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Latvia
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Latvia
{{Infobox_Country
|native_name = ''Latvijas Republika''
|conventional_long_name = Republic of Latvia
|common_name = Latvia
|image_flag = Flag of Latvia.svg
|image_coat = Latvijas lielais gerbonis.png
|image_map = LocationLatvia.png
|national_motto =
Latvian language Latvian: ''Tēvzemei un Brīvībai''
(
English language English: "For Fatherland and Freedom")
|national_anthem = ''
Dievs, svētī Latviju!''
|official_languages =
Latvian language Latvian
|capital =
Riga
|latd=56 |latm=58 |latNS=N |longd=24 |longm=8 |longEW=E
|largest_city =
Riga
|government_type =
Parliamentary democracy
|leader_titles =
List of Presidents of Latvia PresidentPrime Minister of Latvia Prime Minister
|leader_names =
Vaira Vīķe-FreibergaAigars Kalvītis
|area_rank = 123rd
|area_magnitude = 1 E10
|area= 64,589
|areami²= 24,931
|percent_water = 1.5%
|population_estimate = 2,290,237
|population_estimate_rank = 138th
|population_estimate_year = July 2005
|population_census =
|population_census_year =
|population_density = 35
|population_densitymi² = 92
|population_density_rank = 137th
|GDP_PPP = $29.42 billion
|GDP_PPP_rank = 93rd
|GDP_PPP_year= 2005
|GDP_PPP_per_capita = $12,800
|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 72nd
|sovereignty_type =
History of Latvia Independence
|established_events = Declared
Recognized
|established_dates = From the
Soviet UnionMay 4,
1990August 21,
1991
|HDI = 0.836
|HDI_rank = 48th
|HDI_year = 2003
|HDI_category =
high
|currency =
Latvian lats Lats (Ls)
|currency_code = LVL
|country_code = LVA
|time_zone =
Eastern European Time EET
|utc_offset = +2
|time_zone_DST =
Eastern European Summer Time EEST
|utc_offset_DST = +3
|cctld =
.lv
|calling_code = 371
|footnotes =
}}
The '''Republic of Latvia''' (
Latvian language Latvian: ''Latvijas Republika'') is a country in
Northern Europe. Latvia has land borders with its two fellow
Baltic states —
Estonia to the north and
Lithuania to the south — and
Russia and
Belarus to the east. In the west, Latvia shares a
maritime border with
Sweden. The capital of Latvia is
Riga (
Latvian language Latvian: ''RÄ«ga'').
History
{{POV-section}}
''Main article:
History of Latvia''
The ancestors of today's
Latvians were
Finnic and
Balts Baltic peoples whose forebears had settled in the area prior to the 2nd millennium BC. They formed five principal tribes between the 5th and 8th centuries AD: the Finnic
Livonians Livonian, the Baltic
Couronians,
Semigallians,
Selonians, and
Latgalians. The period between the 9th and 12th centuries was characterized by conflict and trade with the
Scandinavians and
Slavs, the
Daugava becoming a major
Vikings Viking trade route.
The arrival of
Saxons Saxon traders and
Roman Catholic Church Catholic Missionary missionaries in the 12th century heralded the
Northern Crusades.
Riga, built on the site of a Livonian settlement, became the seat of the
Diocese bishopric of
Albert of Buxhoeveden in 1201. It took the better part of the 13th century to conquer the surrounding territories. Increasing social and political barriers between the
Baltic Germans Germans and the indigenous inhabitants gradually reduced the latter to a servant and peasant class, and by the beginning of the 16th century all of the peasants were
serfdom serfs, bound to the land as
Personal property chattel. In the towns, property ownership and most trades were prohibited to non-Germans (
German language German: ''Undeutsche''). Though the indigenous population lost its freedom, what is now Latvia became part of
Western Europe culturally. Despite the worsening
Geopolitics geopolitical situation in the 16th century, political power in the
Livonian Confederation was never centralized and remained divided between the archbishoprics, the
Livonian Brothers of the Sword Livonian Order, and the
Hanseatic League Hanseatic towns. Livonia, especially Riga, was at the forefront of the
Protestant Reformation.
