Dictionary of Meaning

<<Back
Please select a letter:
A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | 0-9

Kandahar

*** Shopping-Tip: Kandahar
:''For the hamlet (place) hamlet in Saskatchewan, Canada; see Kandahar, Saskatchewan.'' :''For the 2001 movie by Mohsen Makhmalbaf, see Kandahar (film).'' '''KandahÄ?r''' (or '''QandahÄ?r''', '''Ù‚Ù†Ø¯Ù‡Ø§Ø±''') is a city in southern Afghanistan, the capital of Kandahar Province on the Helmund River. The province has 886,000 people, while the city has about 316,000 (2002 official estimates). It is the second-largest city in Afghanistan, a major trading centre, especially for agricultural produce. It has an international airport and extensive road links. Together with Peshawar, Kandahar is the main city of the Pashtun people. It is linked by road to Herat in the west, Ghazni and Kabul to the east, and Quetta in Pakistan to the south.

Naming
There is speculation about the origin of the name of Kandahar. Some believe its name is derived from Gandhara, a nearby kingdom along the Kashmir Afghanistan border or even Gandar the seventh satrapy of the Persian Achaemenid Empire. It is more likely that the city Kandahar, however, is a localized transliteration of Alexandria, which was one of Alexander the Great's favorite names given to new cities he founded during his conquests.

History
The present city of Kandahar was founded in the 4th century BC by Alexander the Great, near the site of the ancient city of Mundigak (established around 3000BC). It was also known as Alexandropolis, after its founder, Alexander. The city has been a frequent target for conquest because of its strategic location in Central Asia, controlling the main trade route linking the Indian subcontinent with southern Persia and the Persian Gulf. It was part of the Iranian Achaemenid empire and came under the influence of the Indian emperor Ashoka who erected a pillar there with a bilingual inscription in Greek language Greek and Aramaic. Kandahar was dominated early by various Iranian tribes, but the Pashtuns would remain the most prominent group during most of its history. Under the Abbasids and later Turkic peoples Turkic invaders, Kandahar was conquered by Muslims who converted the local Pashtuns and the city came under the influence of the Khorasan Khurasan region, while retaining its local Pushtu language Pashtun language and culture. It was conquered by Arabs (7th century), Turkic Ghaznavid Empire Ghaznavids (10th century), Genghis Khan (12th century), and Timur (1383). Babur, founder of the Mughal empire, annexed Kandahar in 16th century. His son, Humayun, lost Kandahar to the Shah of Iran Persia. Humayun's son Akbar regained control of Kandahar and Kabul, but subsequent Mughal emperors lost the territory. It became part of an early Pashtun state in 1708 when conquered by Mir Wais. He died in 1715 and from 1738-1747 the city was temporarily in the hands of the Turko-Iranian ruler Nadir Shah. Ahmad Shah Durrani, the founder of Afghanistan, gained control of the city in 1747 and made it the capital (1748) of his new Pashtun Afghan (Pashtun) kingdom. The (now) old city was laid out by Ahmad Shah and is dominated by his mausoleum. In the 1780s, however, the capital was transferred to Kabul. Qandahar was sometimes a centre of jihad and mujahedin activity, but local Pashtun tribes tended to live by their pre-Islamic code of honor known as Pashtunwali. On 28th Muharram 1242 Hijri (2nd September 1826 C.E.) Syed Ahmad Shaheed's forces reached Qandahar en route to Peshawar. Their purpose was to wage a jihad against the Sikhism Sikh kingdom of Ranjit Singh and aid their fellow Pashtuns of Peshawar, and within a few days more than 400 Qandaharis presented themselves for jihad, out of whom 270 were selected. Syed Deen Muhammad Qandahari was appointed their leader. British forces occupied the city during the First Anglo-Afghan War (1839-1842) and during the Second Anglo-Afghan War (1878-1880), the British won a decisive victory near the city, ''(see'' Battle of Kandahar). Kandahar became part of the modern state of Afghanistan nonetheless.

Recent history
During the Soviet occupation of 1979-1989, Kandahar was firmly under Soviet command. After the Soviet withdrawal it changed hands several times. It was toward the end of 1994 that the Taliban emerged from the city and set out to conquer the south, east, and centre of the country. Since the removal of the Taliban in 2001-2002 02, smaller bands have spread throughout the nearby provinces, and Kandahar came under the control of Gul Agha Sherzai, a Pashtun warlord who had controlled the province and city before the rise of the Taliban, and who was credited with permitting the same corruption that first fueled the growth of the Taliban. The Taliban remains popular amongst some of the local Pashtun inhabitants. Central Afghan control remains little more than symbolic at present.

Trivia
* Kandahar is known for its pomegranates and grapes.

References
*Thapar, Romila (1963): ''AÅ›oka and the Decline of the Mauryas''. Oxford University Press. 3rd impression, New Delhi, 1980. * Frye, Richard N. (1963). ''The Heritage of Persia''. World Publishing company, Cleveland, Ohio. Mentor Book edition, 1966. * Toynbee, Arnold J. (1961). ''Between Oxus and Jumna''. London. Oxford University Press. * Vogelsang, W. (1985). "Early historical Arachosia in South-east Afghanistan; Meeting-place between East and West." ''Iranica antiqua'', 20 (1985), pp. 55-99. and poppy plants.

External links

- http://www.afghan-network.net/Culture/qandahar.html
- http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/world/A0826983.html Category:Cities in Afghanistan Category:Hellenistic colonies da:Kandahar de:Kandahar et:KandahÄ?r es:Kandahar eo:Kandaharo fr:Kandahar nl:Kandahar ja:ã‚«ãƒ³ãƒ€ãƒ?ãƒ¼ãƒ« no:Kandahar pt:Kandahar ru:ÐšÐ°Ð½Ð´Ð°Ð³Ð°Ñ€ sl:Kandahar fi:Kandahar sv:Kandahar zh:å?Žå¤§å“ˆ

*** Shopping-Tip: Kandahar