Dictionary of Meaning
<<Back
Please select a letter:
A |
B |
C |
D |
E |
F |
G |
H |
I |
J |
K |
L |
M |
N |
O |
P |
Q |
R |
S |
T |
U |
V |
W |
X |
Y |
Z |
0-9
 Click here for Shopping
Kublai Khan
*** Shopping-Tip: Kublai Khan
:''This is about the emperor. For the poem, see Kubla Khan; for the band, see Kublai Khan (band).''
{{expand}}
{| cellpadding=3px cellspacing=0px bgcolor=#f7f8ff style="float:right; border:2px solid; margin:5px"
|colspan=2 align=center style="border-top:2px solid"| Image:Kublai_Khan.jpg 300px|Kublai Khan
|-
!style="background:#ccf; border-bottom:2px solid" colspan=2|Khubilai Khan
|-
|align=right style="border-top:1px solid"|Birth and death:||style="border-top:1px solid"|Sept. 23, 1215– Feb. 18, 1294
|-
|align=right style="border-top:1px solid"|Clan name (obogh):||style="border-top:1px solid"| Borjigin{{fn|1}} (Боржигин) Bei'erzhijin{{fn|2}} (孛兒只斤) or Bo'erjijite{{fn|3}} (博爾濟吉特)
|-
|align=center style="border-top:1px solid"|Sublineage name{{fn|4}}: (yasun)||style="border-top:1px solid"|Khiyad{{fn|5}} (Хиад) Qiwowen{{fn|6}} (奇渥溫) or Qiyan (乞顏)
|-
|align=right style="border-top:1px solid"| Given name:||style="border-top:1px solid"|Khubilai (Хубилай) Hubilie (忽必烈)
|-
|colspan=2 align=center style="border-top:3px solid"|Khan of the Mongols
|-
|align=right style="border-top:1px solid"|Dates of reign:||style="border-top:1px solid"|May 5, 1260–Dec. 17, 1271
|-
|colspan=2 align=center style="border-top:3px solid"|Emperor of Yuan Dynasty Yuan China
|-
|align=right style="border-top:1px solid"|Dates of reign:||style="border-top:1px solid"|Dec. 18, 1271{{fn|7}}–Feb. 18, 1294
|-
|align=right style="border-top:1px solid"|Era Names:||style="border-top:1px solid"|Zhongtong, Zhiyuan
|-
|align=right style="border-top:1px solid"| Dynasty:.html">Yuan Dynasty Yuan (元)
|-
|align=right style="border-top:1px solid"|Khan name:||style="border-top:1px solid"|Setsen Khan (Сэцэн хаан) Xuechan Han (薛禪汗)
|-
|align=right style="border-top:1px solid"| Temple name:||style="border-top:1px solid"| (Mongolian name to be added)Shizu (世祖)
|-
|align=center style="border-top:1px solid"| Posthumous name: (short)||style="border-top:1px solid"|Never used short
|-
|align=center style="border-top:1px solid"| Posthumous name: (full)||style="border-top:1px solid"| (Mongolian name to be added)Emperor Shengde Shengong Wenwu (聖德神功文武皇帝)
|-
|colspan=2 align=center style="border-top:3px solid"| ''General note: Names given in Mongolian language Mongolian, then in Chinese language Chinese.
''See Kublai Khan#Notes Notes''
|-
|}
'''Kublai Khan''' or '''Khubilai Khan''' or "the last of the great Khans" 1215–1294 (also spelled as '''Kubilay Han''' in Turkic languages Turkic), was a Mongol military leader. He was Khan (1260–1294) of the Mongol Empire as well as the founder and the first Emperor of China Emperor (1279–1294) of the Chinese Yuan Dynasty.
Born the second son of Tolui and Sorghaghtani Beki and the grandson of Genghis Khan, he succeeded his brother Möngke Khan Möngke in 1260. Kublai Khan's brother, Hulagu Khan Hulagu, conquered Persia and founded the Ilkhanate. Kublai also had a nephew named Kaidu, who died in 1301.
Early Years
Kublai was a favorite of his grandfather Genghis Khan. As a youth, he studied Chinese culture and became enamored with it. In 1251, his elder brother Mongke Khan Mongke became Khan of the Mongol Empire, and Kublai became the governor of Southern territories of Mongol Empire. During his years as governor, Kublai managed his territory well, boosting the agricultural output of Henan and increasing social welfare spendings after receiving Xi'an. These acts received great acclaim from Chinese warlords and were essential to the building of Yuan Dynasty.
