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Jupiter
*** Shopping-Tip: Jupiter
: ''For the god, see
Jupiter (god). For other uses of this term, see
Jupiter (disambiguation).
{{Planet Infobox/Jupiter}}
'''Jupiter''' is the fifth
planet from the
Sun and by far the
Solar system by size largest within the
solar system. Jupiter and the other
gas giants—
Saturn,
Uranus, and
Neptune—are sometimes referred to as "
Jovian planets."
Overview
Jupiter is usually the fourth brightest object in the sky (after the
Sun, the
Moon and
Venus); however at times
Mars appears brighter than Jupiter.
Image:Jupiter-Earth-Spot_comparison.jpg thumb|left|200px|Approximate size comparison of Earth, Jupiter, and the Great Red Spot.
Jupiter is 2.5 times larger than all the other planets combined, so large that its
Center of mass#Barycenter barycenter with the Sun actually lies above the Sun's surface (1.068 solar radii from the Sun's center). It is 318 times larger than
Earth, with a
diameter 11 times that of Earth, and with a
volume 1300 times that of Earth. Quite naturally, Jupiter's gravitational influence has dominated the evolution of the solar system: most planets' orbits lie closer to Jupiter's orbital plane than the Sun's equatorial plane, the majority of
short-period comets belong to Jupiter's family (a result due to both Jupiter's mass and its relative speed), the
Kirkwood gaps in the
asteroid belt are mostly due to Jupiter, and Jupiter is even thought to have been possibly responsible for the
late heavy bombardment of the inner solar system's history. Some have described the solar system as consisting of the Sun, Jupiter, and assorted debris.
[{{cite book|author=Clarke, Arthur C.|year=1989|title=2061: Odyssey Three|publisher=Del Rey|id=ISBN 0345358791}}] Some describe Jupiter as the solar system's vacuum cleaner, due to its immense
gravity well.
As impressive as Jupiter's mass is,
extrasolar planets have been discovered with much greater masses. There is no clear-cut definition of what distinguishes a large planet such as Jupiter from a
brown dwarf star, although the latter possesses rather specific spectral lines. Currently, if a very large object is above 12 Jupiter masses, large enough to burn
deuterium, it is considered a brown dwarf star; below that mass, it is a planet. Jupiter is thought to have about as large a diameter as a planet of its composition can; adding extra mass would result in further gravitational compression, in theory leading to stellar ignition. This has led some astronomers to term it a "failed star", although Jupiter would need to be about seventy times as large to become a star.
Jupiter also has the fastest rotation rate of any planet within the solar system, making a complete rotation on its axis in slightly less than ten hours, which results in an
equatorial bulge easily seen through an Earth-based amateur telescope. Jupiter is perpetually covered with a layer of
clouds, composed of ammonia crystals and possibly ammonium hydrosulfide, and it may not have any solid surface. Its best known feature is the
Great Red Spot, a
storm larger than Earth which was first observed by Galileo four centuries ago. Indeed, mathematical models suggest that the storm is stable and may be a permanent feature of the planet.
[{{cite journal
|url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v331/n6158/abs/331689a0.html;jsessionid=EB6990ACE69E14E754FC2B2635B5301C
|title=Laboratory simulation of Jupiter's Great Red Spot
|first=Jöel
|last=Sommeria
|coauthors=Steven D. Meyers & Harry L. Swinney
|journal=Nature
|volume=331
|pages=689 - 693
|month=25 February
|year=1988
|id={{doi|10.1038/331689a0}}}}] In 2000, three small spots merged to form a larger spot named Oval BA, which later acquired a red hue very similar to that of the Great Red Spot.
[{{cite web
|url=http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2006/02mar_redjr.htm
|title=Jupiter's New Red Spot
|year=2006
|format=HTML
|accessdate=2006-03-09}}]
Historical observations
Jupiter has been known since ancient times and is visible to the naked eye in the night sky. The
Ancient Rome Romans named the planet after the
Roman mythology Roman god Jupiter (god) Jupiter (also called Jove). The
astronomical symbol for the planet is a stylized representation of the god's lightning bolt.
