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Korea
*** Shopping-Tip: Korea
{{This article is about|the Korean civilization. For the state known as "Korea" in common usage, see
Republic of Korea or
Democratic People's Republic of Korea. For other meanings, see
Korea (disambiguation).}}
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Image:Locationmap Korea.png Location of Korea
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Image:Korean royal palace entrance.jpg 250px|Entrance to Gyeongbokgung
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'''Korea''' (
Hangul í•œêµ, ''Hanguk'', or
Hangul ì¡°ì„ , ''Choson'') is a civilization and geographical area situated on the
Korean Peninsula in
East Asia, bordering
People's Republic of China China to the northwest and
Russia to the northeast, with
Japan situated to the southeast across the
Korea Strait. It is often called the "Land of the Morning Calm".
One of the world's oldest civilizations, Korea has a recorded history dating back approximately 3,000 years. It enjoyed long periods of relative peace punctuated by foreign invasions. In 1905, Korea was occupied by Japan. Towards the end of
World War II, Korean underground rebel forces started beating Japanese forces and taking bold steps to liberation. However, following
World War II,
United States U.S. and
Soviet Union Soviet troops entered and divided the country into two political entities,
South Korea and
North Korea, in order to meet their own needs.
South Korea is a capitalist
liberal democracy, and often referred to simply as "Korea". North Korea is a
Communist state that is sometimes described as
Stalinism Stalinist and
isolationism isolationist.
Korea is populated by a relatively
homogeneous ethnic group, the
Korean people Koreans, who speak a distinct language called
Korean language Korean and use the unique script
hangul.
Names of Korea
*''Main article:
Names of Korea''
Image:Goguryeo tomb mural.jpg Goguryeo.html" title="Meaning of thumb thumb|200px|[[Goguryeo tomb mural.html" title="Meaning of 200px|
thumb|200px|[[Goguryeo tomb mural">200px|[[Goguryeo">thumb|200px|[[Goguryeo tomb mural
The common name "Korea" derives from the
Goryeo period of
Korean history, which in turn referred to the ancient kingdom of
Goguryeo. It is now commonly used in English contexts by both North Korea (Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea)and South Korea (Republic of Korea).
In the
Korean language, Korea as a whole is referred to as ''Hanguk'' ({{ko-hhrm|hangul=í•œêµ|hanja=韓國|rr=Hanguk|mr=Han'guk}}) by South Korea and ''ChosÅ?n'' ({{ko-chmr|hangul=ì¡°ì„ |hanja=æœ?é®®|mr=ChosÇ’n|rr=Joseon}}) by North Korea. ''See also
Korean romanization''
History
Image:Buryeongsa.jpg left|thumb|Buryeongsa
*''Main article:
History of Korea''{{History of Korea}}
There is archaeological evidence that people were living on the
Korean peninsula around 700,000 years ago, during the
Lower Paleolithic.{{note|paleo1}} The earliest known Korean pottery dates to around 7000 BC, and the
Neolithic period begins around 6000 BC. The
Jeulmun Pottery Period spans from 3500 BC to 2000 BC.
Gojoseon
Joseon was founded in 2333 BC, according to the
Dangun legend. This kingdom is usually called as
Gojoseon (it means ''Old Joseon'') to distinguish from modern Joseon Dynasty. Gojoseon cultural artifacts and walled cities are found throughout Korea and southern Manchuria. Archeological and contemporary written records indicate it likely developed from a federation of walled cities into a centralized state sometime between the 7th and 4th centuries BC, when it declared itself a kingdom and warred with northern
Zhou dynasty kingdoms. In 108 BC, the
China Chinese Han dynasty defeated Gojoseon and installed four commanderies in northern Korea (including one near present-day
Pyongyang) and Manchuria primarily as commercial outposts. Three of those commanderies fell to local resistance by 75 BC.
A state called
Jin (Korean history) Jin existed in southern Korea prior to Gojoseon's fall. Although very little is known about its political organization, bronze artifacts from the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC have been uncovered in the region.
Samhan, three loose confederacies that claimed descent from Jin, followed. In the north, the expanding
Goguryeo united
Buyeo (state) Buyeo,
Okjeo, and
Dongye in the former Gojoseon territory, and destroyed the last Chinese commandery in 313 AD.
