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Lakota
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Image:EddiePlentyHoles.Sioux.1899.ws.jpg thumb|right|258px|Eddie Plenty Holes, a Sioux Indian photographed about 1899.
The '''Lakota''' (
IPA: {{IPA.html">Native Americans in the United States
Native American tribe. They form one of a group of seven tribes (the
Great Sioux Nation) and speak
Lakota language Lakota, one of the three major
dialects of the
Sioux language.
The Lakota are the westernmost of the three
Sioux groups, occupying lands in both
North Dakota North and
South Dakota. The seven branches or "sub-tribes" of the
Lakota are
Brulé, Oglala, Sans Arcs,
Hunkpapa,
Miniconjou,
Blackfoot and Two Kettles.
History
The Lakota are closely related to the western
Dakota of Minnesota. After their adoption of the
horse, ''šųkáwakhÄ…Ì?'' ({{IPA.html">Great Plains culture with their eventual
Algonkin.html">Algonquian languages|Algonkin-speaking allies, the Tsitsistas (
Cheyenne), living in the northern
Great Plains. Their society centered on the buffalo hunt with the horse. There were 20,000 Lakota in the mid-
18th century. The number has now increased to about 70,000, of whom about 20,500 still speak their ancestral language. (See
Languages in the United States).
After 1720, the Lakota branch of the Seven Council Fires split into two elements, the Saone who moved to the
Lake Traverse area on the South Dakota-North Dakota-Minnesota border, and the Oglala-Brulé who occupied the James River Valley. By about 1750, however, the Saone had moved to the east bank of the Missouri, followed 10 years later by the Oglala and Brulé (Sicangu).
The large and powerful
Arikara,
Mandan, and
Hidatsa villages had prevented the Lakota from crossing the Missouri for an extended period, but when
smallpox and other diseases nearly destroyed these tribes, the way was open for the first Lakota to cross the Missouri into the drier, short-grass prairies of the High Plains. These Saone, well-mounted and increasingly confident, spread out quickly. in 1765, an Saone exploring and raiding party led by Chief Standing Bear discovered the
Black Hills (which they called the
Paha Sapa). Just a decade later, in 1775, the Oglala and Brulé also crossed the river, following the great smallpox epidemic of 1772-1780, which destroyed 3/4 of the population of the Missouri Valley populations. In 1776, they defeated the Cheyenne as the Cheyenne had earlier defeated the Kiowa, and gained control of the land which became the center of the Lakota universe.
Initial contacts between the Lakota and the United States, during the
Lewis and Clark Expedition of 1804-06, were friendly. But as more and more settlers crossed Lakota lands, this changed. In
Nebraska on
September 3,
1855, 700 soldiers under
United States American General
William S. Harney avenged the
Grattan Massacre by attacking a Lakota village, killing 100 men, women, and children. Other wars followed; and in 1862-1864, as refugees from the "
Sioux Uprising" in Minnesota fled west to their allies in Montana and Dakota Territory, the war followed them.
Because the
Black Hills are sacred to the Lakota, they objected to
mining in the area, which has been attempted since the early years of the
19th century. In
1868, the
US government signed the
Fort Laramie Treaty (1868) with them exempting the Black Hills from all white settlement forever. Four years later,
gold was publicly discovered there, and an influx of prospectors descended upon the area, abetted by army commanders like General
George Armstrong Custer. The latter tried to administer a lesson of noninterference with white policies, resulting in the
Black Hills War of 1876-77.
The Lakota with their allies, the
Arapaho and the
Cheyenne, defeated the
U.S. 7th Cavalry Regiment U.S. 7th Cavalry in
1876 at the Battle at the Greasy Grass or
Battle of the Little Bighorn Little Big Horn, killing 258 soldiers and inflicting more than 50% casualties on the regiment. But like the
Zulu triumph over the British at
Isandlwana in Africa three years later, it proved to be a
pyrrhic victory. The Teton were defeated in a series of subsequent battles by the reinforced U.S. Army, and were herded back onto reservations, by preventing buffalo hunts and enforcing government food distribution policies to 'friendlies' only. The Lakota were compelled to sign a treaty in 1877 ceding the Black Hills to the United States, but a low-intensity war continued, culminating, fourteen years later, in the killing of
Sitting Bull (
December 15,
1890) at
Standing Rock and the
Massacre of Wounded Knee (
December 29, 1890) at Pine Ridge.
