to be the one most closely resembling
Latin in terms of
vocabulary, though
Romanian language Romanian most closely preserves the declension system of Classical
Latin while
Sardinian language Sardinian is the most conservative in terms of phonology.
History
The history of the Italian language is quite complex but the modern standard of the language was largely shaped by relatively recent events. The earliest surviving texts which can definitely be called Italian (as opposed to its predecessor
Vulgar Latin) are legal formulae from the region of
province of Benevento Benevento dating from A.D. 960-963. Italian was first formalized in the first years of the
14th century through the works of
Dante Alighieri, who mixed southern Italian dialects, especially
Sicilian language Sicilian, with his native Tuscan in his epic poems known collectively as the ''
Divine Comedy Commedia,'' to which
Giovanni Boccaccio later affixed the title ''Divina''. Dante's much-loved works were read throughout Italy and his written dialect became the "
canonical standard" that others could all understand. Dante is still credited with standardizing the Italian language.
Italian has always had a distinctive dialect for each city, since the cities were up until recently
city-states. A well-known Italian dictum has it that the best spoken Italian is ''lingua toscana in bocca romana'' - 'the Tuscan tongue, in a Roman mouth' (Tuscan dialects spoken with Roman inflection). The Romans are known for speaking clearly and distinctly, while the Tuscan dialect (supposedly influenced by
Etruscan language Etruscan and
Oscan language Oscan) is the closest existing dialect to Dante's now-standard Italian.
In contrast to the dialects of northern Italy, the older southern Italian dialects were largely untouched by the Franco-
Occitan language Occitan influences introduced to Italy, mainly by
bards from
France, during the middle ages. (See
La Spezia-Rimini Line.)
The economic might and relative advanced development of
Tuscany at the time (late middle ages), gave its dialect weight, though Venetian remained widespread in medieval Italian commercial life. Also, the increasing cultural relevance of
Florence, Italy Florence during the periods of '
Umanesimo' and
Renaissance Rinascimento (Renaissance) made its ''vulgare'' (dialect) a standard in the arts.
Classification
Italian is most closely related to the other two
Italo-Dalmatian languages,
Sicilian language Sicilian and the extinct
Dalmatian language Dalmatian. The three are part of the
Italo-Western languages Italo-Western grouping of the
Romance languages, which are a subgroup of the
Italic languages Italic branch of
Indo-European language family Indo-European.
Geographic distribution
Italian is the official language of
Italy and
San Marino, and is an official language in
Switzerland because it's spoken in
Canton Ticino Ticino and
Graubünden Grigioni cantons. It is also the second official language in
Vatican City and in some areas of
Istria in
Slovenia and
Croatia with an Italian minority. It is also widely known and taught in
Monaco and
Malta. (It served as Malta's official language until English was enshrined in the
1934 Constitution.) It is widely used also in
France (
Corsica and
Nice) and
Albania.
It is widely used by immigrants in
Luxembourg,
Germany,
Belgium, the
United States,
Canada,
Venezuela,
Uruguay,
Brazil,
El Salvador,
Argentina, and
Australia. It is spoken in parts of
Africa that were formerly under Italian rule such as
Somalia,
Libya and
Eritrea.
The presence of Italian immigrants is very substantial above all in South America. In this case the presence of Italian Language, most of all in dialectal forms, are abundant in Brazil, Uruguay and Argentina. Here the Spanish and the Portuguese Languages are influenced by Italian particularly in some parts of these countries (i.e.
Rio Grande do Sul,
Cordoba, etc.).
Italian is widely taught in many schools around the world, but rarely as the first non-native language of pupils. In anglophone parts of
Canada, Italian is, after
French language French, the second most taught language. In the
United States and the
United Kingdom, Italian ranks fourth (after
Spanish language Spanish-French-
German language German and French-German-Spanish respectively). Throughout the world, Italian is the fifth most taught non-native language, after
English language English, French, Spanish and German [http://www.iic-colonia.de/italiano-2000/Indice.htm].
