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Krasnoyarsk
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{{Infobox City
|official_name=Krasnoyarsk
|image_skyline=Krasnoyarsk Strelka.jpg
|image_seal=Krasnoyarsk coa 2004.gif
|image_flag=Krasnoyarsk city fl.gif
|website=[http://www.admkrsk.ru/ Municipality website]
|image_map=RussiaKrasnoyarskCity2005.png
|map_caption=Location of Krasnoyarsk and Krai in Russia
|subdivision_type=
Krai
|subdivision_name=
Krasnoyarsk Krai Krasnoyarsk
|leader_name=Pyotr Pimashkov
|leader_title=Mayor
|area_magnitude=1 E9
|area_total=172
|area_land=172
|area_water=0
|population_as_of=2005
|population_total=917,200
|population_density=5,300
|latNS=N
|latd=56
|latm=04
|longEW=E
|longd=92
|longm=45
|elevation=+135..+300
|utc_offset=+07:00
|timezone=
|timezone_DST=
European Summer Time
|utc_offset_DST=+08:00
}}
'''Krasnoyarsk''' ({{lang-ru|КраÑ?ноÑ?Ì?Ñ€Ñ?к}}) is the administrative center of
Krasnoyarsk Krai,
Russia, and the third largest city in
Siberia, having a population of 909,341 in the 2002 census. It lies on the
Yenisei River and is an important station on the
Trans-Siberian railway.
Geography
Image:Yenisei basin 7.png left|thumb|Krasnoyarsk on the Yenisei River
Geographical location of the city is {{coor dm|56|01|N|93|04|E|region:RU_type:city(909,341)}}. The total area of the city including suburbs and the river is 172 square
kilometres. Average temperature of January is −20°C, July—18°C, minimum temperature ever recorded was —56°C, maximum—36°C. Due to the
Krasnoyarsk Hydroelectric Power Station hydroelectric power station water reservoir located in 32 km upstream the river never freezes in winter and its temperature never exceeds 14°C in summer. The
Yenisei River Yenisei water level near the city center is 136 meters from the
sea level.
The city is situated on both banks of the Yenisei River, in the city area it flows from
west to
east. There are several islands on the river, the largest of which are
Tatyshev isle Tatyshev and
Otdyha isle Otdyha used mainly for recreation purposes.
To the south and west Krasnoyarsk is surrounded by the forest-covered hills with an average height of 410 m from the Yenisei River level. The hills located on the right (southern) bank of Yenisei are steeper than the western hills of the left (northern) bank.
The right bank of Yenisei is notable for the gigantic rock cliffs of the national nature reserve
Stolby rising from the surrounding hills. The western hills form the
Gremyachinskaya Griva crest starting from the
Nikolayevskaya Sopka hill notable for the
Ski jumping ski-jumping tracks and extending westwards up to the
Sobakina River. The relief of the northern part of the neighborhood is rather plain with forests to the north-west and agricultural fields to the north-east and east.
The most prominent hills in the Krasnoyarsk area are:
*
Nikolayevskaya Sopka hill Nikolayevskaya Sopka
*
Karaulnaya Gora hill Karaulnaya Gora
*
Chornaya Sopka hill Chornaya Sopka
*
Drokinskaya hill Drokinskaya
The major rivers located in the Krasnoyarsk area are:
*
Mana River Mana
*
Bazaikha River Bazaikha
*
Kacha River Kacha
*
Yesaulovka River Yesaulovka
*
Beryozovka River Beryozovka
*
Karaulnaya River Karaulnaya
*
Slizneva River
*
Listvennaya River
*
Zarechnaya Listvyanka River Zarechnaya Listvyanka
*
Minzhul River Minzhul
*
Sobakina River Sobakina (Pionerskaya)
*
Krutenkaya River Krutenkaya
*
Laletina River Laletina
Due to the specifics of the relief there are few natural lakes exist in the Krasnoyarsk neighborhood.
