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Italy
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Italy
{{Infobox_Country
|native_name = ''Repubblica Italiana''
|conventional_long_name = Italian Republic
|common_name = Italy
|image_flag = Flag of Italy.svg
|image_coat = Italian coa.png
|image_map = LocationItaly.png
|national_motto = none
|national_anthem = ''
Il Canto degli Italiani''
|official_languages =
Italian language Italian1
|capital =
Rome
|latd=41 |latm=54 |latNS=N |longd=12 |longm=29 |longEW=E
|largest_city =
Rome
|government_type =Republic
|leader_titles =
List of Presidents of the Italian Republic PresidentList of Prime Ministers of Italy Prime minister
|leader_names =
Carlo Azeglio CiampiSilvio Berlusconi
|area_rank = 71st
|area_magnitude = 1 E11
|area=301,336
|areami²= 116,346.5
|percent_water = 2.4
|population_estimate = 58,103,033
|population_estimate_rank = 25th
|population_estimate_year = July 2005
|population_census = 58,462,375
|population_census_year = December 2004
|population_density =192.8
|population_densitymi² = 499.4
|population_density_rank = 40th
|GDP_PPP = $1.645 trillion
|GDP_PPP_rank =10th
|GDP_PPP_year= 2005
|GDP_PPP_per_capita =$28,300
|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 30th
|sovereignty_type =
Italian Unification Unification
|established_events =
|established_dates =
17 March 1861
|HDI = 0.934
|HDI_rank = 18th
|HDI_year =2003
|HDI_category =
high
|currency =
Euro (€)
2
|currency_code = EUR
|country_code =
|time_zone =
Central European Time CET
|utc_offset = +1
|time_zone_DST =
Central European Summer Time CEST
|utc_offset_DST = +2
|cctld =
.it
|calling_code = 39
|footnotes =
1 French language French is co-official in the Aosta Valley; German language German and Ladin language Ladin is co-official in Trentino-South Tyrol.
2 Prior to 1999: Lira Italian Lira.
}}
'''Italy''', officially the '''Italian Republic''' (
Italian language Italian: ''Italia'',
International Phonetic Alphabet IPA: {{IPA|/i'talja/}} or ''Repubblica Italiana'',
International Phonetic Alphabet IPA: {{IPA|/re'pubblika ita'ljana/}}), is a country in
Southern Europe. It comprises the boot-shaped
Italian peninsula, the
Po River valley, and two large islands in the
Mediterranean Sea,
Sicily and
Sardinia, and shares its northern
alps alpine boundary with
France,
Switzerland,
Austria and
Slovenia. The independent countries of
San Marino and the
Vatican City are
enclaves within Italian territory.
For more than 3,000 years Italy witnessed many migrations and invasions from
Germanic peoples Germanic,
Celt Celtic,
Frankish,
Byzantine Empire Byzantine Greek,
Saracens Saracen,
Normans Norman, and the French
Angevin, and
Lombard peoples. Italy was also home to many well-known and influential civilisations, including the
Sardinians, the
Etruscans,
ancient Greece Greeks and the
ancient Rome Romans.
Italy is sometimes called ''bel paese'' (Italian for ''beautiful country'') by its inhabitants, due to the beauty and variety of its landscapes and for its world's largest artistic patrimony; the country is home to the greatest number of
UNESCO List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Europe#Italy World Heritage Sites (40 as of
January 1 2006).
Presently, Italy is a highly developed country with the 6th highest
Gross domestic product GDP in 2004, a member of
G8 and a founding member of what is now the
European Union signing the
Treaty of Rome in
1957.
Inhabitants of Italy are referred to as ''
Italian people Italians'' (
Italian language Italian: ''Italiani''). There are several theories concerning the origin of the name "Italia", but the most widely believed
etymology is that it is derived from the ancient Greek word ''italos'' (bull).