Image:Seokguram Buddha.JPG Seokguram.html" title="Meaning of thumb thumb|200px|[[Seokguram grotto, Unified Silla period.html" title="Meaning of 200px|
thumb|200px|[[Seokguram grotto, Unified Silla period">200px|[[Seokguram">thumb|200px|[[Seokguram grotto, Unified Silla period
The Three Kingdoms
The
Three Kingdoms of Korea three kingdoms Goguryeo,
Silla, and
Baekje (the latter two arising from the Samhan) competed with each other as minor statelets fell or merged with these regional powers. Sophisticated state organizations developed under
Confucianism Confucian and
Buddhism Buddhist paradigms. Goguryeo was the most dominant power, but was at constant war with the Chinese
Sui Dynasty Sui and
Tang Dynasty Tang dynasties.
Emperor Yang of Sui, with one million troops, invaded Goguryeo, but in 612 AD, General
Eulji Mundeok pushed the Chinese forces into retreat. The collapse of the Sui Dynasty is largely attributed to its unsuccessful war against Goguryeo.
Silla was the least culturally advanced of the Three Kingdoms, but had established a strong military centered around noble warriors called the
Hwarang. Silla first annexed
Gaya confederacy Gaya, then conquered Baekje and later Goguryeo with Tang assistance.
Balhae and Unified Silla
Silla eventually repulsed Tang from most of Goguryeo territory. As a result, by the 8th century, Silla occupied most of the Korean peninsula and has been thus called
Unified Silla. In the late 9th century, Unified Silla gave way to the brief
Later Three Kingdoms of Korea Later Three Kingdoms period.
After the fall of Goguryeo, General
Dae Joyeong led a group of his people to the
Jilin area in Manchuria. The general founded the state of
Balhae (
Bohai in Chinese) as the successor to Goguryeo and regained control of lost northern territory. Eventually, Balhae's territory would extend from the
Sungari and
Amur Rivers in northern Manchuria down to the northern provinces of Korea. In the 10th century, Balhae was conquered by the
Khitans.
Image:Korean wedding.jpg left|thumb|150px|Traditional Korean wedding ceremony
Goryeo Dynasty (918-1392)
The kingdom of
Goryeo replaced Silla. Many members of the Balhae ruling class joined the newly founded Goryeo, which established its boundaries to an area slightly larger than the Korean peninsula (See
Gando region which is now occupied by the Chinese). During this period, laws were codified, a civil service system was introduced, and
Buddhism flourished in Korea.
In the 10th and 11th centuries, Korea continued to be plagued by attacks from
Jurchen and Khitan tribes on the northern borders. Conflict increased between civil and military officials as the latter were degraded and poorly paid. This led to an uprising by military and forced some military officials to migrate from the country.
In 1238, the
Mongols Mongol invasions of Korea invaded. After nearly thirty years of resistance, Korea was in ruins and the two kingdoms signed a treaty that favored the Mongols. Under Mongol direction, Goryeo participated in two failed attempts at
Mongol invasions of Japan invading Japan. In the 1340s, the
Mongol Empire declined rapidly due to internal strife. Korea was at last able to forge political reform without Mongol interference. At this time, General
Taejo of Joseon Yi Seong-gye distinguished himself by repelling Japanese pirates, known as
Wokou, who raided and stole from Korean and Chinese merchant ships as well as causing havoc to Korea's coasts.
Image:Korean_pagoda.jpg pagoda.html" title="Meaning of thumb thumb|200px|A Korean [[pagoda.html" title="Meaning of 200px|A Korean [[pagoda">thumb|200px|A Korean [[pagoda">200px|A Korean [[pagoda">thumb|200px|A Korean [[pagoda
Joseon Dynasty (1392-1905)
In 1392,
Taejo of Joseon Yi Seong-gye established the
Joseon Dynasty, moving the capital to
Hanseong (now
Seoul). During the late 1590s, Japan invaded Korea in two failed attempts, known together as the
Seven-Year War, causing great destruction. The invaders burnt down anything they could not take back to Japan and this is when major Korean cultural artifacts went missing.