The nearby towns are (with distances from Krasnoyarsk and directions):
*
Sosnovoborsk (30
kilometer km North-east NE)
*
Divnogorsk (34
kilometer km West W)
*
Zheleznogorsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai Zheleznogorsk (46
kilometer km North-east NE)
*
Uyar (88
kilometer km East E)
*
Zelenogorsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai Zelenogorsk (103
kilometer km East E)
*
Zaozyorny (109
kilometer km East E)
*
Borodino (Krasnoyarsk Krai) Borodino (122
kilometer km East E)
*
Achinsk (153
kilometer km West W)
*
Nazarovo (158
kilometer km East E)
*
Kansk (173
kilometer km East E)
*
Artyomovsk (186
kilometer km South S)
*
Ilansky (195
kilometer km East E)
*
Uzhur (209
kilometer km West W)
*
Bogotol (213
kilometer km West W)
Urban structure
Image:Krasnoyarsk Veinbauma 4 city admin.jpg thumb|right|189px|Krasnoyarsk city hall
Krasnoyarsk is divided into seven administrative districts:
*Kirovsky
*Leninsky
*Oktyabrsky
*Sovetsky
*Sverdlovsky
*Tsentralny
*Zheleznodorozhny
Demographics
The population count dynamic by years:
{| width="100%" border="1" class="prettytable"
| width="12%" | '''1897'''
| width="13%" | 26,600
| '''1962'''
| 465,000
| '''1982'''
| 833,000
| '''2000'''
| 875,500
|-
| '''1923'''
| 60,400
| '''1967'''
| 576,000
| '''1986'''
| 885,000
| '''2001'''
| 875,900
|-
| '''1926'''
| 72,200
| '''1970'''
| 648,000
| '''1989'''
| 912,600
| '''2002'''
| 909,341
|-
| '''1939'''
| 190,000
| '''1973'''
| 707,000
| width="12%" | '''1992'''
| width="13%" | 925,000
| '''2005'''
| 917,200
|-
| '''1956'''
| 328,000
| width="12%" | '''1976'''
| width="13%" | 758,000
| '''1996'''
| 871,100
|
|
|-
| width="12%" | '''1959'''
| width="13%" | 412,000
| '''1979'''
| 796,300
| '''1998'''
| 875,300
|
|
|}
Image:Krasnoyarsk population.png
Population count by districts (2002 census):
*Kirovsky: 117,156
*Leninsky: 146,943
*Oktyabrsky: 138,521
*Sovetsky: 231,696
*Sverdlovsky: 130,518
*Tsentralny: 54,503
*Zheleznodorozhny: 90,004
The population of Krasnoyarsk includes a number of peoples, the most numerous are
Russians,
Ukrainians,
Tatars,
Germans and
Belarusians. Of the late years the number of
Tajiks,
Uzbeks and other
Central Asian and
Caucasus Caucasian peoples has extensively grown because of the vast, often illegal
immigration in search for work.
Another multitudinous
immigrants are
Chinese people Chinese who, in opposite to other
foreign workers, are employed in much more lucrative areas and often doing co-operative business with local companies. Many
Chinese people Chinese are busy in trading at
bazaars, there even exists a special large Chinese
bazaar named ''Sodruzhestvo'' (Russian for ''fellowship'') and the ''Chinese Trading Town'' (
Russian Language Russian: КитайÑ?кий торговый город) or colloquially ''
Kitai-gorod'' situated at
Strelka (Krasnoyarsk) Strelka.
History
The city was founded in the midst of July 1628 as a fort. The group of
service class people led by the
Cossack Andrey Dubenskoy arrived to the influx of the
Kacha River and quickly began to build up the fortifications intended to protect the frontier from attacks of aboriginals who lived along
Yenisei and its tributaries. In the letter to
Tsar the
Cossacks reported:
:''...The town of trunks we have constructed and around the place of fort, we the servants of lord ye, posts have bedded in and the double bindings have laid so and the place of fort have strengthened mightily...''
The fort have been named "Krasny Yar" ({{lang|ru|КраÌ?Ñ?ный Яр}}) after the local
Turkic languages Turkic name of the place it was built by: "
Krasny Yar cliff Kyzyl Dzhar", meaning "Red Cliff" or "Krasny Yar" in
Old Russian language old Russian. The name "Krasnoyarsk" was given later when the village of Krasnyy Yar has received the town status.