History
{{main|History of Italy}}
Italy has influenced the cultural and social development of the whole
Mediterranean sea Mediterranean area, deeply influencing
Culture of Europe European culture as well. Important cultures and civilizations have existed there since prehistoric times. After
Magna Graecia, the
Etruscans Etruscan civilization and especially the
Roman Republic and
Roman Empire Empire that dominated this part of the world for many centuries, Italy was central to European science and art during the
Middle Ages and
Renaissance.
Modern Italy became a nation-state belatedly — on
March 17 1861, when most of the states of the peninsula were united under king
Victor Emmanuel II of the
House of Savoy Savoy dynasty, which ruled over
Sardinia and
Piedmont. The architects of Italian unification were
Count Camillo Benso di Cavour, the Chief Minister of Victor Emmanuel, and
Giuseppe Garibaldi, a general and national hero.
Rome itself remained for a little less than a decade under the Papacy, and became part of the
Kingdom of Italy only on
September 20 1870. The
Vatican City Vatican is now an independent enclave surrounded by
Rome.
Politics
{{main|Politics of Italy}}
Image:Italy.CarloAzeglioCiampi.01.jpg Carlo_Azeglio Ciampi.html" title="Meaning of thumb thumb|left|[[Carlo Azeglio Ciampi,
President of the Italian Republic since
1999..html" title="Meaning of left|[[Carlo Azeglio Ciampi">thumb|left|[[Carlo Azeglio Ciampi,
President of the Italian Republic since
1999.">left|[[Carlo Azeglio Ciampi">thumb|left|[[Carlo Azeglio Ciampi,
President of the Italian Republic since
1999.
The 1948
Constitution of Italy established a
bicameral parliament (''
Italian Parliament Parlamento''), consisting of a
Italian Chamber of Deputies Chamber of Deputies (''Camera dei Deputati'') and a
Italian Senate Senate (''Senato della Repubblica''), a separate
judiciary, and an
executive branch composed of a Council of Ministers (
Cabinet (government) cabinet) (''Consiglio dei ministri''), headed by the
Prime Minister of Italy prime minister (''Presidente del consiglio dei ministri''). The
List of Presidents of the Italian Republic President of the Republic (''Presidente della Repubblica'') is elected for 7 years by the parliament sitting jointly with a small number of regional delegates. The president nominates the prime minister, who proposes the other ministers (formally named by the president). The Council of Ministers must retain the support (''fiducia'') of both houses.
The houses of
parliament are popularly and directly elected by a mixed majoritarian and proportional representation system. Under
1993 legislation, Italy has single-member districts for 75% of the seats in parliament; the remaining 25% of seats are allotted on a proportional basis.
The Chamber of Deputies has officially 630 members (''de facto'', 619 only after the 2001 elections). In addition to 315 senators, elected members, the Senate includes former presidents and several other persons (no more than 5) appointed for life by the President of the Republic according to special constitutional provisions. Both houses are elected for a maximum of 5 years, but either may be dissolved before the expiration of its normal term.
Legislative bills may originate in either house and must be passed by a majority in both. The Italian judicial system is based on
Roman law modified by the
Napoleonic code and later
statutes. A constitutional court, the ''Corte Costituzionale'', passes on the constitutionality of laws, and is a post-
World War II innovation.
All Italian citizens older than 18 can vote. To vote for the senate, the voter must be at least 25.
Regions
{{main|Regions of Italy}}
Image:It-map.png thumb|Map of Italy
Italy is subdivided into 20 regions (''regioni'', singular ''regione''). Five of these regions enjoy a special autonomous status that enables them to enact legislation on some of their specific local matters, and are marked by an *:
*
Abruzzo (with capital
L'Aquila)
*
Aosta Valley*, ''Valle d'Aosta / Vallée d'Aoste'' (
Aosta)
*
Apulia, ''Puglia'' (
Bari)
*
Basilicata (
Potenza (PZ) Potenza)
*
Calabria (
Catanzaro)
*
Campania (
Naples, ''Napoli'')
*
Emilia-Romagna (
Bologna)
*
Friuli-Venezia Giulia* (
Trieste)
*
Latium, ''Lazio'' (
Rome, ''Roma'')
*
Liguria (
Genoa, ''Genova'')
*
Lombardy ''Lombardia'' (
Milan, ''Milano'')
*
Marche (
Ancona)
*
Molise (
Campobasso)
*
Piedmont (Italy) Piedmont, ''Piemonte'' (
Turin, ''Torino'')
*
Sardinia*, ''Sardegna'' (
Cagliari)
*
Sicily*, ''Sicilia'' (
Palermo)
*
Trentino-South Tyrol*, ''Trentino-Alto Adige / Südtirol'' (
Trento,
Bozen-Bolzano)
*
Tuscany, ''Toscana'' (
Florence ''Firenze'')
*
Umbria (
Perugia)
*
Veneto (
Venice, ''Venezia'')
All regions except the Aosta Valley are further subdivided into two or more
Provinces of Italy provinces.