The italian language is also used like "lingua franca" in some environments. For example in the ecclesiastic catholic hierarchy the italian is known by a large part of members and it's used in substitution of latin also in some official documents. The presence of Italian like second official language in
Vatican City, therefore indicates not only this use in the seat in Rome, but also in the whole world where is present an episcopal seat.
Dialects and regional languages of Italy
:''See
Italian dialects''
The dialects of Italian listed by
Ethnologue are
Tuscan language Tuscan,
Abruzzese language Abruzzese, Pugliese (Apulian),
Umbrian language Umbrian,
Laziale language Laziale, Central Marchigiano, Cicolano-Reatino-Aquilano, and
Molisan language Molisan.
Ethnologue and the ''
Red book on endangered languages'' of
UNESCO consider
Piemontese language Piemontese,
Lombard language Lombard,
Ligurian language (Romance) Ligurian,
Emiliano-Romagnolo,
Venetian language Venetian,
Friulian language Friulian, Neapolitan-Calabrian or Tricalabrian (a range including
Neapolitan language Neapolitan,
Sicilian language Sicilian and
Calabrian language Calabrian) and
Sardinian language Sardinian as regional minority languages, structurally distinct from Italian. Most Italians, however, refer to these simply as "dialect", with the exception of Sardinian and Friulian, which are usually recognized language status in the regions of
Sardinia and
Friuli-Venezia Giulia. Many
linguists also refer to "dialects of Italy", as opposed to "dialects of (standard) Italian".
Also the
Corsican language has strong similarities to Italian and most linguists consider it as a Tuscan dialect, the closest to modern Italian.
A link to an Italian site with translation features between Italian dialects and Italian: [http://www.dialettando.com]
=Cultural acceptance of dialects
=
The dialect of
Tuscany became the basis for what would become the official language of Italy, by way of the famous Tuscan author Dante Alighieri. Dante and other Tuscan poets were inspired by the Sicilian
koine wanted by the
Sicilian School under the Holy Roman Emperor
Frederick II. His project (in which
Giacomo da Lentini invented the
sonnet) was accomplished by enriching the
Sicilian language with new words adapted from French, Latin, and
Apulian language Apulian. The Sicilians produced a collection of love-poems which can be considered the first standard Italian ever produced, though it was only used for literary purposes until
Guittone d'Arezzo. When the Svevs dynasty ended the Tuscans and Dante re-discovered the standard (see ''De Vulgari Eloquentia'' and ''Vita Nova'') and integrated the Sicilians into Florence's linguistic heritage.
The ''
dolce stil novo,'' the platonic school of courtly love, can be considered the link between the old southern school and Tuscan poetry which aimed to express the new intellectual sensibility and fervor of the newly-born city-states, as Florence. Dante's work, ''Divina Commedia'' was the first of its kind to be written in a dialect (though sensibly enriched compared with its spoken counterpart), as opposed to the traditional Latin. The success of his work spread the Florentine dialect, and gave it prestige and acceptance. For this he is referred to as the father of the Italian Language.
By the time Italy was unified
1861, the Italian standard had further been influenced by Florentine through the work of the
Accademia della Crusca (Cardinal
Pietro Bembo and followers). Bembo laid the foundation for what is today's modern standard. But Bembo was a purist and had accepted no other influence than that from Dante, Petrarca and Boccaccio. As time went on, the language was losing touch with linguistic change, and could not put up with technology and science. The much-needed update would have to wait a little longer until, in what is commonly regarded as the first modern novel of the Italian literature,
The Betrothed ''I Promessi Sposi'' (The Betrothed),
Alessandro Manzoni further refined his widely read novel by "rinsing" it in the waters of the
Arno (
Florence's river), as he states in his 1840 Preface.
However, Manzoni refused the Crusca's purist, written Florentine-only attitude and admitted a certain influence from other dialects, though he reduced it as compared to the first edition of (
1821). After unification the huge number of civil servants and soldiers recruited from all over the country introduced many more words and idioms from their home dialects ("ciao" is Venetian, "panettone" is Milanese etc.), in fact confirming Manzoni's linguistic views.