Ivan IV of Russia Ivan the Terrible, anxious to gain access to the Baltic Sea, invaded in 1558. Livonia turned to
Zygmunt II August, the King of
Poland, for aid, and the Confederation was dissolved. Zygmunt declared the territory north of the Daugava (today
Latgale,
Vidzeme, and southern
Estonia) the ''
Ducatus Ultradunensis''; most of the left bank became the
Courland Duchy of Courland and Semigallia, a fief of
Grand Duchy of Lithuania Lithuania that retained control over its internal affairs.
In the Ducatus Ultradunensis,
Stefan Batory introduced the
Counter-Reformation, strongly resisted in Riga;
Society of Jesus Jesuits made major contributions to Latvian education, and the first
printing press was established. The German
nobility retained its privileges. The 17th and early 18th century saw a struggle between Poland,
Sweden and
Russia for supremacy in the eastern Baltic.
Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden took Riga in
1621, and the larger part of Polish Livonia, including Vidzeme, came under Swedish rule with the
Truce of Altmark in
1629. The term "Swedish era" (
Latvian language Latvian: ''zviedru laiki'') is still synonymous with beneficent rule; though serfdom was not abolished, it was strictly regulated and a network of schools was established for the peasantry. The
Treaty of Nystad ending the
Great Northern War in 1721 gave Vidzeme to Russia (it became part of the
guberniya ''guberniya'' of Livland). The Latgale region remained part of Poland as Inflanty until 1772, when it was joined to Russia. In the Duchy of Courland, a German minority of ca. 4% ruled an indigenous majority of 80%. Courland became known as a "paradise of the nobles," though the code granting privileges to the German nobility declared the country a "social paradise." Courland became a Russian province (the ''guberniya'' of Courland) in 1795, bringing all of what is now Latvia into
Imperial Russia.
The promises
Peter I of Russia Peter the Great made to the Baltic German nobility at the fall of Riga in 1710, confirmed by the Treaty of Nystad and known as "the Capitulations," largely reversed the Swedish reforms. The emancipation of the serfs took place in Courland in
1817 and in Livland in 1819. In practice, the emancipation was actually advantageous to the nobility because it dispossessed the peasants of their land without compensation. At the beginning of the 19th century, 7% of the population was urban, this portion rising to 40% by its close. The population grew from ca. 720 000 persons to almost two million by the end of the century, the proportion of indigenous inhabitants falling from ca. 90% to 68%. The social structure changed dramatically, with a class of independent farmers establishing itself after reforms allowed the peasants to repurchase their land, landless peasants numbering 591 000 in 1897, a growing urban
proletariat and an increasingly influential Latvian
bourgeoisie. The
Young Latvians Young Latvia movement laid the groundwork for
nationalism from the middle of the century, many of its leaders looking to the
Slavophiles for support against the prevailing German-dominated social order.
Russification began in Latgale after the
January Uprising in 1863 and spread to the rest of what is now Latvia by the 1880s. The Young Latvians were largely eclipsed by the
New Current, a broad leftist social and political movement, in the 1890s. Popular discontent exploded in the
Russian Revolution of 1905 1905 Revolution, which took on a nationalist character in the Baltic provinces.
World War I devastated the country. Demands for
self-determination were at first confined to autonomy ("a free Latvia in a free Russia"), but full independence was proclaimed in Riga on November 18, 1918 by the
Tautas Padome People's Council of Latvia,
KÄ?rlis Ulmanis becoming the head of the provisional government. The
Latvian War of Liberation War of Liberation that followed was a very chaotic period in Latvia's history. By the spring of 1919 there were actually three governments -- Ulmanis' government, which concluded an agreement with the Germans and was supported by
Great Britain; the
Iskolat led by
PÄ“teris StuÄ?ka, which proclaimed an independent Soviet Latvia and whose forces, supported by the
Red Army, occupied almost all of the country; and the Baltic German puppet government headed by
Andrievs Niedra.
Estonia Estonian and Latvian forces defeated the Germans at the Battle of
CÄ“sis in June 1919, and a massive attack by a German and Russian force under
Pavel Bermondt-Avalov was repelled in November. Eastern Latvia was cleared of
Bolshevik forces by
Poles Polish, Latvian, and German troops in early 1920.