Geography
{{main|Geography of Italy}}
Italy consists predominantly of a large
peninsula (the
Italian peninsula) with a distinctive boot shape that extends into the
Mediterranean Sea, where together with its two main islands
Sicily and
Sardinia it creates distinct bodies of water, such as the
Adriatic Sea to the north-east, the
Ionian Sea to the south-east, the
Tyrrhenian Sea to the south-west and finally the
Ligurian Sea to the north-west.
The
Apennine mountains form the backbone of this peninsula, leading north-west to where they join the
Alps, the mountain range that then forms an arc enclosing Italy from the north.
Here is also found a large alluvial plain, the Po-Venetian plain, drained by the
Po River — which is Italy's biggest river — and its many tributaries flowing down from the Alps,
Apennines and
Dolomites.
Other well-known rivers include the
Tiber,
Adige and
Arno.
Its highest point is
Mont Blanc (''Monte Bianco'') at 4,810
metres (15,781
foot (unit of length) feet), but Italy is more typically associated with two famous
volcanoes: the currently dormant
Vesuvius near
Naples and the very active
Etna on
Sicily.
Sicily and
Sardinia are the two major
islands of Italy (
List of islands of Italy comprehensive list).
Demographics
{{main|Demographics of Italy}}
Italy is largely homogeneous in language and religion but is diverse culturally, economically, and politically. The country has the fifth-highest population density in Europe at 193 persons per square kilometre (499/
square mile sq. mi). Indigenous minority groups are small. For a country of 58.4 million people, Italy has a smaller number of migrants compared to France and Germany.
Since the beginning of Roman civilization, important ethnic groups like
Ancient Greece Greek settlers,
Germanic peoples Germanic and
Celt Celtic invaders and plunderers, and Norman colonisers have all left important impressions on the people today. However, they have all been absorbed in a homogeneous
Italian people Italian ethnic group.
The number of immigrants or foreign residents in Italy have steadily increased to reach 2,402,157, according to the latest figures (1/2005) of
ISTAT. They currently make up a little more than 4 % of the official total population. According to these statistics, the largest foreign minorities are
Albanians (316,659),
Moroccan (294,945),
Romanian people Romanian (248,849{{rf|1|Romanian}}),
Overseas Chinese Chinese (111,712), and Ukrainian (93,441). Remaining groups include those who are Tunisian, Macedonians, Serbians, and Filipinos etc.
Religion
Roman Catholicism is by far the most popular religion in the country. According to estimates by (CIA World Fact Book 2005, Italian polls, Adherents.com, BBCNews and others), it is safe to conclude that 87% of the Italian population self-identify as
Roman Catholic, whereas around 13% identify with either other religions or none at all. Italy also has some important pilgrimages and famous Roman Catholic churches, cathedrals and sites. According to many other books (Reference) surveys (from Gallup, Christian Science Monitor, and others) Italy can claim above 40% weekly church attendance rate.
The second largest Christian group in Italy are
Jehovah's Witnesses with some 400,000 [2] active members, and are growing annually. There are few Protestant denominations in Italy, mostly
Waldensians. Recent immigration from the
North Africa has led to an increasing number of Muslims, but has cooled off due to larger immigration from Eastern Europe. The Muslim population currently stands at 825,000[3] (legal immigrants) or 1.4% of the population, lower than many Western European nations. Around 30,000
Jews, and 30,000
Buddhists live in Italy.