Tuscan has thus become one of the twenty official dialects of Italy. Though technically speaking the division between dialect and language is purely conventional, it has been used by scholars (e.g., by Francesco Bruni) to distinguish between the languages that made up the Italian ''
koine,'' and those which had very little or no part in it, as
Albanian language Albanian,
Greek language Greek,
Südtirolean language Südtirolean,
Ladin language Ladin,
Friulian language Friulian and
Occitan language Occitan, which are still spoken by small minorities.
Dialects are generally not used for general communication (e.g., on TV), but are limited to native speakers in informal contexts. Dialect is often deprecated as a sign of poor education. Younger generations, especially those under 35 (though it may vary in different areas), speak almost exclusively standard Italian in all situations, usually with local accents.{{fact}} Different accents can be recognized from various factors: the openness of vowels, the length of the consonants, and influence of the local dialect (for example, ''annà '' for ''andare'' in the area of Rome).
Dialects have their share of enthusiasts, but in most areas of Italy this is a small niche of the population. The promotion of dialects by political forces such as the
Lega Nord has possibly damaged rather than promoted their status. Throughout Italy, some singers and actors use dialects as their language, but the language they use is, in most cases, strongly influenced by Italian.
Dialects and accents are often used in movies to provide comic relief or to produce stereotypes: northern dialects can be connected to self-made entrepreneurs; a Roman accent is associated with arrogant, simple-minded bullies; Neapolitan reminds of dishonest slackers, or of people living from hand to mouth; and, even in Italy, Sicilian is often associated with the
Mafia. However, many screenwriters also explore the more expressive and spontaneous features of a dialect, often to challenge the common cliches and present a richer, less explored reality.
Derived languages
There is a presence of different varieties of Italian language most of all in South America. During the XIX and XX century a lot of Italians was immigrants and they spoke particularly dialects.
A proof is the presence of
Talian in Brazil: this is a variety of Italian influenced strongly by
Venetian language Venetian. In any case there is a brave discussion on considering the talian like
creole language or a variety of dialect with external influences (i.e. from
Portuguese language Portuguese).
Sounds
Main Page:
Italian phonology
{{IPA notice}}
Vowels
Italian has seven vowel phonemes: {{IPA|/a/}}, {{IPA|/e/}}, {{IPA|/ɛ/}}, {{IPA|/i/}}, {{IPA|/o/}}, {{IPA|/ɔ/}}, {{IPA|/u/}}. The pairs {{IPA|/e/}}-{{IPA|/ɛ/}} and {{IPA|/o/}}-{{IPA|/ɔ/}} are seldom distinguished in writing and often confused, even though each variety of Italian employs both phonemes consistently. Compare, for example: {{IPA|/per'kɛ/}} (because) and {{IPA|/'senti/}} (you listen), employed by some northern speakers, with {{IPA|/per'ke/}} and {{IPA|/'sɛnti/}}, as pronounced by most central and southern speakers. As a result, the usage is strongly indicative of a person's origin. The standard (Tuscan) usage of these vowels is listed in vocabularies, and employed outside Tuscany mainly by the more educated people, especially actors and (television) journalists.
These are truly different
phonemes, however: compare {{IPA|/'peska/}} (fishing) and {{IPA|/'pɛska/}} (peach), both spelled "pesca" ({{Audio|It-pesca.ogg|listen}}). Similarly {{IPA|/'bot:e/}} (barrel) and {{IPA|/'bɔt:e/}} (beatings), both spelled as "botte", discriminate {{IPA|/o/}} and {{IPA|/ɔ/}} ({{Audio|It-botte-mp.ogg|listen}}).
In general, vowel combinations usually pronounce each vowel separately.
Diphthongs exist,(e.g. "uo", "iu", "ie", "ai"), but are limited to the pattern:
(unstressed "u" or "i", or zero) + (stressed vowel) + (unstressed "u" or "i", or zero)
The unstressed "u" in a diphthong approximates the English semivowel "w", the unstressed "i" approximates the semivowel "y". E.g.: ''buono'', ''ieri''.