With the assistance of
Ming Dynasty Ming Chinese troops and the
ironclad warships of Admiral
Yi Sunsin, Joseon forces were able to repel the Japanese. However, in the 1620s and 1630s the Joseon Dynasty was not able to defend Korea from invading
Manchu troops. It agreed to recognize the legitimacy of the new
Qing Dynasty as rulers of China. Korea then enjoyed more than two centuries of peace. In fact, the country isolated itself from the outside world so much that it was often called the "
Hermit Kingdom".
The Joseon Dynasty is believed to be the longest-lived actively ruling dynasty in East Asia, and one of the oldest in world history.
Japanese occupation
*''Main article:
Korea under Japanese rule''
Beginning in the 1870s, Japan began to force Korea to move out of China's sphere of influence into its own. In 1895,
Empress Myeongseong of Korea Empress Min of Korea was murdered by the Japanese under
Miura Goro's directive (Kim et al. 1976). After the
First Sino-Japanese War Sino-Japanese and
Russo-Japanese Wars, Japan gained dominance over Korea. In 1910, Japan forced Korea to sign the
Japan-Korea Annexation Treaty.
Japanese occupation was brutal and led many Koreans to resist, eventually leading to the
March 1st Movement independence movement in 1919. This movement was brutally suppressed and thousands were killed by occupation forces.
During
World War II, many Koreans were forced to support the Japanese war effort. Tens of thousands were conscripted into Japan's military, while others were used as forced laborers and sex slaves, often called "
comfort women". About 60,000 Koreans working under harsh conditions in Japanese mines are known to have died between 1939 and 1945.
Anti-Japanese sentiment still runs fairly strong in Korea, especially in older generations, as a result of what Koreans see as
Korean-Japanese disputes continuing unrepentant actions.
Division
*''Main article:
Division of Korea''
With the defeat of Japan in 1945, the Japanese colonial government was immediately replaced with American and Soviet presence. The
Soviet Union supported the North Korean government, which was also associated with Communist China; the United States was closely allied to South Korea, helping Koreans with experience under the Japanese occupation to gain power and suppress Communists. Koreans faced bitter divisions: former collaborators were widely mistrusted and hated by Koreans, yet they possessed the most experience and remained in power.
Communism began to take hold in Korea, and Koreans who had fought along with Communist China gained power and fame.
Korean War and hopes for reunification
*''Main articles:
Korean War,
Korean reunification''
*''See also:
History of North Korea,
History of South Korea''
According to some political scientists, the
Korean War resulted directly from the United States policy of
Containment. The United States supported Korean nationalists who opposed
Communism, funded and staffed the South Korean army, and influenced the
United Nations to support the South Korean military (Cumings 1997). In 1945, in the aftermath of WWII, the
United Nations developed plans for a trusteeship administration, the United States effectively began administering the peninsula south of the
38th parallel north 38th parallel and the Soviet Union administering north. The politics of the
Cold War resulted in the 1948 establishment of two separate governments.
However, it is certain that North Korea invaded South Korea long after the US army left South Korea except for some advisers and when the South Korean government did not take the possibility of N. Korea's invasion seriously. The day when the war broke out was Sunday, and more than two thirds of the military forces were off duty in South Korea, and the North Korean army's campaign began at 4 AM.
The
Korean War began in June 1950 and lasted until 1953. The North Korean army invaded the South without any notice or warning, prompting U.S. and then Chinese intervention. Millions of Koreans died, and the United States waged a bombing campaign over North Korea that effectively destroyed most cities: "There were simply 'no more cities in North Korea'" (Cumings 1997: 298). After three devastating years of fighting, the war ended in a ceasefire agreement at approximately the same boundary, though South Korea gained slightly more territory than it lost. This boundary was set as the
demilitarized zone which constitutes the border between the two countries. The two countries never signed a peace treaty. Both Korean states proclaim eventual
Korean reunification reunification as a goal, and a united Korea is very much a part of Korean ethno-cultural
identity (social science) identity.
Since the 1990s, with progressively liberal South Korean administrations, as well as the death of North Korean founder
Kim Il-sung, the two sides have taken halting, symbolic steps towards cooperation, in international sporting events, reunification of separated family members, economic matters, and tourism.
Recently, in effort to promote reconciliation, the two Koreas have adopted a single
Unification Flag. While this flag may represent Korea at
#Korea in sporting events international sporting events, it is not the official flag of either North Korea or South Korea. Both states still officially retain the two separate national flags that they have used since their foundings in 1948.