The
China Chinese,
Korean,
Japanese, and
Vietnamese refer to the planet as the ''wood star'', 木星,
[{{cite web
|url=http://www.crystalinks.com/jupiter.html
|title=JUPITER
|format=HTML
|accessdate=2006-03-09}}] based on the Chinese
Five Elements (curiously enough, through a small telescope, it does somewhat resemble a circular slice of wood in appearance, with the
Great Red Spot Red Spot being a "knot"). In Vedic Astrology, Hindu astrologers refer to Jupiter as "Guru" which means the "Wise One".
In
1610,
Galileo Galilei discovered the four largest
natural satellite moons of Jupiter,
Io (moon) Io,
Europa (moon) Europa,
Ganymede (moon) Ganymede and
Callisto (moon) Callisto (now known as the
Galilean moons) using a telescope, the first observation of moons other than Earth's. This was also the first discovery of a
celestial motion not apparently centered on the Earth. It was a major point in favor of
Copernicus'
heliocentric theory of the motions of the planets; Galileo's outspoken support of the Copernican theory got him in trouble with the
Inquisition.
Physical characteristics
Planetary composition
Jupiter is composed of a relatively small
Rock (geology) rocky
core, surrounded by
metallic hydrogen, surrounded by
phase (matter) liquid hydrogen, which is surrounded by
gaseous hydrogen. There is no clear boundary or surface between these different phases of hydrogen; the conditions blend smoothly from gas to liquid as one descends.
Atmosphere
Image:Jupiter from Voyager 1.jpg False-color.html"_title="Meaning of thumb thumb|left|[[False-color_detail of Jupiter's atmosphere, imaged by ''
Voyager 1'', showing the
Great Red Spot and a passing white oval..html" title="Meaning of left|[[False-color">thumb|left|[[False-color detail of Jupiter's atmosphere, imaged by ''
Voyager 1'', showing the
Great Red Spot and a passing white oval.">left|[[False-color">thumb|left|[[False-color detail of Jupiter's atmosphere, imaged by ''
Voyager 1'', showing the
Great Red Spot and a passing white oval.
Jupiter's atmosphere is composed of ~81%
hydrogen and ~18%
helium by number of
atoms. The atmosphere is ~75%/24% by mass; with ~1% of the mass accounted for by other substances - the interior contains denser materials such that the distribution is ~71%/24%/5%. The atmosphere contains trace amounts of
methane,
water vapor,
ammonia, and "rock". There are also traces of
carbon,
ethane,
hydrogen sulfide,
neon,
oxygen,
phosphine, and
sulfur. The outermost layer of the atmosphere contains
crystals of frozen
ammonia.
This atmospheric composition is very close to the composition of the
solar nebula.
Saturn has a similar composition, but
Uranus (planet) Uranus and
Neptune have much less hydrogen and helium.
Jupiter's upper atmosphere undergoes
differential rotation, an effect first noticed by
Giovanni Domenico Cassini Giovanni Cassini (
1690). The rotation of Jupiter's
polar region polar atmosphere is ~5 minutes longer than that of the
equatorial atmosphere. In addition, bands of clouds of different
latitudes, known as tropical regions flow in opposing directions on the prevailing winds. The interactions of these conflicting
Atmospheric circulation circulation patterns cause storms and
turbulence.
Wind speeds of 600 km/h are not uncommon. A particularly violent storm, about three times Earth's diameter, is known as the Great Red Spot, and has persisted through more than three centuries of human observation.
The only spacecraft to have descended into Jupiter's atmosphere to take scientific measurements is the ''
Galileo spacecraft Galileo'' probe (see
#Galileo mission Galileo mission). It sent an atmospheric probe into Jupiter upon arrival in
1995, then itself entered Jupiter's atmosphere and burned up in
2003.
{{seealso|Cloud pattern on Jupiter}}
Planetary rings
{{main|Rings of Jupiter}}
Jupiter has a faint
planetary ring system composed of smoke-like dust particles knocked from its moons by meteor impacts. The main ring is made of dust from the satellites Adrastea and Metis. Two wide gossamer rings encircle the main ring, originating from Thebe and Amalthea. There is also an extremely tenuous and distant outer ring that circles Jupiter backwards. Its origin is uncertain, but this outer ring might be made of captured interplanetary dust.
Magnetosphere
Jupiter has a very large and powerful
magnetosphere. In fact, if one could see Jupiter's
magnetic field from
Earth, it would appear five times as large as the
full moon in the sky despite being so much farther away. This magnetic field collects a large flux of
particle radiation in Jupiter's radiation belts, as well as producing a dramatic gas
torus and
flux tube associated with Io. Jupiter's magnetosphere is the largest planetary structure in the solar system.