As a semivowel, "j" is an alternate spelling of i, currently obsolete but common until early 20th century and preserved in specific words like "Jesi" (a town) or "Jacopo" (a first name).
Triphthongs are limited to a diphthong plus an unstressed "i". (e.g. ''miei'', ''tuoi''.) Other sequences of three vowels exist (e.g. ''noia'', ''febbraio''), but they are not triphthongs; they consist of a vowel followed by a diphthong.
Consonants
Two symbols in a table cell denote the voiceless and voiced consonant, respectively.
{| class="wikitable"
!
!
bilabial consonant bilabial
!
labiodental consonant labiodental
!
dental consonant dental
!
alveolar consonant alveolar
!
postalveolar consonant postalveolar
!
palatal consonant palatal
!
velar consonant velar
|-
!
plosive consonant plosive
|{{IPA|p}}, {{IPA|b}}
|
|{{IPA|t}}, {{IPA|d}}
|
|
|
|{{IPA|k}}, {{IPA|g}}
|-
!
nasal consonant nasal
|{{IPA|m}}
|
|{{IPA|n}}
|
|
|{{IPA|ɲ}}
|
|-
!
trill consonant trill
|
|
|
|{{IPA|r}}
|
|
|
|-
!
flap consonant flap
|
|
|
|{{IPA|ɾ}}
|
|
|
|-
!
fricative consonant fricative
|
|{{IPA|f}}, {{IPA|v}}
|
|{{IPA|s}}, {{IPA|z}}
|{{IPA|ʃ}}
|
|
|-
!
affricate consonant affricate
|
|
|
|{{IPA|ʦ}}, {{IPA|ʣ}}
|{{IPA|ʧ}}, {{IPA|ʤ}}
|
|
|-
!
lateral consonant lateral
|
|
|
|{{IPA|l}}
|
|{{IPA|ÊŽ}}
|
|}
The phoneme {{IPA|/n/}} undergoes assimilation when followed by a consonant, e.g., when followed by a velar ({{IPA|/k/}} or {{IPA|/g/}}) it's pronounced {{IPA|[Å‹]}}, etc.
Italian plosives are not
aspirated (unlike in English). Italian speakers hear the difference as a foreign accent.
Italian has geminate, or double, consonants, which are distinguished by length. Length is distinctive for all
consonants except for {{IPA|/ʃ/}}, {{IPA|/ʦ/}}, {{IPA|/ʣ/}}, {{IPA|/ʎ/}} {{IPA|/ɲ/}}, which are always geminate, and {{IPA|/z/}} which is always single.
Geminate plosives and affricates are realized as lengthened closures. Geminate fricatives, nasals, and {{IPA|/l/}} are realized as lengthened
continuants. Geminate {{IPA|/ɾ:/}} is realized as the trill {{IPA|[r]}}.
Assimilation
Italian has few diphthongs, and so most unfamiliar diphthongs heard in foreign words (in particular, those with a first vowel that is not "i" or "u", or a first vowel that is stressed), will be assimilated as the corresponding
dieresis (i.e., the vowel sounds will be pronounced separately). Italian
phonotactics don't usually permit words to end on consonants, so foreign words may receive extra terminal vowel sounds.
Grammar
''see
Italian grammar.''
Writing system
Image:Jon Hawk.jpg right|thumb|280px|Example of Italian
Italian is written using the
Latin alphabet. The letters ''J'', ''K'', ''W'', ''X'' and'' Y'' are not part of the standard Italian alphabet, but are seen in imported words (such as ''jeans'', ''whiskey'', ''taxi''). ''J'' may also appear in many words from different dialects. Each of these foreign letters had an Italian equivalent spelling: ''gi'', ''ch'', ''u'', ''cs'' or ''s'', and ''i'', but these are now obsolete.