A freely elected
Constituent Assembly was convened on May 1, 1920 and adopted a
liberal constitution, the ''Satversme'', in February 1922 — suspended by Ulmanis after his coup in 1934 but reaffirmed in 1990 and since amended, this is the constitution still in use in Latvia today. The Satversme declares that power is vested in the people of Latvia (''Latvijas tauta'' -- rather than the Latvian people, ''latviešu tauta''), and minorities received considerable cultural autonomy. With most of Latvia's industrial base evacuated to the interior of Russia in 1915, radical
land reform was the central political question for the young state. In 1897, 61.2% of the rural population had been landless; by 1930 that percentage had been reduced to 23.2%. The extent of cultivated land surpassed the pre-war level already in 1923. Innovation and rising productivity led to the
Measures of national income and output GNP per capita approaching Finland's level by 1930, but the economy soon suffered the effects of the
Great Depression. Though Latvia showed signs of economic recovery and the electorate had steadily moved toward the center during the parliamentary period, Ulmanis staged a bloodless
Coup d'état coup on May 15, 1934, establishing a nationalist
dictatorship that lasted until 1940. Most of the Baltic Germans left Latvia by agreement between Ulmanis' government and
Nazi Germany after the conclusion of the
Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact. On October 5, 1939, Latvia was forced to accept a "mutual assistance" pact with the Soviet Union, granting the Soviets the right to station 25,000 troops on Latvian territory. On June 16, 1940,
Vyacheslav Molotov presented the Latvian representative in
Moscow with an ultimatum accusing Latvia of violations of that pact, and on June 17 Soviet forces
Occupation of Latvia occupied the country. Rigged elections for a "People's Saeima" were held, and a puppet government headed by
Augusts Kirhenšteins led Latvia into the USSR. The annexation was formalized on August 5.
The ensuing months would become known in Latvia as ''
Baigais Gads'', the Year of Horror. Mass arrests, disappearances, and deportations culminated on the night of June 14, 1941. Prior to
Operation Barbarossa the German invasion, in less than a year, at least 27,586 persons were arrested; most were deported, and ca. 945 persons were shot. While under German occupation, Latvia was administered as part of
Reichskommissariat Ostland ''Reichskommissariat Ostland''. Latvian
Einsatzgruppen paramilitary units and police participated in the
Holocaust. 80,000 to 100,000 Latvian citizens were killed during the Nazi occupation, including ca. 70,000 Latvian
Jews; ca. 20,000 Jews brought from
Central Europe Central and
Eastern Europe were also murdered in Latvia. Latvian soldiers fought on both sides of the conflict, including in the
Latvian Legion of the
Waffen-SS, most of them conscripted by the occupying authorities.
The Soviets reoccupied the country in 1944-45, and further mass deportations followed as the country was forcibly
Collectivisation in the USSR collectivized and
Russification Sovietized; 42,975 persons were deported in 1949. An influx of laborers, administrators, military personnel and their dependents from Russia and other Soviet republics meant that the ethnic Latvian population had fallen to 62% by 1959. During the
Khrushchev Thaw, attempts by national
communists led by
Eduards Berklavs to gain a degree of autonomy for the republic and protect the rapidly deteriorating position of the
Latvian language were suppressed. In 1989 the
Supreme Soviet of the USSR adopted a resolution on the "Occupation of the Baltic States," in which it declared that the occupation was "not in accoradnce with law," and not the "will of the Soviet people". A national movement coalescing in the
Popular Front of Latvia took advantage of
glasnost under
Mikhail Gorbachev, opposed by the
Interfront, and on May 4, 1990 the
Supreme Soviet of the Latvian SSR adopted the Declaration of the Restoration of Independence of the Republic of Latvia, subject to a transition period that came to an end on August 21 1991, after the failure of the
Soviet coup attempt of 1991 August Putsch. The
Saeima, Latvia's parliament, was again elected in 1993, and Russia completed its military withdrawal in 1994.