Image:Krasnoyarsk Marx x.jpg thumb|right|250px|An ancient house
The intensive growth of Krasnoyarsk began with the arrival of the
Moscow Postroad (the road ''M53'' nowadays) in 1735 to 1741 which connected the nearby towns of
Achinsk and
Kansk with Krasnoyarsk and with the rest of
Russia, and later by the discovery of gold and by the arrival of the railroad in 1895.
In the 19th century Krasnoyarsk was the center of the
Siberian
Cossack movement. In 1822 it had gained the status of town and had become the capital of the
Yenisei Guberniya. In the end of the
19th century Krasnoyarsk had several manufactures, railroad workshops and an engine-house.
In
Imperial Russia Krasnoyarsk was the one of the places of political exile. Eight
Decembrist revolt Decembrists have been deported there after the failure of the revolt.
After the
Russian Revolution of 1917 during the
Pyatiletkas the large plants and factories have been built in Krasnoyarsk:
Sibtyazhmash, the
Krasnoyarsk Dock Yard dock yard, the
Krasnoyarsk Paper Factory paper factory, the
Krasnoyarsk Hydroelectric Power Station hydroelectric power station (now the fifth largest in the
world and the second in
Russia), the
Krasnoyarsk Port river port.
Image:Krasnoyarsk Marx 132.jpg thumb|right|250px
In 1934 the
Krasnoyarsk Krai had been formed with the center in Krasnoyarsk.
During the epoch of
Stalinism Krasnoyarsk was the major
Gulag center. The most important labor camp was the
Kraslag or ''Krasnoyarskiy ITL'' (1938-ca.1960) with the two units located in
Kansk and
Reshyoty. In Krasnoyarsk itself the
Yeniseylag or ''Yeniseiskiy ITL'' labor camp existed in 1940-41(?).
During the
World War II the dozens of factories have been evacuated from the western
Russia to Krasnoyarsk and the nearby towns which stimulated the industrial growth of the city. After the war more of the gigantic plants have been built: the
Krasnoyarsk Aluminum Plant aluminum plant, the
Krasnoyarsk Metallurgic Plant metallurgic plant, the
Krasnoyarsk Plant of Base Metals plant of base metals and many others.
In the end of 1970s the
Soviet Union began constructing the radar station near Krasnoyarsk that violated the
ABM Treaty. After the insistent demands of the
United States the construction had been ceased.
After the
collapse of the Soviet Union and beginning of the
privatization many large plants and factories, such as the
Krasnoyarsk Aluminum Plant, have become owned by criminal authorities and
oligarchs while others were declared
bankruptcy bankrupt, this begot the dramatic raise of
unemployment and numerous
strike action strikes.
Certain problems with ownership of Krasnoyarsk plants continue nowadays since nearly all of them are owned either by
monopoly monopolistic financial groups or by
oligarchs. The most known financial scandal of the second half of 1990's had happened when ownership of the
Krasnoyarsk Aluminum Plant by a known Krasnoyarsk businessman
Anatoliy Bykov had been cancelled after accusation him of the murder of this partner
Vilor Struganov. The murder eventually turned out to be fictional.
Since the election of
Pyotr Pimashkov as the mayor of Krasnoyarsk in 1996 the look of the city began to slowly improve: old historical buildings were restored, asphalt walkways have been replaced with paving-stone, numerous squares with fountains have been constructed. Now the major part of the city bears only a few traces of its poor
Soviet Union Soviet look.
Coat of arms
Image:krasnoyarsk coa 1804.gif thumb|right|100px|Coat of Arms (1804)
Image:krasnoyarsk coa 1851.gif thumb|right|100px|Coat of Arms (1851)
The first version of the Krasnoyarsk coat of arms had been approved on
March 12,
1804. The coat of arms had been divided horizontally into two parts, the upper part contained the coat of arms of the
Tomsk Guberniya, the lower part had the picture of the
Krasny Yar cliff on the silver background.