The ''Pioneer'' probes confirmed that Jupiter's enormous magnetic field is 10 times stronger than Earth's and contains 20,000 times as much energy. The sensitive instruments aboard found that the Jovian magnetic field's "north"
magnetic pole is at the planet’s geographic south pole, with the axis of the magnetic field tilted 11 degrees from the Jovian rotation axis and offset from the center of Jupiter in a manner similar to the axis of the Earth's field. The ''Pioneers'' measured the
bow shock of the Jovian
magnetosphere to the width of 26 million kilometres (16 million miles), with the
magnetic tail extending beyond Saturn’s orbit.
The data showed that the magnetic field
fluctuation fluctuates rapidly in size on the sunward side of Jupiter because of pressure variations in the
solar wind, an effect studied in further detail by the two ''Voyager'' spacecraft. It was also discovered that streams of high-energy atomic particles are ejected from the Jovian magnetosphere and travel as far as the orbit of the Earth. Energetic
protons were found and measured in the Jovian
radiation belt and
Current (electricity) electric currents were detected flowing between Jupiter and some of its moons, particularly Io.
Exploration of Jupiter
A number of probes have visited Jupiter.
Pioneer flyby missions
''
Pioneer 10'' flew past Jupiter in December of
1973, followed by ''
Pioneer 11'' exactly one year later. They provided important new data about Jupiter's magnetosphere, and took some low-resolution photographs of the planet.
Voyager flyby missions
Image:Jupiter gany.jpg January 24.html" title="Meaning of thumb thumb|200px|right|''Voyager 1'' took this photo of the planet Jupiter on [[January 24, while still more than 25 million miles (40 million kilometres) away. Click image for full caption..html" title="Meaning of 200px|right|''Voyager 1'' took this photo of the planet Jupiter on [[January 24">thumb|200px|right|''Voyager 1'' took this photo of the planet Jupiter on [[January 24, while still more than 25 million miles (40 million kilometres) away. Click image for full caption.">200px|right|''Voyager 1'' took this photo of the planet Jupiter on [[January 24">thumb|200px|right|''Voyager 1'' took this photo of the planet Jupiter on [[January 24, while still more than 25 million miles (40 million kilometres) away. Click image for full caption.
''
Voyager 1'' flew by in March
1979 followed by ''
Voyager 2'' in July of the same year. The ''Voyagers'' vastly improved the understanding of the
Galilean moons and discovered Jupiter's rings. They also took the first close up images of the planet's atmosphere.
Ulysses flyby mission
In February
1992, ''
Ulysses probe Ulysses'' solar probe performed a flyby of Jupiter at a distance of 450,000 km (6.3 Jovian radii). The flyby was required to attain a polar orbit around the Sun. The probe conducted studies on Jupiter's magnetosphere. Since there are no cameras onboard the probe, no images were taken. In February
2004, the probe came again in the vicinity of Jupiter. This time distance was much greater, about 240 million km.
Galileo mission
So far the only spacecraft to orbit Jupiter is the ''
Galileo spacecraft Galileo'' orbiter, which went into orbit around Jupiter in
December 7 1995. It orbited the planet for over seven years and conducted multiple flybys of all of the Galilean moons and
Amalthea (moon) Amalthea. The spacecraft also witnessed the impact of
Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 into Jupiter as it approached the planet in
1994, giving a unique vantage point for this spectacular event. However, while the information gained about the Jovian system from the ''Galileo'' mission was extensive in its own right, its originally-designed capacity was limited by the failed deployment of its high-gain radio transmitting antenna.
Image:PIA04866_modest.jpg Cassini-Huygens thumb|right|Jupiter as seen by the space probe [[Cassini-Huygens|Cassini. This is the most detailed global color portrait of Jupiter ever assembled..html" title="Meaning of Cassini.html" title="Meaning of thumb|right|Jupiter as seen by the space probe [[Cassini-Huygens|Cassini">thumb|right|Jupiter as seen by the space probe [[Cassini-Huygens|Cassini. This is the most detailed global color portrait of Jupiter ever assembled.">Cassini.html" title="Meaning of thumb|right|Jupiter as seen by the space probe [[Cassini-Huygens|Cassini">thumb|right|Jupiter as seen by the space probe [[Cassini-Huygens|Cassini. This is the most detailed global color portrait of Jupiter ever assembled.