* Italian uses the
acute accent over the letter ''E'' (as in ''perché'', why/because) to indicate a mid-close vowel, and the
grave accent (as in ''tè'', tea) to indicate a mid-open vowel. The
grave accent is also used on letters ''A'', ''I'', ''O'', and ''U'' to mark the stress position when it is on the last letter of a word (for instance ''gioventù'', youth). Typically, the penultimate syllable is stressed. If other syllables are stressed, marking an accent is not mandatory, as is instead done in
Spanish language Spanish, and, in virtually all cases, no accent is marked. In some cases, when the word is ambiguous (as ''principi''), the accent is sometimes marked in order to disambiguate the meaning (in this case, ''prÃncipi'', princes, or ''princÃpi'', principles; ''balia'', nurse or ''balìa'', force
* The letter ''H'' is always silent when it begins a word, and is only used to distinguish ''ho'', ''hai'', ''ha'', ''hanno'' (present indicative of ''avere'', to have) from ''o'' (or), ''ai'' (to the), ''a'' (to), ''anno'' (year). ''H'' is otherwise used for some combinations with other letters (see below), but the /h/ sound does not exist in Italian.
* The letter ''Z'' is pronounced {{IPA|/dz/}}, for example: ''Zanzara'' {{IPA|/dzanˈdzara/}} (mosquito), or sometimes {{IPA|/ts/}}, for example: ''Nazione'' {{IPA|/naˈtsione/}} (nation), depending on context, though there are few minimal pairs. The same goes with ''S'', which can be pronounced {{IPA|/s/}} or {{IPA|/z/}}. However, these two phonemes are in complementary distribution everywhere except between two vowels in the same word, and even in such environment there are extremely few minimal pairs, therefore this distinction is being lost in most accents.
* The letters ''C'' and ''G'' are
affricates: {{IPA|/ʧ/}} as in "chair" and {{IPA|/ʤ/}} as in "gem", respectively, before the
front vowels ''I'' and ''E''. They are pronounced as
plosives {{IPA|/k/}}, {{IPA|/g/}} (as in "call" and "gall") otherwise
1. But, the normally silent ''H'' is added between ''CI'', ''CE'', ''GI'' or ''GE'' if the consonant is to be a plosive. For example:
:{| class="wikitable"
!
|Before back vowel: plosive
|Before front vowel: affricate
|With "H": plosive
|-
!"C"
|'''cara''' ({{IPA|ˈkara}})
|'''ciao''' ({{IPA|/ˈʧao/}})
|'''chiaro''' ({{IPA|/ˈkjaro/}})
|-
!"G"
|'''gallo''' ({{IPA|/ˈgallo/}})
|'''genere''' ({{IPA|/ˈʤɛnere/}})
|'''ghetto''' ({{IPA|/ˈgetto/}})
|}
:
1(Front/back vowel rules for ''C'' and ''G'' are similar in French language French, Romanian language Romanian, and to some extent English language English (including Old English). swedish language Swedish and norwegian language Norwegian have similar rules for ''K'' and ''G''. See also palatalization.)
* There are two special
digraph (orthography) digraphs in Italian: ''GN'' and ''GL''. ''GN'' is always pronounced {{IPA2|ɲ}} and ''GL'' is pronounced {{IPA2|ʎ}}) only before i, and never at the beginning of a word, except in the plural form ''gli'' of the masculine
definite article. (Compare with
Spanish language Spanish "ñ" and "ll",
Portuguese language Portuguese "nh" and "lh".)
* In general all letters are clearly pronounced, and always in the same way. (The only notable allophonic variations in the pronunciation of phonemes in standard Italian are the assimilation of /n/ before consonants, and vowel length (vowels are long in stressed open syllables, and short elsewhere) — compare with the enormous number of allophones of the English phoneme /t/. Spelling is clearly phonetic and difficult to mistake given a clear pronunciation. Exceptions are generally only found in foreign borrowings. There is less
dyslexia than in languages like English.