Geography
*''Main article:
Korean peninsula''
*''See also:
Geography of North Korea,
Geography of South Korea,
Provinces of Korea''
Korea is located on the
Korean Peninsula in North-East Asia. It is bound by two countries and three seas. To the northwest, the
Yalu River separates Korea from China and to the north, the
Tumen River separates Korea from Russia. The
Yellow Sea is to the west, the
South China Sea is to the south, and the
Sea of Japan (East Sea) is to the east of Korea. Notable islands include
Jeju Jeju-do,
Ulleung-do, and
Liancourt Rocks Dok-do.
The southern part and western part of the Korean mainland have well developed plains, while the eastern and northern parts are mountainous. The highest mountain in Korea is
Baekdu Mountain Mt. Baekdu (2744m, Changbaishan in chinese). The border with China runs through the mountain. The southern extension of Mt. Baekdu is a highland called Gaema Gowon. This highland was mainly raised during the
Cenozoic orogeny and partly covered by volcanic matter. To the south of Gaema Gowon, successive high mountains are located along the eastern coast of the Korean Peninsula. This series of mountains is named
Baekdudaegan. Some significant mountains include Sobaeksan (2,184 m), Baeksan (1,724 m), Geumgangsan (1,638 m), Seoraksan (1,708 m), Taebaeksan (1,567 m) and Jirisan (1,915 m). There are several lower, secondary mountain series whose direction is almost perpendicular to that of Baekdudaegan. They are developed along the tectonic line of Mesozoic orogeny and their directions are NW, NWW.
As opposed to the old mountains on the mainland, some important islands in Korea were formed by volcanic activity in the recent Cenozoic. Jeju-do, situated off the south coastline of the Korean Peninsula, is a large volcanic island whose main mountain is
Mt. Halla (1950 m). Ulleung-do and the Dok-do are volcanic islands in the Sea of Japan, whose composition is more feslic than Jeju. The volcanic islands tend to be younger as one moves westward.
Because the mountainous regions are biased toward the eastern part of the peninsula, the main rivers tend to flow to westwards. Two exceptions are the southward-flowing
Nakdong River and the Seomjin River. Important rivers running westward include the Yalu,
Cheongcheon River,
Daedong River,
Han River (Korea) Han River,
Geum River, and
Yeongsan River. These rivers have vast flood plains and they provide an ideal environment for rice cultivation.
The southern and southwestern coastline of the Korean Peninsula is a well-developed Lias coastline. It is known as Dadohae in Korean. Its complicated coastline provides mild seas, and the resulting calm environment allows for safe navigation, fishing, and seaweed farming. In addition to the complex coastline, the western coast of the Korean peninsula has an extremely high tidal amplitude (at
Incheon, around the middle of the western coast, it is as high as 9 m). Vast tidal flats are developing on the south and west coastline of the Korean Peninsula.
Demographics
*''Main article:
Korean people''
*''See also:
Demographics of South Korea,
Demographics of North Korea''
The Korean Peninsula is populated almost exclusively by ethnic
Koreans, although a significant minority of ethnic
Chinese_nationality Chinese (about 20,000 [http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/ks.html]) exists in South Korea, and small communities of ethnic Chinese and Japanese are said to exist in North Korea ([http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/kn.html]). Foreign workforce in South Korea is estimated at over half a million. The combined population (including North and South Korea) of the Korean Peninsula is about 73,000,000 people.
Language
*''Main articles:
Korean language,
Hangul''
*''See also:
Korean numerals,
Korean name''
Culture
*''Main article:
Culture of Korea''
*''See also:
Korean architecture,
Korean art,
Korean pottery''
Image:Korea south kangnung kyongpodae.jpg thumb||left|Korean buddhist architecture
In ancient Chinese texts, Korea is referred to as "Rivers and Mountains Embroidered on Silk" (錦繡江山) and "Eastern Nation of Decorum" (�方禮儀之國). During the 7th and 8th centuries]], land and sea trading networks connected Korea to
Arabia. As early as 845, Arab traders mentioned Korea saying, "Over the sea beyond China lies a mountainous country called 'Silla', rich in gold. Muslims who arrive there by accident are so attracted by its character that they stay there forever and do not want to leave."