In the 1990s and early 21st century, Latvia focused on "rejoining Europe"; its two major goals,
NATO and
European Union membership, were achieved in 2004. Controversial language and citizenship laws (Latvian is the sole
official language and
citizenship was not automatically extended to those who arrived during the Soviet era or their descendants) have been opposed by many
Russophones. Though many residents are naturalizing since the law was liberalized, almost 18,5% of the inhabitants remain non-citizens today. The government denationalized private property confiscated by the Soviets, returning it or compensating the owners when that was not possible, and
privatization privatized most state-owned industries, reintroducing the
Latvian lats prewar currency. After a difficult transition to a liberal economy and its re-orientation toward Western Europe, Latvia still has one of the lowest standard of living in the EU, though its economy has one of the highest growth rates.
Politics
Image:Ingrida Udre.jpg thumb|left|Ingrīda Ūdre - Speaker of Saeima, the Latvian parliament
''Main article:
Politics of Latvia''
The 100-seat
unicameral Latvian
parliament, the ''
Saeima'', is elected by direct, popular vote every four years. The president is elected by the ''Saeima'' in a separate election also every four years. The president appoints a prime minister who, together with his
cabinet, forms the
executive branch of the government, which has to receive a confidence vote by the ''
Saeima''.
On
September 20,
2003, in a nationwide referendum 66.9% of the participants voted in favour of joining the
European Union. Latvia became a full-fledged member of the
European Union on
May 1,
2004. Latvia is a
NATO member since
March 29,
2004.
Latvia has no territorial claims towards Russia, but demands an acknowledgement from Russia of the annexation of the small part of the
Abrene region, since this land was previously part of Latvia and was detached from it by the Soviet Union. At the same time Latvia is considering to require monetary compensation from Russia for the Soviet occupation. A special government commission has calculated the amount of 100 billion USD in losses caused to Latvia by its incorporation into the Soviet Union; however, no official demands yet for Russia to provide compensation have been made by the Latvian government.
Districts
''Main article:
Districts of Latvia''
Latvia is divided into 26 districts called ''rajons''. 7 cities (lielpilsētas) have a separate status.
Geography
''Main article:
Geography of Latvia''
Image:Lg-map.gif right|thumb|299px|Map of Latvia with cities
Large parts of Latvia are covered by forests, and the country has over 12,000 small rivers and over 3,000 lakes. Most of the country consists of fertile, low-lying plains with some hills in the east, the highest point being the
Gaiziņkalns at 1,020
foot (unit of length) feet (311 m).
An inlet of the
Baltic Sea, the shallow
Gulf of Riga is situated in the northwest of the country. The capital city Riga is located on the shores of this inlet, where the River
Daugava flows into it. Other major cities include
Daugavpils further upriver and
LiepÄ?ja along the Baltic coast.
The Latvian
climate is maritime and
temperate climate temperate in nature, with cool summers and wet, moderate winters.
Latvia is historically and culturally divided in four or five distinct regions, see
regions of Latvia.
Economy
''Main article:
Economy of Latvia''
Since year
2000 Latvia has had one of the highest
GDP growth rates in
Europe [http://epp.eurostat.cec.eu.int/portal/page?_pageid=1996,39140985&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL&screen=detailref&language=en&product=sdi_ed&root=sdi_ed/sdi_ed/sdi_ed1000]. In
2004, annual GDP growth was 8.5% and inflation was 6.2%. Unemployment was 8.5% - almost unchanged compared to the previous two years. Privatization is mostly completed, except for some of the large state-owned utilities. Latvia is a member of the
World Trade Organization (
1999) and the
European Union (
2004).
The Latvian government aspires to adopt the
euro as the country's currency on
January 1,
2008
Religion
Image:Rezekne Old Believers church front.jpg thumb|Old Believers' church from the front, RÄ“zekne, Latvia
The population is mostly
Christianity Christian. The largest group being
Lutheranism Lutheran (556,000, according to
2003 data), with smaller percentages
Roman Catholic Church Roman Catholic (430,405) and
Eastern Orthodox Church Eastern Orthodox (350,000). Another religion is
Dievturība Dievturi (The Godkeepers), which has historical roots based on pre-Christian era mythology. There are also
Judaism Jews (9,883 in
2005) in Latvia who are now mainly a remainder from the
Soviet Union, as during
World War II the Jewish Community (according to the last official
census in
1935 there were 93,479 Jews in the country, or approximately 5% of the total population) was annihilated.