In 1253, Kublai was ordered to attack Yunnan. He eventually attacked and destroyed the Kingdom of Dali. In 1258, Mongke put Kublai in command of the Eastern Army and summoned him to assist with the attacks on Sichuan and Yunnan. Before Kublai could arrive in 1259, words had reached him that Mongke had died. Despite his brother's death, Kublai continued to attack Wuhan. Soon thereafter, Kublai receieved news that his younger brother had usurped power. Kublai quickly reached a peace agreement with Song troops and rode back north to the Mongolian plains.
Both his brother and Kublai crowned themselves Khan in 1260, and the two brothers battled for three years before Kublai finally won. However, during this civil war, Yizhou governor Li revolted against Mongol rule. The revolt was swiftly crushed by Kublai, but this incident instilled in him a strong distrust of ethnic Hans. After he became emperor, Kublai instituted many anti-Han laws, such as banning the titles of and tithes to Han Chinese warlords
Mongol Empire
The empire was separated into four khanates, each ruled by a separate khan and overseen by the Great Khan. The Kipchak Khanate (also called the Golden Horde) ruled Russia; the Ilkhanate ruled the Middle East, the Chagatai Khanate ruled over western Asia, and the Great Khanate controlled Mongolia and eventually China. The empire reached its greatest extent under Kublai with his conquest of China, and completed by his final victory over the Song Dynasty in 1279.
Emperor of Yuan
As emperor of Yuan Dynasty, Kublai Khan worked to minimize the infleunces of regional lords who had held immense power before and during the Song Dynasty. His mistrust of ethnic Han Chinese caused him to hire other ethnic group members as officials more often than Han Chinese.
At the Eighth Year of Zhiyuan(1271), Kublai Khan officially declared the creation of the Yuan Dynasty, and proclaimed the capital to be at Dai Du (Beijing, China) in the following year. To unify China, Kublai Khan began a massive offense against the remnants of Southern Song Dynasty in the 11th year of Zhiyuan, and finally destroyed the Song Dynasty in the 16th year of Zhiyuan, unifying the country at last.
He ruled better than his predecessors, promoting economic growth with the rebuilding of the Grand Canal of China Grand Canal, repairing public buildings, and extending highways. However, Kublai Khan's domestic policy also included some aspects of the old Mongol living traditions, and as Kublai Khan continued his reign, these traditions would clash more and more frequently with traditional Chinese economical and social culture.
He also introduced paper currency although eventually a lack of fiscal discipline and inflation turned this into an economic disaster. He encouraged Chinese arts and demonstrated religious tolerance, except in regards to Taoism. His capital was at Beijing (then ''Cambuluc'' or ''Dadu'' 大都 lit. big capital). The empire was visited by several Europeans, notably Marco Polo in the 1270s who may have seen the summer capital in Shangdu (上都 lit. upper capital or Xanadu).
He conquered Dali (Yunnan) and Goryeo (Korea). Under pressure from his Mongolian advisors, Kublai attempted to conquer kamikaze (typhoon) Japan, Myanmar, Tran Hung Dao Vietnam and Indonesia. All these failed attempts, costly expeditions, along with the introduction of paper currency caused inflation. However, Kublai Khan also forced warlords from the Northwest and Northeast to capitulate, ensuring stability for those regions. Kublai Khan died in the 31st year of Zhiyuan. (1294)
Invasions of Japan
{{main|Mongol invasions of Japan}}
Kublai Khan twice attempted to invade Japan in search of gold; however, both times the Samurai resisted greatly and the weather tore the fleets apart. The first attempted invasion was in 1274 with a fleet of 900 ships. The second invasion was in 1281 with a fleet of over 1,170 large war junks, each close to 240 feet long. Dr. Kenzo Hayashida, the marine archaeology marine archaeologist who discovered the wreckage of the second invading fleet off the western coast of Takashima, headed their excavation. The findings strongly indicate that Kublai Khan rushed to conquer China and attempted to construct the large fleet in a year (a task that should have taken up to 5 years), which forced the Chinese — who already hated their conquerors — to use any available ships, particularly river boats, as the basis for Khan's fleet. Khan also used captured Chinese river boats in his invasion fleet. Had Kublai used ocean going ships, which have a curved keel to prevent capsizing, his navy may have survived the storm and made it to invade Japan as originally intended.