An atmospheric probe was released from the spacecraft in July,
1995. The probe entered the planet's atmosphere in
December 7 1995. It parachuted through 150 km of the atmosphere, collecting data for 57.6 minutes, before being crushed by the extreme pressure to which it was subjected. It would have melted and vaporized shortly thereafter. The ''Galileo'' orbiter itself experienced a more rapid version of the same fate when it was deliberately steered into the planet on
September 21,
2003 at a speed of over 50 km/s, in order to avoid any possibility of it crashing into and possibly contaminating
Europa (moon) Europa, one of the Jovian moons.
Cassini flyby mission
In
2000, the ''
Cassini-Huygens Cassini'' probe, ''en route'' to
Saturn, flew by Jupiter and provided some of the highest-resolution images ever made of the planet.
Future probes
NASA is planning a mission to study Jupiter in detail from a
polar orbit. Named ''
Juno (spacecraft) Juno'', the spacecraft is planned to launch by
2010.
After the discovery of a liquid ocean on Jupiter's moon
Europa (moon) Europa, there has been great interest to study the icy moons in detail. A mission proposed by NASA was dedicated to study them. The
Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter JIMO (Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter) was expected to be launched sometime after
2012. However, the mission was deemed too ambitious and its funding was canceled.
In
2007, Jupiter will also be briefly visited by the ''
New Horizons'' probe, ''en route'' to
Pluto.
Natural satellites
{{main|Jupiter's natural satellites}}
Image:Jupiter.moons1.jpg Great Red Spot.html" title="Meaning of thumb thumb|right|300px|Jupiter's 4 Galilean moons, in a composite image comparing their sizes and the size of Jupiter ([[Great Red Spot visible). From the top they are:
Callisto (moon) Callisto,
Ganymede (moon) Ganymede,
Europa (moon) Europa and
Io (moon) Io..html" title="Meaning of right|300px|Jupiter's 4 Galilean moons, in a composite image comparing their sizes and the size of Jupiter ([[Great Red Spot">thumb|right|300px|Jupiter's 4 Galilean moons, in a composite image comparing their sizes and the size of Jupiter ([[Great Red Spot visible). From the top they are:
Callisto (moon) Callisto,
Ganymede (moon) Ganymede,
Europa (moon) Europa and
Io (moon) Io.">right|300px|Jupiter's 4 Galilean moons, in a composite image comparing their sizes and the size of Jupiter ([[Great Red Spot">thumb|right|300px|Jupiter's 4 Galilean moons, in a composite image comparing their sizes and the size of Jupiter ([[Great Red Spot visible). From the top they are:
Callisto (moon) Callisto,
Ganymede (moon) Ganymede,
Europa (moon) Europa and
Io (moon) Io.
Jupiter has at least 63 moons. For a complete listing of these moons, please see
Jupiter's natural satellites. For a timeline of their discovery dates, see
Timeline of natural satellites.
The four large moons, known as the "
Galilean moons", are
Io (moon) Io,
Europa (moon) Europa,
Ganymede (moon) Ganymede and
Callisto (moon) Callisto.
Galilean moons
The orbits of Io, Europa, and Ganymede, the largest moon in the solar system, form a pattern known as a
Laplace resonance; for every four orbits that Io makes around Jupiter, Europa makes exactly two orbits and Ganymede makes exactly one. This resonance causes the
gravity gravitational effects of the three moons to distort their orbits into elliptical shapes, since each moon receives an extra tug from its neighbors at the same point in every orbit it makes.
image:JupiterandIo.jpg Hubble Space Telescope thumb|250px|left|A picture of Jupiter and its moon Io taken by [[Hubble Space Telescope|Hubble. The black spot is Io's shadow..html" title="Meaning of Hubble.html" title="Meaning of thumb|250px|left|A picture of Jupiter and its moon Io taken by [[Hubble Space Telescope|Hubble">thumb|250px|left|A picture of Jupiter and its moon Io taken by [[Hubble Space Telescope|Hubble. The black spot is Io's shadow.">Hubble.html" title="Meaning of thumb|250px|left|A picture of Jupiter and its moon Io taken by [[Hubble Space Telescope|Hubble">thumb|250px|left|A picture of Jupiter and its moon Io taken by [[Hubble Space Telescope|Hubble. The black spot is Io's shadow.