According to Japanese records, Chinese knowledge and technology, including Chinese characters and the major classics, such as the
Confucian Analects, were introduced to Japan by Korean scholars. In 554, the Korean kingdom of Baekje sent doctors, herb and calendar specialists, and diviners to Japan, and in 602,
Kwalluk, a Baekje monk, was dispatched to Japan to deliver books on astronomy calendar-making, geography, and divination
Festivities showcase vibrant colors, which are attributed to Mongolian influences; bright red, yellow, and green often mark traditional Korean motifs [http://www.pacificasiamuseum.org/calendar/kcostumes.htm]. Mongolian influence is also seen in the traditional dress called
hanbok.
Religion and education
Image:Goryeo Buddhist painting.jpg thumb|150px|''Amitabha and Eight Great Bodhisattvas'', Goryeo scroll from the 1300s
*''Main articles:
Korean Confucianism,
Korean Buddhism,
Christianity in Korea''
Confucian tradition has dominated Korean thought, along with contributions by
Buddhism,
Taoism, and
Korean Shamanism. Since the middle of the 20th century, however, Christianity has competed with Buddhism to be the dominant religious force in South Korea, while religion has been suppressed in North Korea.
According to 2003 statistics compiled by the South Korean government, about 46 % of citizens profess to follow no particular religion.
Christianity in Korea Christians account for 27.3% of the population and
Korean Buddhism Buddhists 25.3%.
Koreans valued scholarship and rewarded education and study of Chinese classic texts;
Yangban boys were highly educated in
Hanja. Until modern times, Koreans placed a lot of emphasis on hereditary status. Until the 10th century, a man's "bone rank" (determined by the rank of his father and his mother) defined his social status and what government post he would be appointed to. From the 10th century through to the end of the 19th century, the social status of a man's father and mother determined which civil service examination, if any, he could take but did not guarantee him a post.
South Korea was the first country in the world to provide high-speed internet access to every primary, junior, and high school. [http://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/02/world/asia/02robot.html]
Cuisine
*''Main article:
Korean cuisine''
*''See also:
Korean tea ceremony,
Korean royal court cuisine''
Korean cuisine is probably best known for
kimchi, which uses a distinctive
fermentation process of preserving vegetables. Chili peppers are also commonly used, which has given it a reputation for being spicy.
Bulgogi (roasted marinated beef or pork),
galbi (rib), and
samgyeopsal (pork fatback) are popular meat entrees. Koreans meals are accompanied by a soup or stew, often made with
dwenjang bean paste.
Sports
*''See also:
Korean martial arts''
South Korea hosted the
1988 Summer Olympics in
Seoul, giving the country an economic boost through increased tourism and greater world recognition. At the time,
North Korea boycotted the event on the grounds that it was not made co-host.
image:Korea unified flag.png thumb|right|Unification Flag
A unified Korean team competed under the
Unification Flag in 1991 in both the 41st World
Table Tennis Championship in
Chiba, Chiba Chiba,
Japan and in the 6th World Youth
Soccer Championship in
Lisbon,
Portugal. A unified Korean team marched under the Unification Flag in the opening ceremonies of the
2000 Summer Olympics in
Sydney, the
2002 Asian Games in
Busan, the
2004 Summer Olympics in
Athens, and the
2006 Winter Olympics in
Turin but competed separately in sporting events. As of the
2006 Asian Games, South Korean officials have announced that the countries shall compete in the same unified sporting teams as well.
In the summer of 2002, the
Football World Cup 2002 2002 FIFA World Cup was hosted jointly by South Korea and Japan with 10 stadiums in each country. The two Koreas competed separately, however. There were suggestions that North Korea should host at least one or two matches, but nothing of the sort came to pass. While South Korea qualified automatically as co-hosts and even made it to the semi-finals (placing 4th in the end, losing to Turkey), North Korea failed to progress from the
Asian Football Confederation regional
FIFA World Cup qualification qualifiers and missed the event.
