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Karnataka
*** Shopping-Tip: Karnataka
{{mergefrom|Divisions of Karnataka}}
{{India state infobox|
state_name=Karnataka |
image_map=IndiaKarnataka.png |
capital=
Bangalore |
latd = 12.58|longd=77.35|
largest_city=
Bangalore|
abbreviation=IN-KA |
official_languages=
Kannada language Kannada|
legislature_type=Bicameral |
legislature_strength=224 + 75 |
governor_name=
T. N. Chaturvedi |
chief_minister=
H.D.Kumaraswamy |
established_date=
1956-11-01 |
area=192,000 |
area_magnitude=11 |
area_rank=8th |
population_year=2004 |
population=55,868,200 |
population_rank=9th |
population_density=290.98 |
districts=27 |
website=www.karnataka.gov.in |
seal=
image:Karnatakaseal.png center |
footnotes = |
}}
'''KarnÄ?takÄ?''' (ಕನಾ೯ಟಕ in
Kannada language Kannada) (
IPA: /{{IPA.html">South India
southern States and territories of India states of
India. The modern state of Karnataka came into existence with the passage of the ''
States Reorganisation Act'' (1956), with the incorporation of districts under the dominion of
Bombay (state) Bombay,
Hyderabad (state) Hyderabad,
Madras state and
Coorg within the existing state of
Mysore State. Karnataka's capital,
Bangalore, is the only city in the state with a population of more than 6 million. Other major cities include
Mysore,
Mangalore,
Hubli-Dharwad,
Davanagere,
Bellary and
Belgaum. Kannada is the official language of the state. Karnataka is the 8th largest Indian state by area and 9th largest by population.
Neolithic habitation and
celt (tool) celts dating back to the 2nd century
Before Common Era BCE were first discovered in Karnataka in 1872.
Megalithic structures and burial grounds were discovered in 1862 in the regions of
Kodagu and
Moorey Betta hills. By the third century BCE, most of Karnataka was part of the
Mauryan Empire, ruled by
Ashoka Emporer Ashoka. In the first
millennium Common Era CE, Karnataka was ruled by a series of
Jain/
Vaishnavite/
Hindu Dynasties such as the
Kadambas, the
Ganga Dynasty and the
Chalukyas and
Rashtrakutas. The Kannada Empire was expanded and consolidated by the
Hoysala Empire and further by the
Vijayanagara Empire, before the
Mughal Mughal Conquest in the 18th century. The rule of the state changed hands from the
Wodeyars to
Haidar Ali and
Tipu Sultan before being incorporated into the
British Raj, at the turn of the 19th century. Karnataka lies in the
Deccan Plateau and borders with
Maharashtra,
Andhra Pradesh,
Tamil Nadu and
Kerala. The state has a long standing border dispute with Maharashtra over the status of the district of
Belgaum, and a dispute with Tamil Nadu over the release of water from the
Kaveri river that flows through both states. A large proportion of Karnataka's economy, India's fifth largest, is
agrarian. Bangalore, the
List of most populous cities in India fifth largest city in India, accounts for 35 percent of India's
software exports, and is also a major base for
public sector manufacturing industries. Karnataka is the only exporter of
sandalwood in India. The
Kolar Gold Fields (KGF) was once the only producer of gold in the country. The gold mines in KGF however are now closed.
Origin of Name
Several
etymology etymologies have been suggested for the name Karnataka. One accepted derivative comes from the Kannada words ''karu'' and ''nÄ?du'' meaning ''elevated land''. During the
British Raj, the words ''Carnatic'' or ''Karnatak'' were used to desribe the region of
South India southern India in general. Another etymological derivative of the name comes from ''lear'' or ''black'' — a reference to the
black soil black cotton soil of the region {{inote|http://19.1911encyclopedia.org/C/CA/CARNATIC.htm}}. The use of the term is of considerable antiquity, mentioned as far back as the fifth century
Common Era CE, by the
astrologer Varahamihira Varaha Mihira. Historically, the names ''Karnatak'' or ''Carnatic'' have been misapplied to refer to the regions below the
Western Ghats (
Coorg and
Kerala) as well as regions in present day
Andhra Pradesh (
Telingana){{inote|http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V09_308.gif}}. Mysore state was renamed ''Karnataka'' in 1973.