Today, the Lakota are found mostly in the five reservations of western South Dakota: Rosebud (home of the Upper Sicangu or Brulé), Pine Ridge (home of the Oglala), Lower Brulé (home of the Lower Sicangu), Cheyenne River (home of several other of the seven Lakota bands, including the Sihasapa and Hunkpapa), and Standing Rock, also home to people from many bands. But Lakota are also found far to the north in the Fort Peck Reservation of Montana, the Fort Berthold Reservation of northwestern North Dakota, and several small reserves in Saskatchewan and Manitoba, where their ancestors fled to "Grandmother's Land" (
Canada) during the Minnesota or Black Hills War. Large numbers of Lakota also live in Rapid City and other towns in the Black Hills, and in Metro Denver.
Ethnonyms
The name ''Lakota'' comes from the Lakota autonym, ''lak
hóta'' "feeling affection, friendly, united, allied". The early French literature does not distinguish a separate Teton division, instead lumping them into a "Sioux of the West" group with other Santee and Yankton bands.
The names ''Teton'' and ''Tintowan'' comes from the Lakota name ''t
hÃt
hųwą'' (the meaning of which is obscure). This term was used to refer to the Lakota by non-Lakota Sioux groups. Other derivations include: Ti tanka, Tintonyanyan, Titon, Tintonha, Thintohas, Tinthenha, Tinton, Thuntotas, Tintones, Tintoner, Tintinhos, Ten-ton-ha, Thinthonha, Tinthonha, Tentouha, Tintonwans, Tindaw, Tinthow, Atintons, Anthontans, Atentons, Atintans, Atrutons, Titoba, Tetongues, Teton Sioux, Teeton, Ti toan, Teetwawn, Teetwans, Ti-t’-wawn, Ti-twans, Tit’wan, Tetans, Tieton, Teetonwan, etc.
As noted above, the early French sources call the Lakota ''Sioux'' with an additional modifier, such as Scioux of the West, West Schious, Sioux des prairies, Sioux occidentaux, Sioux of the Meadows, Nadooessis of the Plains, Prairie Indians, Sioux of the Plain, Maskoutens-Nadouessians, Mascouteins Nadouessi, and Sioux nomades.
Today many of the tribes continue to officially call themselves ''Sioux'' which the Federal Government of the United States applied to all Dakota/Lakota/Nakota people in the 19th and 20th centuries. However, some of the tribes have formally or informally adopted traditional names: the Rosebud Sioux Tribe is also known as the Sicangu Oyate (Brulé Nation), and the Oglala often use the name Oglala Lakota Oyate, rather than the English "Oglala Sioux Tribe" or OST. (The alternate English spelling of Ogallala is not considered proper.) The Lakota have names for their own subdivisions.
Social divisions
The Lakota historically have seven "sub-tribes", subdivided into bands and subbands. Below are a list of Lakota bands.
Brule
# Isaâ?¿yati
# Watchihoutairhe
# Tcoka
# Wajaja
# Minishanan
# Kiyuksa
# WatceÅâ?¿pa
# Iyak’oza
# Wam-bi-li´-ne-ca
# Si-ćá-wi-pi
# Ciyo Tañka
# Ho-mna
# Ciyo Subula
# Kañ-xi Yuha
# Pispiza Witcaca
# Walexa Uâ?¿ Wohaâ?¿
# Cawala
# Ihañkto�wa�
# Naqpaqpa
# Apewa�tañka
# Sitcaâ?¿-xwu
# Kak’exa
# Hiâ?¿naâ?¿cuâ?¿-wapa
# CÅñkaha Nap’iâ?¿
# Hi-ha Kaâ?¿haâ?¿haâ?¿wiâ?¿
# HÅñku Wanitca
# Miniskuya Kitc’Åâ?¿
# Ti Glabu
# Wagluqe
# Wagmeza Yuha
# Oglala Itc’itcaxa
# Tiyotcesli
# Ieska Tciâ?¿tca
# Ohe Noâ?¿pa
# Okaxa Witcaca
# Waqna
Oglala
Image:Pine Ridge Flag.png thumb|right|300px|Oglala Sioux tribal flag
# Oglala
# She-o (aka. Chihaut)
# Onkp’hatinas
# KÌ„u-Inyan
# Oyuqe (aka Oyuhpe)
# Min-i-shá
# Pe Cla Ptetcela
# Payabya
# Wajaja (aka Wajaje)
# Kiyuksa (aka Kiyaksa)
# Tapicletca
# Ite Citca (aka Itesica)
# Wagluqe (aka Wagluhe)
# Wablenitca
# Pe Cla
# Tceq Huha Toâ?¿
# Tacnahetca
# I Wayusota
# Wakaâ?¿
# Iglaka Teqila
# Ite Citca Etaâ?¿haâ?¿
# Zuzetca Kiyaksa
# Watceoâ?¿pe
# Watcape
# Tiyotcesli
# Ieska Tciâ?¿tca
Sans Arcs