Science and technology
Image:Cheomseongdae_Observatory_gyeongju.jpg Cheomseongdae.html" title="Meaning of |thumb|100px|[[Cheomseongdae, oldest-known astronomical observatory in East Asia.html" title="Meaning of thumb|100px|
|thumb|100px|[[Cheomseongdae, oldest-known astronomical observatory in East Asia">thumb|100px|[[Cheomseongdae">|thumb|100px|[[Cheomseongdae, oldest-known astronomical observatory in East Asia
One of the best known artifacts of Korea's history of science and technology is
Cheomseongdae, a 9-meter high observatory built in 633. It served as one of the world's oldest astronomical observatory.
The world's first metal movable type was invented in Korea in 1232, before
Johann Gutenberg developed metal letterset type (Cumings 1997: 65). Though Koreans used wooden printing blocks by 751, this was a significant development in printing allowing continued use of the same type.
Hangul, one of the world's most scientifically phonetic written scripts, was created by King
King Sejong the Great of Joseon Sejong in 1443. The world's first self-striking water clock was invented in 1434 by
Chang Yong-sil, who later developed an even more complicated water-dock with additional astronomical devices.
During the
Joseon Dynasty Joseon period, Korean silk was considered by China to be the best in the world and Korean
pottery made with blue-green
celadon was highly valued in Japan. In this period, Korea advanced traditional arts and crafts, such as white celadon glazes, fine silk, and paper. Also, during this time, the world's first
ironclad warships, the
Geobukseon (or "Turtle ship") were invented.
However, stagnation set in and Korea fell behind the West, especially in arms technology.
Today, South Korea leads the world in per-capita high-speed Internet connections. South Korea is also a major producer of high technology products such as
mobile phones and
Plasma display plasma screens. North Korea continues to use mostly outdated technology from the 1960s and 1970s. South Korea is also just second in leading the world in adopting new consumer technologies, right behind
Taiwan [http://www.parksassociates.com/press/press_releases/2005/gdl6.html[1]].
References
*Cumings, Bruce. ''Korea's Place in the Sun'', Norton, 1997. ISBN 0-393-31681-5
*Kim, et al. ''Women of Korea: A History from Ancient Times to 1945'', Ewha Womans University Press, 1976. ISBN 89-7300-1167.
Further readings
* Chun, Tuk Chu. "Korea in the Pacific Community." ''Social Education'' 52 (March 1988), 182. EJ 368 177.
*
Bruce Cumings Cumings, Bruce. ''The Two Koreas''. New York: Foreign Policy Association, 1984.
* ''Focus On Asian Studies''. Special Issue: "Korea: A Teacher's Guide." No. 1, Fall 1986.
* Lee Ki-baik. ''A New History Of Korea''. Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1984.
* Lee Sang-sup. "The Arts and Literature of Korea." ''The Social Studies'' 79 (July-August 1988): 153-60. EJ 376 894.
See also
*
Founding myth of Korea
*
Famous Korean people
*
East Asian age reckoning
*
Korean name
*
List of Korea-related topics
*
National treasures of Korea
*
Provinces of Korea
*
Rulers of Korea
*
Traditional Korean thought
*
Korean nationalism
*
List of divided nations
External links
-
Korean Food Picture Glossary
-
Account of a voyage of discovery to the west coast of Corea, and the great Loo-Choo island; with an appendix, containing charts, and various hydrographical and scientific notices. By Captain
Basil Hall with a vocabulary of the Loo-Choo languages, by H. J. Clifford. Publisher: London, J. Murray, 1818. (a searchable facsimile at the University of Georgia Libraries;
DjVu & [http://fax.libs.uga.edu/DS895xR9xH2/1f/halls_corea.pdf layered PDF] format)
-
CIA World Factbook Entry for South Korea
-
CIA World Factbook Entry for North Korea
-
Country study South Korea
-
Country study North Korea
-
Korea News
-
Korea in Manchuria
-
Korean communities in the US
-
Pre-20th-Century Korea
-
Paekche of Korea and the origin of Yamato Japan
-
Shinmiyangyo, The 1871 U.S. Korea Campaign
-
Teaching about the two Koreas
-
Learn Korean
-
Korean Music
*{{wikicities|Korea|Korea}}
-
Incheon International Airport
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__NOTOC__ __NOEDITSECTION__
Category:Korea *
Category:Portal:Asia Korea
de:Portal:Korea
ja:Portal:�鮮
*** Shopping-Tip: Korea