History
{{Main|History of Karnataka}}
Image:Belur4.jpg Hoysala_Empire.html" title="Meaning of thumb thumb|250px|[[Hoysala Empire architecture in
Belur..html" title="Meaning of 250px|[[Hoysala Empire">thumb|250px|[[Hoysala Empire architecture in
Belur.">250px|[[Hoysala Empire">thumb|250px|[[Hoysala Empire architecture in
Belur.Evidence of
Neolithic habitation of areas in modern Karnataka and
celt (tool) celts dating back to the 2nd century
Before Common Era BCE were first discovered in 1872. There are reports that a polished
stone axe was discovered at Lingsugur in the
Raichur district; however the authenticity of these reports remains unverifiable. {{inote.html">Megalithic structures and burial grounds were discovered in 1862 in the regions of
Kodagu and
Moorey Betta hills, while
Neolithic sites were discovered in north Karnataka. Scholarly hypothesis postulates of contacts between the
Indus_Valley.html" title="Meaning of http://www.hindu.com/2005/01/10/stories/2005011001090500.htm}}. Indus_Valley">Indus Valley Civilization.html">Mauryan Empire, ruled by
Emporer Ashoka.html" title="Meaning of Mauryan Empire.html" title="Meaning of Ashoka Emporer Ashoka">Ashoka Harappa in 3000 BCE, citing the discovery of gold found in the Harappan sites that was imported from mines in Karnataka {{inote.html" title="Meaning of Indus Valley city of
Harappa in 3000 BCE, citing the discovery of gold found in the Harappan sites that was imported from mines in Karnataka {{inote">Emporer Ashoka. Rock
edicts of Ashoka, written in
Prakrit, were discovered in
Chirtradurga and Raichur. In the
4th century BCE, a local dynasty called
Satavahana came to power and its rule lasted nearly 3 centuries. The disintegration of the Satavahana dynasty led to the ascent of the Banavasi
Kadambas(325-540 CE) in north Karnataka, and the
Ganga Dynasty(325-550 CE) in the south of the region. These were the first kingdoms to give official status to Kannada language as evidenced by the
Halmidi inscription of 450 A.D., attributed to King Kakusthavarma of the Kadamba dynasty. Also, recent discovery of 5th century A.D.Copper coin in Banavasi, ancient capital of the Kadambas, with Kannada script inscription on it, further proves the usage of Kannada at an official level.[http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/feb72006/state171017200626.asp]
They continued their rule as
vasal feduciaries of larger Kannada empires such as the
Chalukyas and
Rashtrakutas for another six hundred years, during which time Kannada literature and a new style of architecture called the ''
vesara'' style was born and evolved. Eclectic Chalukyan style temples in
Pattadakal,
Aihole,
Badami,
Ellora and
Gadag were concieved during this time. The
Hoysala Empire was established at the turn of the millennium by Nripa Kama. Art and architecture flourished in the region during the time that resulted in the construction of temples and sculptures in
Halebid and
Belur. The expansion of the Hoysala Empire brought parts of modern Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu under their rule. The
Vijayanagar empire, established by Harihara and Bukka Raya, sons of the last Hoysala King
Veera Ballala Veera Ballala III was established in the 14th century with its capital at
Hampi. The Vijayanagara Kings fostered traditions and encouraged arts, religion and literature in
Sanskrit,
Kannada language Kannada and
Telugu language Telugu. The
Bahmani Sultanate Bahmani sultans of
Gulbarga and the
Adil Shahi sultans of
Bijapur ruled over the region after the defeat and disintegration of the Vijayanagara Empire in battle. The Bahamani rules encouraged
Urdu and Persian literature and
Islamic architecture. The
Gol Gumbaz was constructed during this time. With the defeat of the Bahmani sultans, the entire region came into the dominion of the
Mughal Empire.
Image:Mysorepalace.jpg thumb|250px|Mysore PalaceThe
Wodeyars of Mysore, former vassals of the Vijayanagara Empire, leased the state from the Mughal king
Aurangzeb in the 15th century. With the death of
Krishnaraja Wodeyar II,
Haider Ali, the
Commander-in-Chief of the Mysore Army, assumed control over the region, until the rule of the kingdom was passed to
Tipu Sultan, after Haider Ali's death. In attempting to contain
European expansion in South India, Tipu Sultan, known as the ''Tiger of Mysore'' fought four significant
Anglo-Mysore Wars, the last of which resulted in his death and the incorporation of Mysore into the
British Raj. After Indian independence, the
Wodeyar Maharaja acceded to India. In
1950,
Kingdom of Mysore Mysore became an Indian state, and the former Maharaja became its ''
rajpramukh'', or governor, until 1975. The ''
States Reorganisation Act'' of 1956 provided for parts of
Coorg,
Madras state Madras,
Hyderabad state Hyderabad, and
Bombay states to be incorporated into the state of Mysore. Mysore state was renamed ''Karnataka'' in 1973.