Economy
{{main|Economy of Italy}}
A member of the G8 group of leading industrialised countries, it ranked as the sixth- largest economy in the world in 2004, behind the United States, Japan, Germany, UK, and France. According to the OECD, in 2004 Italy was the world's sixth-largest exporter of manufactured goods. This
capitalism capitalistic economy remains divided into a developed industrial north, dominated by private companies, and a less developed
agriculture agricultural south (with 20% unemployment).
Most raw materials needed by industry and more than 75% of energy requirements are imported. Over the past decade, Italy has pursued a tight fiscal policy in order to meet the requirements of the
Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union Economic and Monetary Union and has benefited from lower interest and inflation rates. Italy joined the
Euro from its conception in 1999.
Italy's economic performance has at times lagged behind that of its EU partners, and the current government has enacted numerous short-term reforms aimed at improving competitiveness and long-term growth. It has moved slowly, however, on implementing certain structural reforms favoured by economists, such as lightening the high tax burden and overhauling Italy's rigid labour market and expensive
pension system, because of the current economic slowdown and opposition from
labor union labour unions.
*
List of Italian companies
Culture
:''See the separate article:
Culture of Italy.''
Languages
{{main|Languages of Italy}}
The official language of Italy is
Italian language Standard Italian - a direct descendant of
Latin (some 75% of Italian words are of Latin origin).
When Italy was unified, in 1861, Italian existed mainly as a
literary language, and was spoken by less than 3% of the population. Different languages were spoken throughout Italian peninsula, many of which were
Romance languages romance languages which had developed in every region, due to political fregmentation of Italy{{rf|2|dialects}}.
Indeed, each historical region of Italy had its own so-called "dialect" (with "dialect" usually meaning, improperly, a non-Italian
romance language), with variants existing at the township-level.
Image:gondola.arp.750pix.jpg Venice.html" title="Meaning of thumb thumb|300px|[[Venice.html" title="Meaning of 300px|
thumb|300px|[[Venice">300px|[[Venice">thumb|300px|[[Venice
Massimo d'Azeglio, one of Cavour's ministers, is said to have stated, following Italian unification, that having created Italy, all that remained was to create Italians. Given the high number of languages spoken throughout the peninsula, it was quickly established that 'proper' or 'standard' Italian would be based on the
Tuscan dialect Florentine dialect spoken in most of
Tuscany (given that it was the first region to produce authors such as
Dante Alighieri, who between 1308 and 1321 wrote the ''
Divina Commedia''). A national education system was established - leading to a decrease in variation in the languages spoken throughout the country over time. It was not until the 1960s, with the advent of the state television broadcaster,
RAI, that Italian truly became broadly-known and quite standardised.
Today, Italian is fully comprehensible to all throughout the country, but regional variations in the form of accents and vowel emphasis persist. In addition, particular dialects have become cherished beacons of regional variation and are becoming recently more protected (especially the Neapolitan dialect which is extensively used for the singing of popular folk-songs).