Demographics
''Main article:
Demographics of Latvia''
Image:Dvinsk 1912.jpg thumb|Daugavpils, 1912
Latvia's population has been multiethnic for centuries, though the demographics shifted dramatically in the 20th century due to the world wars, the repatriation of the
Baltic Germans, the
Holocaust, and the Soviet occupation.
In
1897 the first official
census in this area indicated that
Latvians formed 68.3 % of the total population of 1.93 million;
Russians accounted for 12%,
Jews for 7.4 %,
Germans for 6.2 %, and
Poles for 3.4 %. The remainder were
Lithuanians,
Estonians,
Roma people Gypsies, and various other nationalities.
Latvians and
Livonians, the indigenous peoples of Latvia, are now less than 60% of the population; 28.5% of the inhabitants are
Russians Russian.[http://www.csb.lv/lteksts.cfm?tem_kods=dem&datums=%7Bts%20%272005%2D06%2D29%2013%3A00%3A00%27%7D]. Ca. 54% of the ethnic Russians are citizens of Latvia; most of the others are permanent residents with Latvian aliens' passports. Like others who arrived whilst Latvia was annexed by the USSR, and their descendants, they must naturalize to receive Latvian citizenship. Over 100,000 persons have naturalized in recent years, but 418,440 persons (278,213 of them ethnic Russians) are non-citizens. Children born to residents after the restoration of independence in 1991 do not require naturalization to obtain citizenship.
In some major cities (e.g.
Daugavpils and
RÄ“zekne), Russians outnumber Latvians. Minorities from other countries such as
Belarus,
Ukraine,
Poland,
Lithuania, etc., also live in Latvia. The share of ethnic Latvians had fallen from 77% (1,467,035) in 1935 to 52% (1,387,757) in 1989. [http://www.lka.edu.lv/modules.php?op=modload&name=News&file=index&topic=68]. In 2005 there were even fewer Latvians than in 1989, though their share of the population was larger - 1,357,099 (58.8% of the inhabitants).
Language
The official language of the Republic of Latvia is
Latvian language Latvian. The Latvian language, like Lithuanian and the
extinct language extinct Old Prussian language, belongs to the
Baltic languages Baltic language group of the
Indo-european language family.
Russian language Russian is by far the most widespread minority language, also spoken or at least understood by large sections of the non-Russian population. The
Latgalian language is widespread in
Latgale (most linguists consider Latgalian a
dialect of the Latvian language).
Culture
One of the most striking features of Latvian culture to visitors is the mid-summer festival of Ligo or
JÄ?ņi - a celebration of the summer solstice and the feast day of St.
John the Baptist. Whilst ostensibly a Christian festival, its
pagan roots are unmistakable.
Ligo takes place every year on the night between June 23rd and 24th, the shortest night of the year.
It is customary for people to go to the countryside for Ligo, traditionally wreaths of leaves and flowers are worn on the head. If a man is named Jani (John) the wreath will be made of oak leaves. In the early evening of the 23rd, fires are lit around which people will chat, sing and dance until the early hours of the following day. It is considered lucky to jump over these fires. Cheese flavoured with caraway and a drink made from birch sap are traditional fare at Ligo firesides. Throughout the night it is not unusual to see young couples slip quietly off into the woods in search of a non-existent "fern flower"- these liasons are not considered unseemly nor are they generally remarked upon the next day.
Image:Dziesmusvetki.png right|200px|thumb|Great choir sings in Latvian Song and Dance Festival "RÄ«gai 800" Latvian Song and Dance Festivals held every five years or so since 1873, are one of the most important events in Latvian social life - there even is a law to regulate this event [http://www.likumi.lv/doc.php?id=111203]. During the festivals exhibitions of photography, art and folk craft also take place. Approximately 30,000 people all together participate in the event [http://www.dziesmusvetki2003.lv/?sadala=15].Although usually
dainas and classical choir songs are sung, recently modern popular songs were incorporated into the repertoire. Most popular songs are from the 1980s when songs that made fun of characteristics of Soviet life and which were concerned about preserving Latvian identity aroused popular protests against the USSR; they also gave rise to an increasing popularity of poetry.