Geography
Karnataka lies is situated in the Deccan Plateau and is bordered by the
Arabian Sea to the west,
Goa to the northwest,
Maharashtra to the north,
Andhra Pradesh to the east,
Tamil Nadu to the east and southeast, and
Kerala to the southwest. It is situated at the angle where the
Western Ghats and
Eastern Ghats of South India converge into the
Nilgiri Nilgiri Hills.
The state has three principal physical zones;
* The coastal strip, between the
Western Ghats and the Arabian Sea, which is lowland, with moderate to high rainfall levels. This strip is around 320 km in length and 48-64 km wide.
* The
Western Ghats, a mountain range inland from the Arabian Sea, rising to about 900m average height, and with moderate to high rainfall levels.
* The
Deccan Plateau, comprising the main inland region of the state, which is drier and verging on the semi-arid. The humidity in these plains or maidans never exceeds 50 percent.
Karnataka has one of the highest average elevations of Indian states at 1,500 feet. The highest recorded temperature was 45.6 C (114.08 F) at
Raichur on May 23, 1928. The lowest recorded temperature was 2.8 C (37.04 F) at
Bidar on December 16, 1918. {{ref|tempprofile}}
Districts
''see article''
Districts of Karnataka
Language
Language was the so called basis for the formation of the Indian states after independence and the present day Karnataka was formed by unifying
minority Kannada speaking regions from the many districts of erstwhile
Madras State (present day
Tamil Nadu), erstwhile Bombay presidency (present day
Maharashtra) and the erstwhile princely state of Hyderabad (present day
Andhra Pradesh) to the former
Kingdom of Mysore, known as the
Mysore State (post independence) around the years 1950-1957. In 1973, the
Mysore State was officially christened as Karnataka. There are a total of 27 districts. The languages of Karnataka are
kannada, urdu,
Kodava Takk,
Tulu language Tulu and
Sankethi language Sankethi.
Kannada is the imposed official language of the state. Other languages also spoken by linguistic minorities are
Marathi,
Konkani language Konkani,
Tamil language Tamil,
Telugu language Telugu,
Hindi and
Malayalam
Economy
Image:Bangalore_HighCourt.jpg Karnataka_High Court.html" title="Meaning of thumb thumb|left|250px|[[Karnataka High Court.html" title="Meaning of left|250px|[[Karnataka High Court">thumb|left|250px|[[Karnataka High Court">left|250px|[[Karnataka High Court">thumb|left|250px|[[Karnataka High Court
Karnataka's gross state domestic product for 2004 is estimated at $43 billion in current prices.
Karnataka is one of the most industrialised states in
India. Its capital,
Bangalore has become a major worldwide hub of the
Information Technology industry and is the IT capital of India producing approximately 35% of India's software. It is dubbed as the
Silicon Valley of India with more than 50% of all software companies based here. Bangalore has approximately 40% of India's
Biotechnology companies. Also, Bangalore is one of the fast growing cities in the world with more than 6 million people and is considered the only truly global city in the country. Over 90% of India's
gold production comes from south Karnataka. Recently there has been a lot of activity in the extraction of
manganese ore from the districts of
Bellary and
Hospet. Karnataka is the largest producer of
coffee, raw
silk and
sandalwood based products like perfumes.
Music
Karnataka gave the world carnatic music. The Kannada haridasa movement sowed the seeds
of this art in the 13th-15th century AD.
With the rise of
Vaishnavism and the Haridasa movement came Karnataka composers like
Purandaradasa, whose Kannada language works were complex, devotional and philosophical. Other haridasas of medeval times were
Kanakadasa, Vijayadasa and Jagannathadasa.
One of the earliest and prominent composers in South India was the saint, and wandering divine singer of yore
Purandara Dasa (1480-1564 AD). Purandara Dasa is believed to have composed 475,000 songs in
Kannada and was a source of inspiration to the later composers like Tyagaraja. He also invented the tala system of
Carnatic music. Owing to his contribution to the Carnatic Music he is referred to as the Father of Carnatic Music or ''Karnataka Sangeethada Pitamaha''.
Karnataka has achieved a prominent place in the world of Hindusthani music as well.
Some famous performers are
Bhimsen Joshi Pt. Bhimsen Joshi,
Madhava Rao Nayak Pt. Madhava Rao Nayak,
Mallikarjun Mansur Pt. Mallikarjun Mansur,
Basavaraj Rajguru and
Gangubai Hangal.