# Ta-shunk´-e-o-ta
# Itaziptco Qtca (aka Mini-ca-la)
# Cina Luta Oiâ?¿
# Woluta Yuta
# Maz Pegnaka
# Tatañka Tcesli
# Cikcitcela
# Tiyopa Otcaâ?¿nÅâ?¿pa
Hunkpapa
# Hunk´-pa-pa
# Talo Nap’i�
# Tcegnake Okisela
# Tce Oqba
# Tcañka Oqa�
# Tinazipe Citca
# Kiglacka
# Cikcitcela
# Wakaâ?¿
# HÅâ?¿ska Tcaâ?¿tojuha
Miniconjou
# Min-i-kaÅ‹Ì?-źu
# Tar-co-eh-parh (aka Tacohiropapais)
# Wakpokiâ?¿yaâ?¿
# Iâ?¿yaâ?¿-ha Oiâ?¿
# Wagleza Oiâ?¿
# CÅñka Yute Cni
# Uñktce Yuta
# Glagla hetca
# Cikcitcela
Blackfeet
# Siha Sapa Qtca
# Ći-hú-pa
# Pa-á-bi-a
# Kaâ?¿xi CÅâ?¿ Pegnaka
# Glagla Hetca
# Wajaje
# Hohe
# Wamnuxa Oiâ?¿
# Ti Zaptaâ?¿
Two Kettles
# Wah-nee-wack-ata-o-ne-lar (aka Waniwacteonilla)
# Oohe Noâ?¿pa
# Ma Waqota
Notable persons include
Sitting Bull Tatanka Iyotake from the Hunkpapa band and
Crazy Horse (person) Tasunka witko,
Red Cloud Makhpyia-luta,
Black Elk Hehaka Sapa and
Billy Mills from the Oglala band
Readers may want to consider that recently a body of evidence has shown that TASUNKA WITCO was Minneconjou.
Reservations
Today, one half of all Enrolled Sioux live off the
Indian reservation Reservation.
Lakota reservations recognized by the US government include:
*
Oglala Sioux Oglala (
Pine Ridge Indian Reservation)
*
Brulé (
Rosebud Indian Reservation)
*
Hunkpapa (
Standing Rock/Cheyenne River)
*
Miniconju (
Cheyenne River)
*
Sans Arc (
Cheyenne River)
*
Two-Kettle (
Cheyenne River)
*
Santee Sioux Santee
*
Yanktonai (
Yankton)
*
Flandreau Santee Sioux Flandreau
*
Sisseton-Wahpehton
*
Lower Sioux Indian Reservation Lower Sioux
*
Upper Sioux Indian Reservation Upper Sioux
*
Shakopee
*
Prairie Island Indian Community Prairie Island
See also
*
Lakota language
*
Lakota mythology
A starship, the
MemoryAlpha:USS Lakota USS ''Lakota'', was named for them in the ''
Star Trek'' universe.
External links
-
The Teton Sioux (Edward S. Curtis)
-
Lakota Language Consortium
-
Lakota Winter Counts a Smithsonian exhibit of the annual icon chosen to represent the major event of the past year
Bibliography
* Christafferson, Dennis M. (2001). Sioux, 1930-2000. In R. J. DeMallie (Ed.), ''Handbook of North American Indians: Plains'' (Vol. 13, Part 2, pp. 821-839). W. C. Sturtevant (Gen. Ed.). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. ISBN 0-16-050400-7.
* DeMallie, Raymond J. (2001a). Sioux until 1850. In R. J. DeMallie (Ed.), ''Handbook of North American Indians: Plains'' (Vol. 13, Part 2, pp. 718-760). W. C. Sturtevant (Gen. Ed.). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. ISBN 0-16-050400-7.
* DeMallie, Raymond J. (2001b). Teton. In R. J. DeMallie (Ed.), ''Handbook of North American Indians: Plains'' (Vol. 13, Part 2, pp. 794-820). W. C. Sturtevant (Gen. Ed.). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. ISBN 0-16-050400-7.
* Hein, David (Advent 2002). "Episcopalianism among the Lakota / Dakota Indians of South Dakota." ''The Historiographer'', vol. 40, pp. 14-16. [''The Historiographer'' is a publication of the Historical Society of the Episcopal Church and the National Episcopal Historians and Archivists.]
* Hein, David (1997). "Christianity and Traditional Lakota / Dakota Spirituality: A Jamesian Interpretation." ''The McNeese Review'', vol. 35, pp. 128-38.
* Parks, Douglas R.; & Rankin, Robert L. (2001). The Siouan languages. In R. J. DeMallie (Ed.), ''Handbook of North American Indians: Plains'' (Vol. 13, Part 1, pp. 94-114). W. C. Sturtevant (Gen. Ed.). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. ISBN 0-16-050400-7.
Category:Lakota tribe Category:Native American tribes
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