The country was lucky enough to hold the
Eurovision Song Contest 2003 Eurovision Song Contest on
May 24 2003.
Sports
{{main|Sports in Latvia}}
Latvia has a professional football and hockey league. Latvia's football league is named the
Latvian football Virsliga.
The Latvian hockey team has participated in 2002 and 2006
Winter Olympics and all
Ice Hockey World Championships since its entry in group A in 1997. Its best result was the 7th place in 1997 and 2004 World Championships. Ice Hockey World Championships will take place in Riga in year 2006.though basketball is the national sport of the country.
International rankings
-
Environmental Sustainability Index 2005 Rank 15 out of all countries
*
Reporters Without Borders world-wide press freedom index 2005: Rank 16 out of 167 countries
Topics of Interest
*
Communications in Latvia
*
Foreign relations of Latvia
*
Holidays in Latvia
*
Latvijas Skautu un Gaidu CentrÄ?lÄ? OrganizÄ?cija
*
List of cities in Latvia
*
Military of Latvia
*
National Roads in Latvia
*
Regions of Latvia
*
Sports in Latvia
*
Tourism in the Baltics
*
Transportation in Latvia
*
History of Russians in Latvia
*
Muslims in Latvia
*
Latvijas Televīzija
*
Latvian humour
Accomplishments
*Manufactured the first
monoplanes.
*Invention and production of the
minox camera. This is the little "matchbox action" camera that you see in
James Bond movies.
*Manufactures "Blue"
microphones, a brand of recording studio microphone that has gained recognition recently in professional recording circles. These mics are most notable for their unique shapes and designs.
External links
{{portal|Latvia}}
{{sisterlinks|Latvia}}
Government
-
The Cabinet of Ministers
-
The Latvian Parliament (Saeima)
-
The Latvian President's Chancery
-
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs
-
National Agency of Latvian Language Training - available in Russian, Latvian, and English
Other
-
The Latvian banking system
-
The Statesman's Yearbook
-
http://dmoz.org/Regional/Europe/Latvia/
-
Images of Latvia
-
Latvian Folklore
-
Latvia visitors information - A comprehensive site about Latvia's travel industry
-
latvians.com - Latvia pictures, reference, and perspectives from abroad
-
Latvians Online - Online Latvian community, oriented towards Latvians living abroad
-
politika.lv Independent public policy website, the largest on-line resource on policy issues of Latvia
-
Riga's own Wiki
-
The Latvian Institute
-
Toronto Zinas - World's only bilingual Latvian e-zine
-
Welcome to Latvia - A collection of Latvian links
-
Latvia on
Wikitravel
-
www.viss.lv - Map of Latvia, accommodations, all fully in pictures, decriptions, prices.
-
Community Initiative Foundation of Latvia
-
Latvia Online Business Web Directory
-
Riga Motor Museum - The largest antique vehicle museum in the Baltic states
-
http://www.lnak.org/subcontent/latvia2005.pdf-Analysis of Latvia in Freedom House publication"Nations in Transit 2005"authored by J.Dreifelds.
-
http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/lvtoc.html.Latvia : Country Studies.Published by the Federal Research Division.Library of Congress.
-
"The Story of Latvia - A Historical Survey" by Prof. Arveds Å vÄ?be, Latvian National Foundation, Stockholm, 1949 (HTML and PDF available)
-
http://www.csb.lv/avidus.cfm - National statistic agency (in English)
References
* "
Latvia: Country & People," JÄ?nis Rutkis, editor, Latvian National Foundation, Stockholm, 1967
* "
The Story of Latvia - A Historical Survey," by Arveds Å vÄ?be, Latvian National Foundation, Stockholm, 1949
* "
These Names Accuse-Nominal List of Latvians Deported to Soviet Russia," Latvian National Foundation, Stockholm, 2nd edition, 1982
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id:Kategori:Latvia
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ru:КатегориÑ?:ЛатвиÑ?
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