Literature
Kannada has had an unbroken literary tradition of atleast 1500 years. Though the earliest extant book
on Kannada literature is ''Kavirajamarga'' 850AD, references made in this book refer back to
early Kannada literature of 6th century. For information on Kannada and Sanskrit classics and writers
through the span of Kannada kingdoms, please refer to
Karnataka Literature. ''Chudamani'' (a 96,000 verse-measures), a commentary on logic ''Tatwarthamahashastra'' by Tambulacharya belonged to the 7th century.
(Ref: History of Kannada Literature by Dr. Jyotsna Kamat)
Religion
Image:Karnataka Population.png thumb|250px|Distribution of population in KarnatakaKarnataka played a very important role in shaping present day Indian religion and philosohpy.
Udupi,
Sringeri,
Gokarna and
Melkote are well known places of
Sanskrit learning.
The great saint
Madhvacharya (1238-1317 AD), proponent of
dvaita philosophy and
Raghavendra Swamy (1601-1671 AD) were born here.
Adi Sankara (8th century AD), proponent of
advaita found enlightenment in
Sringeri which became the first of four
mathas he established in India.
Ramanujacharya (1017-1137 AD) fearing persecution from the Tamil Cholas fled Tamil Nadu and came to Karnataka during the rule of the
Hoysala dynasty and preached his philosophy from
Melkote.
In the 12th century AD,
Virashaivism spread from northern Karnataka across the Deccan. Many of its founders, such as
Basavanna came from the region.
It was here the
Jain religion got a warm welcome and enjoyed a glorious growth during the medieval period. It is also here where the current day Dzogchen Monastery and the Dhondeling Tibetan Refugee camps are setup and the Tibetans are very well absorbed in the kannadiga culture.
Natural areas
Karnataka is home to several
National parks of India national parks, including
Bandipur National Park in
Mysore District,
Bannerghatta National Park in Bangalore,
Nagarhole National Park in Mysore and
Kodagu districts,
Kudremukh National Park in
Dakshina Kannada and
Chickmagalur districts,
Dandeli &
Anshi National Park in
Uttara Kannada district, Gudavi and Mandegadde bird sanctuaries and
Sharavati WLS in
Shimoga district, B.R Hills WLS in
Chamarajanagar district, Rangantittu bird sanctuary in
Mandya district, Brahmagiri and Pushpagiri WL sanctuaries in
Kodagu district.
There are other wildlife sanctuaries and nature preserves as well.
Recently, UNESCO has been considering designating some areas like Kudremukh NP as UN world heritage site for its natural beauty. As such, the Western Ghats that runs south-north through the state is considered as one among the twenty five bio-diversity hotspots of the world.
Water Falls and Caves
Image:Jog_Falls,_India_-_August_2004.jpg thumb|200px|Jog Falls
Jog falls of
Shimoga District is one of the highest waterfalls in Asia. Karnataka is famous for its waterfalls. Some well known ones are Magod falls, Lalgulli
falls, Sathodi falls, Unchalli falls, Lushington falls, Shivaganga falls, Ulavi falls, Iruppu falls,
Shivanasamudra falls, Balmuri falls, Gokak falls, Abbe falls, Achakanya falls, Chunchanakatte Falls, Hebbe falls, Kallathigiri falls, Vajrapoha falls, Sogal falls, Godchinamalaki falls etc. In fact the waterfalls of Karnataka and Kudremukh National Park
are listed as ''must see'' places in Michael Bright's ''1001 Natural Wonders of the World'', by Barrons Educational Series Inc., published by Quinted Inc., 2005.
Some well known caves in Karnataka are Yana caves and Kavala caves and Syntheri rocks in Uttara Kannada district, Sugriva's cave in
Hampi holds similarity to the descriptions of 'kishkinda' in the epic Ramayana, Hundreds of caves in Basava Kalyana in
Bidar district.
Eco-Tourism
Karnataka boasts of the highest elephant and Gaur bison population (greater than 6000 & 8000 respectively) in India. Its forests hold some of the largest remaining populations of the endangered tiger and leopard. Th Niligiri Biosphere Reserve (also a designated UNESCO Biosphere reserve) is located at the junction of Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Kerela.
Nagarahole WLS and Bandipur NP in Karnataka fall in this region.
Eco-tourism is a very popular activity in the state. Karnataka leads other states in eco-tourism. 'Jungle Lodges & Resorts', a state run organization has camping and safari facilities in several wildlife sanctuaries. Private safari providers have sprung up in several places along the western ghats.(Ref:http://www.karnatakaforestdepartment.org/)
Several NGO's (youth groups) are actively involved in birding and other conservation
activities.