Usage among Younger Generations
Some variations in the usage of the writing system may be present in practical use. Most scholars consider these to be mistakes, but they are so common that knowledge of these may be useful to read an Italian text.
* Usage of '''x''' instead of ''per'': this is very common among teenagers and in
SMS abbreviations. Since ''per'' means "to", "for you" becomes ''x te'', similar to the English ''2'' and ''4 U''. Words containing ''per'' can also have it substituted with ''x'', and once a university student allegedly pronounced the surname of Italian revolutionary
Nino Bixio as ''Biperio'' at an oral exam[http://pacs.unica.it/rassegna/rassegna0905.txt]. ''Perché'' (both "why" and "because") is often shortened as ''xché'' or ''xké'' (see below). This usage stems from mathematical notation, where the symbol for multiplication is pronounced "per", (for example '3 x 2' is pronounced 'tre per due' in Italian).
* Usage of foreign letters such as ''k'', ''j'' and ''y'', especially in nicknames and SMS language: ''ke'' instead of ''che'', ''Giusy'' instead of ''Giuseppina''. This is curiously mirrored in the usage of ''i'' in English names such as ''Staci'' instead of ''Stacey'', or in the usage of ''c'' in Northern Europe (''Jacob'' instead of ''Jakob''). The letter ''k'' also appears to give words a certain strength and threatening aspect, possibly because it is associated with
Germany. Politician
Francesco Cossiga used to be nicknamed ''Kossiga'' by rioting students as early as 1968, because of his role as minister of internal affairs.
* Accents are often substituted by apostrophes, such as in
perche' instead of ''perché''. Uppercase ''È'' is particularly rare, as it is absent from the Italian keyboard layout, and is usually written as
E'. Few are aware of the distinction between grave and acute accents, so it is also common to see ''perchè''.
Examples
*Cheers (generic toast): ''cin cin'' {{IPA|}}
*English: ''inglese'' {{IPA|/inˈgleze/}}
*Good-bye: ''arrivederci'' {{IPA|/arriveˈdertʃi/}}
*Hello: ''ciao'' {{IPA|/ˈtʃao/}} (informal); ''buongiorno'' {{IPA|/bwonˈdʒorno/}} (good morning/good afternoon), ''buonasera'' {{IPA|/bwonaˈsera/}} (good evening)
*Yes: ''sì'' {{IPA|/si/}}
*No: ''no'' {{IPA|/nÉ”/}}
*Sorry: ''scusi'' /{{IPA|ˈskuzi}}/
*Again: ''di nuovo'' /{{IPA|di ˈnwɔvo}}/
*Always: ''sempre'' /{{IPA|ˈsɛmpre}}/
*When: ''quando'' {{IPA|/ˈkwando/}}
*Why / Because: ''perché'' {{IPA|/per'ke/}}
*How much: ''quanto'' {{IPA|/ˈkwanto/}}
*Thank you!: ''grazie!'' {{IPA|/ˈgrattsie/}}
*Bon appetit: ''buon appetito'' {{IPA|/ˌbwɔn appeˈtito/}}
*You're welcome!: ''prego!'' {{IPA|/ˈprɛgo/}}
*I love you: ''Ti amo'' {{IPA|/ti ˈamo/}}
*I want to make love to you : ''Voglio fare l'amore con te''
Counting to Ten:
*One: ''Uno'' ''pron: oo-no''
*Two: ''Due'' ''pron: do-e''
*Three: ''Tre'' ''pron: tre''
*Four: ''Quattro'' ''pron: quat-tro''
*Five: ''Cinque'' ''pron: chin-que''
*Six: ''Sei'' ''pron: say''
*Seven: ''Sette'' ''pron: set-te''
*Eight: ''Otto'' ''pron: ot-to''
*Nine: ''Nove'' ''pron: nov-ve''
*Ten: ''Dieci'' ''pron: di-e-ci''
Sample texts
You can hear a recording of
Dante's
Divine Comedy read by
Lino Pertile at http://etcweb.princeton.edu/dante/pdp/.