The
tidal force from Jupiter, on the other hand, works to circularize their orbits. This constant tug of war causes regular flexing of the three moons' shapes, Jupiter's gravity stretches the moons more strongly during the portion of their orbits that are closest to it and allowing them to spring back to more spherical shapes when they're farther away. This flexing causes tidal heating of the three moons' cores. This is seen most dramatically in Io's extraordinary volcanic activity, and to a somewhat less dramatic extent in the geologically young surface of Europa indicating recent resurfacing.
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#efefef;"
! colspan="6" | The
Galilean moons, compared to Earth's moon
Moon Luna
|-
|- style="background:#efefef;"
! colspan="2" | Name
(
Asteroid pronunciation key Pronunciation key)
! Diameter
(km)
! Mass
(kg)
! Orbital radius (km)
! Orbital period (days)
|- style="background:#ccccff;" align="center"
| '''
Io (moon) Io''' || ''eye'-oe''
{{IPA|ˈaɪəʊ}} || 3643
(105% Luna) || 8.9×10
22(120% Luna) ||421 700
(110% Luna) ||1.77
(6.5% Luna)
|- style="background:#ccccff" align="center"
| '''
Europa (moon) Europa''' || ''ew-roe'-pÉ™''
{{IPA|jʊərəʊpə}} || 3122
(90% Luna) || 4.8×10
22(65% Luna) || 671 034
(175% Luna) || 3.55
(13% Luna)
|- style="background:#ccccff" align="center"
| '''
Ganymede (moon) Ganymede''' || ''gan'-É™-meed''
{{IPA|ˈgænəmid}} || 5262
(150% Luna) || 14.8×10
22(200% Luna) || 1 070 412
(280% Luna) || 7.15
(26% Luna)
|- style="background:#ccccff" align="center"
| '''
Callisto (moon) Callisto''' || ''kÉ™-lis'-toe''
{{IPA|kəˈlɪstəʊ}} || 4821
(140% Luna) || 10.8×10
22(150% Luna) || 1 882 709
(490% Luna) || 16.69
(61% Luna)
|}
Classification of Jupiter's moons
Before the discoveries of the Voyager missions, Jupiter's moons were arranged neatly into four groups of four. Since then, the large number of new small outer moons has complicated this picture. There are now thought to be six main groups, although some are more distinct than others. A basic division is between the eight inner regular moons with nearly circular orbits near the plane of Jupiter's equator, which are believed to have formed with Jupiter, and an unknown number of small irregular moons, with elliptical and inclined orbits, which are believed to be captured asteroids or fragments of captured asteroids.
Image:Europa-moon.jpg Europa_(moon) thumb|right|150px|[[Europa (moon)|Europa, one of Jupiter's many
natural satellite moons..html" title="Meaning of Europa.html" title="Meaning of thumb|right|150px|[[Europa (moon)|Europa">thumb|right|150px|[[Europa (moon)|Europa, one of Jupiter's many
natural satellite moons.">Europa.html" title="Meaning of thumb|right|150px|[[Europa (moon)|Europa">thumb|right|150px|[[Europa (moon)|Europa, one of Jupiter's many
natural satellite moons.
#Regular moons
##The inner group of four small moons all have diameters of less than 200 km, orbit at radii less than 200,000 km, and have orbital inclinations of less than half a degree.
##The four
Galilean moons were all discovered by
Galileo Galilei, orbit between 400,000 and 2,000,000 km, and include some of the largest moons in the solar system.
#Irregular moons
##
Themisto (moon) Themisto is in a group of its own, orbiting halfway between the Galilean moons and the next group.
##The
Himalia group is a tightly clustered group of moons with orbits around 11-12,000,000 km from Jupiter.
##
Carpo (moon) Carpo is another isolated case; at the inner edge of the Ananke group, it revolves in the direct sense.
##The
Ananke group is a group with rather indistinct borders, averaging 21,276,000 km from Jupiter with an average inclination of 149 degrees.
##The
Carme group is a fairly distinct group that averages 23,404,000 km from Jupiter with an average inclination of 165 degrees.
##The
Pasiphaë group is a dispersed and only vaguely distinct group that covers all the outermost moons.
It is thought that the groups of outer moons may each have a common origin, perhaps as a larger moon or captured body that broke up.