Youth Activities
Karnataka is a rock climbers paradise. Yana in Uttara Kannada, Ramnagara near Bangalore district,
Shivagange in Tumkur district and tekal in Kolar district are a rock climbers heaven. A climbing
academy has been formed in Ramnagara called General Thimmaiah Rock Climbing Academy.ngo like nisarga organisation for wildlife and adenture academy,based in bangalore.{nisargaindia@gmail.com}organising eco-tourism,adventure activities and wildlife tour.
Sun and Sea
Image:Mangalore_fishing.JPG Mangalore.html" title="Meaning of thumb thumb|left|Fishing in Mukkah, near [[Mangalore.html" title="Meaning of left|Fishing in Mukkah, near [[Mangalore">thumb|left|Fishing in Mukkah, near [[Mangalore">left|Fishing in Mukkah, near [[Mangalore">thumb|left|Fishing in Mukkah, near [[Mangalore
Karnataka is blessed with over 300kms of pristine coastal stretch. Nethrani Island of
Uttara Kannada is well known for coral reefs. St. Mary's Island, a few kilometers from Udupi
is famous for its basalt rock formations. Sunny beaches at places like Maple, Murdeshwara, Maravanthe,
Gokarna, Kumta are complimented by spectacular mountains slightly to the east. Agumbe,
Kodachadri hills, Kemmangundi, are just a few of many hill stations that straddle the coast providing tourists the best of sun and greenery. Unlike many crowded hill stations in South India, the hill stations of Karnataka are still mostly undiscovered and pristine.
See also
*
Cuisine of Karnataka
*
List of Chief Ministers of Karnataka.
*
List of people from Karnataka List of famous people from Karnataka.
*
:Category:Indian political parties-Karnataka List of political parties in the state
*
Carnatic (region)
*
Kannada language Kannada
*
Kannada Proverbs
*
:kn:Main Page Kannada
References
*{{note|tempprofile}} {{cite web | title=Karnataka Temperatures | work=Karnataka.com Website | url=http://www.karnataka.com/profile/temperature.shtml | accessdate=July 20 | accessyear=2005}}
External links
-
Hoysala Tourism in Hassan
-
A map of Karnataka
-
Karnataka State Tourism Development Corporation
-
Karnataka Tourism
-
Karnataka State Government
-
Karnataka Government Information Department
-
Topics on Karnataka's History and Culture
-
Interactive Map of Bangalore
'''Karnataka Dailies and Media'''
-
Vijay Karnataka
-
Prajavani
-
Sanje Vani
-
Udaya Vani
-
EE Sanje
-
Kannada Prabha
-
Our Karnataka
-
Vishwa Kannada
-
Thats Kannada
-
Kannada Cartoons by Janardhana Swamy
-
E-TV Kannada
-
Udaya TV
{{Karnataka}}
{{India}}
Category:Karnataka *
Category:States and territories of India
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'''
Karnataka''' (ಕರ�ನಾಟಕ in
Kannada) is one of the four southern
States and territories of India states of
India. Before 1973, the state was known as '''Mysore state'''. Karnataka's capital
Bangalore is the only city in the state with a population of more than 1 million.
Category:States and territories of India
da:Kategori:Karnataka
{| class="toccolours" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"
!bgcolor="lightsteelblue"|
Image:Karnatakaseal.png 81px|Seal of Karnataka
! style="background:#ccf; font-size:90%" |
State of Karnataka
:Category:Karnataka Karnataka Topics |
Karnataka#History History |
Indian political parties-Karnataka Politics |
List of people from Karnataka Karnataka people
|-
!bgcolor="whitesmoke"|'''
List of Indian state and union territory capitals Capital'''
|bgcolor="whitesmoke" align="center" style="font-size:100%"|'''
Bangalore'''
|-
!bgcolor="e4e8ff"|'''
Divisions_of_Karnataka Divisions'''
|bgcolor="e4e8ff" align="center" style="font-size:100%"|
Bangalore_Division Bangalore •
Belgaum_Division Belgaum •
Gulbarga_Division Gulbarga •
Mysore_Division Mysore
|-
!bgcolor="e4e8ff"|'''
Districts_of_Karnataka Districts'''
|bgcolor="e4e8ff" align="center" style="font-size:90%"|
Bagalkot •
Bangalore Rural •
Bangalore Bangalore Urban •
Belgaum •
Bellary •
Bidar •
Bijapur •
Chamarajanagar •
Chikmagalur •
Chitradurga •
Dakshina Kannada •
Davanagere •
Dharwad •
Gadag •
Gulbarga •
Hassan •
Haveri •
Kodagu •
Koppal •
Kolar •
Mandya District Mandya •
Mysore_District Mysore •
Raichur •
Shimoga •
Tumkur •
Udupi District Udupi •
Uttara Kannada
|}
*** Shopping-Tip: Karnataka