John Pearson, author of ''Kublai Khan'' (2005), writes, "The cost of these defeats led the Khan to devalue the central currency, further exacerbating growing inflation. He also increased tax assessments. These economic problems lead to growing resentment of the Mongols, who paid no taxes, among the Chinese populace." David Nicole writes in ''The Mongol Conquerors'' that "these disastrous defeats shattered the myth of Mongol invincibility throughout Asia." He also wrote that Kublai Khan was determined to mount a third invasion, despite the horrendous cost to the economy and to his and Mongol prestige of the first two defeats, and only his death prevented such a third attempt, despite the unanimous agreement of his advisors against such an attempt."
In early 2006, marine archaeology marine archaeologists determined that previous theories that Kublai's fleet was made up entirely of ships that came from river boats was found to be weakened as evidence of keel usage began to show up in recent discoveries. One current theory that has yet to be found false is the idea that the new Mongol technology of explosives (grenade-like weapons) may have backfired, potentially from inexperienced engineering, when an attack on Japan would have begun.
Notes
General note: Dates given here are in the Julian calendar. They are not in the proleptic Gregorian calendar.
*{{fnb|1}} This is the singular. The plural is Borjigid.
*{{fnb|2}} This is the most frequent Chinese version of the clan name nowadays.
*{{fnb|3}} This Chinese version of the clan name was the most frequent during the Qing Dynasty.''
*{{fnb|4}} The Cambridge History of China thinks that Khiyad was a sublineage inside the larger Borjigin clan, but other scholars disagree and think that Borjigin was a sublineage inside the larger Khiyad clan, while there are those who think that Khiyad and Borjigin were both used interchangeably.
*{{fnb|5}} This is the plural. The singular is ''Khiyan''.
*{{fnb|6}} This Chinese version of Khiyad is the one that appears in the Chinese history of the Yuan Dynasty.''
*{{fnb|7}} Founded the Yuan Dynasty on that day. However, was not in control of southern China until February 1276 when the Southern Song emperor was captured and the imperial seal was relinquished to the Mongols. The last pockets of resistance in southern China fell in 1279.''
*{{fnb|8}} This was the Mongolian transliteration of the Chinese name Yuan in the 13th and 14th centuries.''
*{{fnb|9}} This is the name of the dynasty in modern Mongolian language Mongolian.''
External links
- Inflation under Kublai
- Relics of the Kamikaze (Archaeological Institute of America)
References
* Morgan, David. ''The Mongols'' (Blackwell Publishers; Reprint edition, April 1990), ISBN 0631175636.
* Rossabi, Morris. ''Khubilai Khan: His Life and Times '' (University of California Press (May 1, 1990)) ISBN 0520067401.
* Saunders, J.J. ''The History of the Mongol Conquests'' (University of Pennsylvania Press (March 1, 2001)) ISBN 0812217667.
{{start box}}
{{succession box two to one
| before1=Möngke Khan
| title1=List of Mongol Khans Mongol Great Khan (Dai-ön/Yuan Dynasty Yuan)
| years1=1260 - 1271
| after=Emperor Chengzong of Yuan China
| before2=Emperor Bing of Song China
| title2=Table of Chinese monarchs Emperor of China
| years2=1271 - 1294
}}
{{end box}}
Category:1215 births Khan, Kublai
Category:1294 deaths Khan, Kublai
Category:Mongol Khans
Category:Yuan Dynasty emperors Khan, Kublai
ar:قوبلاي خان
ast:Cublai Can
da:Kublai Khan
de:Kublai Khan
es:Kublai Khan
eo:Kublajĥano
fr:Kubilai Khan
ko:ì¿ ë¹Œë?¼ì?´ 칸
he:קובל×?×™ ×—×?ן
hu:Kubilaj kán
mk:Кублај Кан
mn:Хубилай хаан
nl:Koeblai Khan
ja:クビライ
no:Kublai-khan
pl:Kubilaj-chan
pt:Kublai Khan
ru:Хубилай
fi:Kublai-kaani
sv:Kublai Khan
th:�ุบไลข่าน
vi:Hốt Tất Liệt
zh:忽必烈
*** Shopping-Tip: Kublai Khan
|
|
|