Apart from standard Italian, regional variations and "dialects", a number of truly separate languages do exist. In the north, the province of
South Tyrol (''Südtirol'' in German, ''Alto Adige'' in Italian) is almost entirely
German language German-speaking; the area was awarded to Italy following the First World War and her defeat of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Pockets of German speakers also persist in other north-eastern Italian regions - a remnant of the old Austrian influence on this area of Italy. In total some 300,000 or so Italians speak German as their first language and indeed identify themselves as ethnic Austrians. Some 120,000 or so people live in the
Aosta Valley region, where a dialect of
Franco-Provençal language Franco-Provençal is spoken that is similar to ''
patois'' dialects spoken in
France. About 1,400 people living in two isolated towns in
Province of Foggia Foggia speak another dialect of
Franco-Provençal language Franco-Provençal. About 80,000
Slovenian language Slovene-speakers live in the north-eastern region of
Friuli-Venezia Giulia near the border with Slovenia. Some 40,000
Ladin-speakers (Ladin is a
Rhaetian languages Rhaetian language spoken in the
Dolomites Dolomite mountains) also live in the
Trentino-South Tyrol region and in the
Veneto region. A very large community of some 700,000 people in
Friuli speak
Friulian - another
Rhaetian languages Rhaetian language. In the
Molise region of central-south Italy some 4,000 people (the
Molise Croats) speak
Serbo-Croatian - these are the descendants of a group of people who migrated from the Balkans in the Middle Ages. Scattered across Southern Italy are a number of some 30,000
Greek language Greek-speakers - considered to be the last surviving traces of the region's Greek heritage (Ancient Greek colonists reached Southern Italy and Sicily about 1500 BC), they speak a Greek dialect,
Griko. Some 15,000
Catalan language Catalan speakers reside around the area of
Alghero in the north-west corner of
Sardinia - believed to be the result of a migration of a large group of Catalans from
Barcelona in ages past. Around 100,000 (the
Arbëreshë) in Southern Italy and in central
Sicily speak
Albanian language Albanian - the result of past migrations. Finally, the largest group of non-Italian speakers (some 1.6 million people) are those who speak
Sardinian language Sardinian - a romance language whose written roots belong to the 2 millenniums BC and which evolved quite independently from Italian.
Notes
{{ent|1|Romanian}} According to Mitrica, an October 2005 Romanian report estimates that 1,061,400 Romanians are living in Italy, constituting 37.2% of 2.8 million immigrants in that country [http://www.evz.ro/eveniment/?news_id=201813] but it is unclear how the estimate was made, and therefore whether it should be taken seriously or not.
{{ent|2|dialects}}See also (in Italian): ''L. Lepschy e G. Lepschy, La lingua italiana: storia, varietà d'uso, grammatica, Milano, Bompiani''
References
:''Other references can be found in the more detailed articles linked to in this article.''
*Mitrica, Mihai [http://www.evz.ro/eveniment/?news_id=201813 Un milion de romani s-au mutat in Italia] ("One million Romanians have moved to Italy"). ''Evenimentul Zilei'',
October 31 2005. Retrieved
October 31 2005.
External links
*[http://www.tolomeus.net/italia.html]- VR panoramas by Tolomeus
-
Italian Railways
-
Italian Tourism portal (coming soon)
-
Italian State Tourism Board
-
Weather in Italy
-
Italian Parks - Geo Tourism
{{sisterlinks|Italy}}
{{portal}}
Official sites
-
Presidenza della Repubblica - Official site of the Italian president (in Italian)
-
Parlamento - Official site of the Italian parliament (Senate in Italian only)
-
The Chamber of Deputies - First Parliament Branch (few languages)
-
The Senate of The Italian Republic - Second Parliament Branch (in Italian)
-
Italia.gov.it - Main institutional portal (in Italian)
-
The Italian Government - The official Prime Minister Website
-
Corte Costituzionale - Italian High Court
-
Ministero degli Affari Esteri - Italian Foreign Office
-
Ministero dell'interno - Ministry of Interior(in Italian)
-
Ministero dell'Istruzione, Università e Ricerca - Ministry of Education, University and Research
-
Study in Italy - International changes - Ministry of Education
-
Ministero della Salute - Ministry of health
-
Ministero della Difesa - Ministry of Defense
-
Ministero per gli Italiani nel Mondo - Foreign-Italian Ministry
-
Ministero del lavoro - Ministry of Welfare
-
Ministero delle Attività Produttive - Ministry of Industry
-
Ministero dell'Agricoltura
-
Ministero di Grazia e Giustizia - Ministry of Justice
-
Istituto nazionale di statistica - National statistics office, (in Italian)
Others
*{{wikitravel}}
{{EU countries}}
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fr:Portail:Italie
de:Portal:Italien
it:Portale:Italia
pt:Portal:Itália
*** Shopping-Tip: Italy