'''From the Holy Bible, Luke 2, 1-7'''
(for an English version see http://www.gnpcb.org/esv/search/?q=luke+2)
You can
Media:It-Vangeli.ogg listen to a rendition of this text as recorded by an Italian native speaker from Milan.
'''2:1''' In quei giorni, un decreto di Cesare Augusto ordinava che si facesse un censimento di tutta la terra. '''2''' Questo primo censimento fu fatto quando Quirino era governatore della Siria. '''3''' Tutti andavano a farsi registrare, ciascuno nella propria città . '''4''' Anche Giuseppe, che era della casa e della famiglia di Davide, dalla città di Nazaret e dalla Galilea si recò in Giudea nella città di Davide, chiamata Betlemme, '''5''' per farsi registrare insieme a Maria, sua sposa, che era incinta. '''6''' Proprio mentre si trovavano lì, venne il tempo per lei di partorire. '''7''' Mise al mondo il suo primogenito, lo avvolse in fasce e lo depose in una mangiatoia, poiché non c'era posto per loro nella locanda.
See also
*
Italian phonology
*
Sicilian School
*
Veronese Riddle
*
Italian grammar
*
Italian Swadesh list Swadesh list of Italian words
External links
{{InterWiki|code=it}}
{{Wikibooks}}
{{wiktionarypar|Italian}}
*{{About.com|topic=Italian}}
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Learn to Speak Italian Online Learn Italian online for free.
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Italian Language Tutorial at ielanguages.com
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Learn Italian Online Online Italian courses, exercises and exams
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Italian English Dictionary from [http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org Webster's Online Dictionary] - the Rosetta Edition
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Online italian language test
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All free Italian dictionaries
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Language exchange - Practise Italian online
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Test your Italian - Free Italian language test
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Learn Italian in Italy
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Online Italian language course
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Italian English and English Italian Dictionary
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Learn and listen to useful expressions in Italian
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Italian Language schools
{{Official EU languages}}
Category:Italian language *
Category:Languages of Italy
Category:Languages of Switzerland
Category:Languages of Vatican City
Category:Languages of San Marino
Category:Languages of Slovenia
als:Italienische Sprache
ar:لغة إيطالية
bg:ИталианÑ?ки език
be:ІтальÑ?нÑ?каÑ? мова
br:Italianeg
bs:Talijanski jezik
ca:ItaliÃ
cs:Italština
cy:Eidaleg
da:Italiensk (sprog)
de:Italienische Sprache
et:Itaalia keel
el:Ιταλική γλώσσα
es:Idioma italiano
eo:Itala lingvo
eu:Italiera
fr:Italien
gl:Lingua italiana
ko:�탈리아어
hr:Talijanski jezik
io:Italiana linguo
id:Bahasa Italia
it:Lingua italiana
he:×?יטלקית
kw:Italek
la:Lingua Italica
lt:Italų kalba
li:Italiaans
hu:Olasz nyelv
mk:ИталијанÑ?ки јазик
ms:Bahasa Itali
ja:イタリア語
no:Italiensk språk
oc:Italian
pl:Język włoski
pt:LÃngua italiana
ro:Limba italiană
rm:Lingua taliana
ru:ИтальÑ?нÑ?кий Ñ?зык
sc:Limba italiana
scn:Lingua taliana
simple:Italian language
sk:TalianÄ?ina
sl:ItalijanÅ¡Ä?ina
sr:ИталијанÑ?ки језик
fi:Italian kieli
sv:Italienska
tl:Wikang Italyano
th:ภาษาà¸à¸´à¸•à¸²à¸¥à¸µ
vi:Tiếng �
tr:Ä°talyanca
zh:æ„?大利è¯
see
Italian language
Category:Romance languages
Category:Underpopulated categories
Category:Languages of Italy
fr:Catégorie:Langue italienne
ko:분류:�탈리아어
it:Categoria:Lingua italiana
hu:Kategória:Olasz nyelv
tl:Category:Wikang Italyano
zh:Category:義大利語
*** Shopping-Tip: Italian language