Life on Jupiter
It is considered highly unlikely that there is any
extraterrestrial life life on Jupiter, as there is little to no
water in the atmosphere and any possible solid surface deep within Jupiter would be under extraordinary pressures. However, in
1976, before the
Voyager program Voyager missions,
Carl Sagan hypothesized (with
Edwin E. Salpeter) that
ammonia-based life could evolve in Jupiter's upper atmosphere. Sagan and Salpeter based this hypothesis on the ecology of terrestrial
seas which have simple
Photosynthesis photosynthetic plankton at the top level,
fish at lower levels feeding on these creatures, and marine
predators which hunt the fish. The Jovian equivalents Sagan and Salpeter hypothesized were "sinkers", "floaters", and "hunters". The "sinkers" would be plankton-like organisms which fall through the atmosphere, existing just long enough that they can reproduce in the time they are kept afloat by convection. The "floaters" would be giant bags of gas functioning along the lines of hot air balloons, using their own metabolism (feeding off sunlight and free molecules) to keep their gas warm. The "hunters" would be almost
squid-like creatures, using jets of gas to propel themselves into "floaters" and consume them.
[{{cite web
|url=http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/J/Jupiterlife.html
|title=Jupiter, life on
|publisher=Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, Astronomy & Spaceflight
|format=HTML
|accessdate=2006-03-09}}] These ideas are only hypotheses and there is currently no way to prove or disprove them.
Trojan asteroids
In addition to its moons, Jupiter's gravitational field controls numerous
asteroids which have settled into the
Lagrangian points preceding and following Jupiter in its orbit around the sun. These are known as the
Trojan asteroids, and are divided into
List of Trojan asteroids (Greek camp) Greek and
List of Trojan asteroids (Trojan camp) Trojan "camps" to commemorate the ''
Iliad''. The first of these,
588 Achilles, was discovered by
Max Wolf in
1906; since then hundreds more have been discovered. The largest is
624 Hektor.
Cometary impact
Image:Jupitersatelliteimpact.jpg Comet.html" title="Meaning of right right|thumb|[[Comet impacts on the surface of Jupiter. The dark clouds resulting from these impacts are larger than Earth itself..html" title="Meaning of thumb|
right|thumb|[[Comet impacts on the surface of Jupiter. The dark clouds resulting from these impacts are larger than Earth itself.">thumb|[[Comet">right|thumb|[[Comet impacts on the surface of Jupiter. The dark clouds resulting from these impacts are larger than Earth itself.
During the period
July 16 to
July 22,
1994, over twenty fragments from the
comet comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 Shoemaker-Levy 9 hit Jupiter's southern hemisphere, providing the first direct observation of a collision between two solar system objects. It is thought that due to Jupiter's large mass and location near the inner solar system it receives the most frequent comet impacts of the solar system's planets.
See also
*
Planets in astrology#Jupiter Jupiter in astrology
*
Aspects of Jupiter - for data of opposition, conjunction to sun, etc.
*
Jupiter in fiction
References
* Bagenal, F. & Dowling, T. E. & McKinnon, W. B. (Eds.). (2004). ''Jupiter: The planet, satellites, and magnetosphere''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
* {{cite book|last=Beebe|first=Reta|title=Jupiter: The Giant Planet|origyear=1997|edition=Second|year=2002|publisher=Smithsonian Institute Press|location=Washington, D.C.|ISBN=1560986859}}
External links
{{commons|Jupiter}}
-
NASA's Jupiter fact sheet
-
A Trip Into Space Data and photos on Jupiter
-
Jupiter's Inner Moons
-
3D VRML Jupiter globe and its satellites Io, Callisto, Europa and Ganymede
-
Planets - Jupiter A kid's guide to Jupiter.
-
"Jupiter: The Giant Planet" One of ''World Book Encyclopedia'''s monthly features, this one on Jupiter.
{{Jupiter Footer}}
{{Footer_SolarSystem}}
Category:Jupiter *
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pt:Categoria:Júpiter
ru:КатегориÑ?:Юпитер
sk:Kategória:Jupiter (planéta)
sl:Kategorija:Jupiter
sr:Категорија:Јупитер
fi:Luokka:Jupiter
tr:Kategori:Jüpiter (gezegen)
zh:Category:木星
*** Shopping-Tip: Jupiter