The coat of arms approved on
November 23,
1851 had the golden figure of a lion placed on the red
Heraldry heraldic shield with a spade in the right fore paw and a sickle in the left fore paw, both made of the same metal. The shield was topped with the golden crown of the
Russian Empire.
The current coat of arms (see above) approved on
November 28,
2004 contains the same red shield with the slightly changed figure of the lion topped with the golden five-tower status crown of a
Federal subjects of Russia federal subject center.
In 2005, the 16 meters tall pillar with the bronze statue of the Krasnoyarsk heraldic lion upon its top was erected at the
Krasnoyarsk Railway Station square.
Architecture
Image:Krasnoyarsk Mira 71.jpg 250px|thumb|right|An ancient house
There is a number of historical buildings in Krasnoyarsk, the oldest of them is the Intercession Cathedral ({{lang|ru|ПокровÑ?кий Ñ?обор}}, 1785 to 1795, restored in 1977 to 1978). Other locally significant samples of
Russian Orthodox Church Russian Orthodox architecture are the Annunciation Cathedral ({{lang|ru|БлаговещенÑ?кий Ñ?обор}}, 1802-12), the St. Trinity Cathedral ({{lang|ru|СвÑ?то-Троицкий Ñ?обор}}, 1802-12), John the Baptist Church ({{lang|ru|Церковь Иоанна Предтечи}}, 1899, former episcopal residence), and the new Michael the Archangel Church ({{lang|ru|Церковь Ð?рхиÑ?тратига Михаила}}, 1998 to 2003).
On the top of the Karaulnaya hill, originally a pagan shrine, later occupied by the Krasnoyarsk fort watchtower, the
Paraskeva Pyatnitsa Chapel St. Paraskeba Chapel ({{lang|ru|ЧаÑ?овнÑ? ПараÑ?кевы ПÑ?тницы}}, 1804, rebuilt in 1854 to 1855) still stands. The chapel, displayed on the 10-
Russian ruble ruble note, is one of iconic images of the city. The chapel was abandoned and fell into disrepair during the
Soviet Union Soviet era and only when the
Perestroyka came it had been regained by the Yenisei
bishopric.
Image:Krasnoyarsk Mira 10 dolgostroi.jpg thumb|right|250px|The incomplete tower built in the [[1980s]]
Another unofficial symbol of Krasnoyarsk is the incomplete 24 storey tower located at
Strelka (Krasnoyarsk) Strelka. Construction of the tower had been started just before
Perestroyka and then frozen due to the administrative crisis. The outline of the tower is clearly seen from many places in the city.
Image:Krasnoyarsk railway bridge 2003.jpg thumb|250px|[[Krasnoyarsk Railway Bridge across the Yenisei (1893-96).]]
A bridge near Krasnoyarsk carries the
Trans-Siberian Railway across the
Yenisei. This structure, one of the longest at the time, was constructed between
1893 and
1896 to an award-winning design by
Lavr Proskuryakov. When approved for the inscription on the
World Heritage List in
2003, the bridge was described by the
UNESCO as "an early representation of a typical parabolic polygonal
truss bridge in Russia" which became "a testing ground for the application of engineering theories and the development of new innovative solutions, which had numerous successors" ([http://whc.unesco.org/p_dynamic/document/document_download.cfm?id_document=1441]).
Among other notable buildings are the mansions of the merchant
Nikolay Gadalov (beginning of the
20th century), the Roman-Catholic Transfiguration Chapel ({{lang.html">Krasnoyarsk Krai Museum stylized as an
Ancient Egyptian temple, the
Krasnoyarsk Cultural/Historical Center and the triumphal arch at the
Spit.html">Strelka (Krasnoyarsk)|Spit (2003), the regional administration building flanked with two towers known as the "Donkey Ears".
There is a number of 2-storey wooden houses in the city built mostly in the middle of the
20th century as temporary habitations. Many urbanized villages located inside the city keep the remnants of the traditional Russian village architecture: wooden houses with backyards, many somewhat dilapidated now but still inhabited.
Culture
Image:Krasnoyarsk_kray_philarmonic_society,_the_organ_hall.jpg thumb|right|189px|The Organ Hall of the Krasnoyarsk Krai Philarmonic Society
Krasnoyarsk is the hometown of many famous people, some of whom are well-known throughout the world. The most prominent culture figures are the world-famous historic painter
Vasily Surikov, the classic writer
Viktor Astafiev, the world-class opera singers
Pyotr Slovtsov and
Dmitri Hvorostovsky. The other honourable artists are the painters
Andrey Pozdeev,
Valeriy Kudrinskiy and
Toivo Rännel, sculptors
Boris Musat and
Yuriy Zlotya, writers
Roman Solntsev and
Nikolay Gayduk.
There is a number of local holidays celebrated annually in Krasnoyarsk. The most significant holiday is the ''Day of the City'' celebrated in June, usually with the
carnival. Other holidays and cultural events are: the ''
Mana River Mana Festival'' ({{lang|ru|МанÑ?кий феÑ?тиваль}}) usually held on last weekend of June with the traditional
Bard (Soviet Union) bard contest, the
International Museum Biennale traditionally held in the
Krasnoyarsk Cultural/Historical Center, the
avant-garde ''Museum Night'' festival dedicated to the
International Museum Day (
May 18), the ''Jazz on Yenisey'' festival, the ''Stolbist Day'' held many times a year celebrating the traditions of
mountain climbing in the
Stolby national reserve, the ''
Bikers' Rally''.
Krasnoyarsk has a number of local
television companies and the highly-developed
telecommunications, many districts of the city have
Local area network LAN-based broadband
Internet access.
Education
Next to
Novosibirsk, Krasnoyarsk is a very prominent scientific and educational center of
Siberia with more than 30
higher education facilities, many of which are the branches of the
Russian Academy of Science, and about 200
high schools. The most notable
higher education institutes are:
*
Krasnoyarsk State University (Russian abbreviation is ''KGU''), founded in 1963 as a division of
Novosibirsk State University, became standalone
university in 1969
*
Krasnoyarsk State Technical University (Russian abbreviation is ''KGTU''), founded in 1956
*
Krasnoyarsk State Pedagogical University (Russian abbreviation is ''KGPU''), founded in 1932
*
Siberian State Technological University (Russian abbreviation is ''SibGTU''), the oldest in the city, founded in 1930 as the Siberian Institute of Forest
*
Sukachev Institute of Forest, founded in 1944
Similarly to
Novosibirsk, Krasnoyarsk has the special city district called
Akademgorodok (Krasnoyarsk) Akademgorodok (''Academic Town'' in
Russian Language Russian) where many of the institutes are located. There, in the
Institute of Biophysics, the experiment on
ecology ecological isolation of
human beings called "
Bios Experiment Bios", similar to the US experiment
Biosphere 2, has been successfully held in 1973-1985.
Tourism
Image:Krasnoyarsk Dubrovinskogo 84 Museum.jpg 250px|thumb|right|The Regional Studies Museum
The most popular place of attraction for tourists visiting Krasnoyarsk is the huge national nature reserve
Stolby (''Pillars'' in
Russian Language Russian) or the ''Rock Pillars''.
Stolby covers an area of 470 km² (181 mile²) with numerous giant
granite rocks formations up to 100 meters high, many of very extraordinary shapes. Stolby is also a major
rock climbing location, many local climbers intentionally do not use any
belaying equipment and call their extreme sport "
stolbizm", which is known around the world as solo climbing.
Other popular showplaces include the
Krasnoyarsk Hydroelectric Power Station dam, the
Karaulnaya Gora hill with the
Paraskeva Pyatnitsa Chapel, museums, theaters, etc.
External links
{{commons|Category:Krasnoyarsk|Krasnoyarsk}}
-
Krasnoyarsk Visiting Guide
-
Siberian Tour Guide
-
Concise information about the city
*{{ru icon}} [http://www.kraskarta.ru The interactive map of Krasnoyarsk]
*{{ru icon}} [http://live.krsn.ru Web-cams of public places]
-
The gallery of Krasnoyarsk artists
-
The Krasnoyarsk State University homepage
Category:Cities and towns in Krasnoyarsk Krai
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