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Liaoning
*** Shopping-Tip: Liaoning
{{Infobox PRC province |
Header = '''辽宁省
LiáonÃng Shěng'''
| Name = Liaoning
| Abbreviation = 辽
| AbbrevPinyin = Liáo
| ISOAbbrev = 21
| Map = China-Liaoning.png
| OriginOfName = 辽 liáo - region name
宁 nÃng - tranquil
"tranquil Liao"
| AdministrationType =
Province of China Province
| Capital =
Shenyang
| LargestCity =
Shenyang
| Secretary =
Li Keqiang
| Governor =
Zhang Wenyue
| Area = 145,900
| AreaRank = 21st
| PopYear = 2004
| Pop = 42,170,000
| PopRank = 14th
| PopDensity = 289
| PopDensityRank = 15th
| GDPYear = 2003
| GDP = 687.3 billion
| GDPRank = 8th
| GDPperCapita = 16,300
| GDPperCapitaRank = 9th
| Nationalities =
Han Chinese Han - 84%
Manchu - 13%
Mongol - 2%
Hui people Hui - 0.6%
Koreans Korean - 0.6%
Xibe - 0.3%
| Prefectures = 14
| Counties = 100
| Townships = 1511
| Website = www.ln.gov.cn
(
Simplified Chinese)
}}
'''Liaoning''' ({{zh-stp |s=辽宁 |t=遼寧 |p=Liáoníng}}) is a northeastern
political divisions of China province of the
People's Republic of China. Its one-
Chinese_character character abbreviation is ''Liao'' (辽 pinyin: liáo).
"Liáo" is an ancient name for this region, which was adopted by the
Liao Dynasty (Khitan Empire) which ruled this area between
907 and
1125. "NÃng" means "peacefulness." Historical names of Liaoning province include '''Fengtian''' (奉天
pinyin: Fèngtiān;
Postal System Pinyin: '''Fengtien''') and '''Shengjing''' (盛京
pinyin: Shèngjīng).
Liaoning is located in the southern part of China's Northeast, a part of what is often referred to as
Manchuria. Liaoning borders the
Yellow Sea (
Korea Bay) and the
Bohai Gulf in the south,
North Korea in the southeast,
Jilin Province to the northeast,
Hebei Province to the west, and
Inner Mongolia to the northwest.
The
Yalu River marks the border between
North Korea and the Chinese provinces of
Jilin and Liaoning. It empties into the Korea Bay between
Dandong (Liaoning) and
Sinuiju Sinŭiju (North Korea).
History
See also:
Xianbei,
Manchuria
Liaoning is the southernmost part of the region historically known as
Manchuria. The
Qin Dynasty Qin and
Han Dynasty Han dynasties were able to establish rule over much of what is Liaoning; later on governments headed by various peoples such as the
Xianbei,
Goguryeo,
Khitan and
Jurchen ruled Liaoning. In the
17th century the
Manchus had their capital in modern
Shenyang, Liaoning, before they conquered the rest of China, setting up the
Qing Dynasty in
1644. In the last half of the seventeenth century the imperial government recruited migrants from
Shandong to settle the relatively sparsely populated area. Many of the current residents of Liaoning trace their ancestry to these seventeenth century settlers. For the rest of the Manchu era,
Manchuria was off-limits to
Han Chinese, and was ruled by three generals, one of whom, the General of
Shengjing, ruled much of modern Liaoning.
In
1860 the Manchu government began to reopen the region to migration, which quickly resulted in
Han Chinese becoming the dominant ethnic group in the region. In the
20th century the province of
Fengtian was set up in what is Liaoning today. When
Japan and
Russia fought the Russo-Japanese War in 1904-1905, many key battles took place in Liaoning. During the Warlord Era in the early
20th century Liaoning was under the
Fengtian Clique, including
Zhang Zuolin and his son
Zhang Xueliang; in 1931
Japan invaded and the area came under the rule of the
Japanese-controlled
puppet state of
Manchukuo. The
Chinese Civil War that took place following Japanese defeat in
1945 had its first major battles (the
Liaoshen Campaign) in and around Liaoning.
At the founding of the
People's Republic of China in
1949, Liaoning did not exist; instead there were two provinces,
Liaodong and
Liaoxi, as well as five
municipality of China municipalities,
Shenyang,
Luda,
Anshan,
Fushun, and
Benxi. These were all merged together into "Liaoning" in
1954, and parts of former
Rehe province were merged into Liaoning in
1955. During the
Cultural Revolution Liaoning also took in a part of
Inner Mongolia, though this was reversed later.
Liaoning was one of the first provinces in China to industrialize, first under Japanese occupation, and then even more in the 1950s and 1960s. The city of
Anshan, for example, is home to one of the largest iron and steel complexes in China. In recent years this early focus on
heavy industry has become a liability, as many of the large state-run enterprises have experienced economic difficulties. Recognizing the special difficulties faced by Liaoning and other provinces in
Northeast China because of their heritage of heavy industry, the Chinese central government recently launched a
Revitalize the Northeast Campaign.
Partial list of provincial governors:
*
Chen Puru (1980-1983)
*
Quan Shuren (1983-1986)
*
Li Changchun (1986-1990)
*
Yue Qifeng (1990-1994)
*
Wen Shizhen (1994-1998)
*
Zhang Guoguang (1998-2001)
*
Bo Xilai (2001-2004)
*
Zhang Wenyue (since 2004)
Geography
It is possible to think of Liaoning as three approximate geographical regions: the highlands in the west, plains in the middle, and hills in the east.
The highlands in the west are dominated by the
Nulu'erhu Mountains, which roughly follow the border between Liaoning and
Inner Mongolia. The entire region is dominated by low hills.
The central part of Liaoning consists of the
watersheds of rivers such as the
Liao River Liao,
Daliao River Daliao, and their tributaries. This region is mostly flat and at low altitudes.
The eastern part of Liaoning is dominated by the
Changbai Mountains Changbai Shan and
Qian Shan ranges, which extends into the sea to form the
Liaodong Peninsula. The highest point in Liaoning,
Mount Huabozi (1336 m), is found in this region.
Liaoning has a
continental climate continental monsoon climate, and
rainfall averages to about 440-1130 mm annually. Summer is rainy while the other seasons are dry.
In
2004,
paleontology paleontologists unearth the first
fossil of the ''
Mei long''.
Major cities:
*
Shenyang
*
Dalian
*
Anshan
*
Liaoyang
*
Fushun
*
Dandong
*
Jinzhou
*
Yingkou
Administrative divisions
Image:DalianCentral.jpg thumb|280px|right|Zhongshan Square, Dalian
Liaoning is composed of 14
prefecture-level cities:
*
Shenyang (沈阳市 : Shěnyáng shì)
*
Dalian (大连市 : Dà lián shì)
*
Anshan (鞍山市 : Ānshān shì)
*
Fushun (抚顺市 : Fǔshùn shì)
*
Benxi (本溪市 : Běnxī shì)
*
Dandong (丹东市 : Dāndōng shì)
*
Jinzhou (锦州市 : Jǐnzhōu shì)
*
Huludao (葫芦岛市 : Húludǎo shì)
*
Yingkou (营口市 : YÃngkǒu shì)
*
Panjin (盘锦市 : Pánjǐn shì)
*
Fuxin (阜新市 : Fùxīn shì)
*
Liaoyang (辽阳市 : Liáoyáng shì)
*
Tieling (铁岭市 : Tiělǐng shì)
*
Chaoyang (朝阳市 : Cháoyáng shì)
These prefecture-level cities are in turn divided into 100
Political divisions of China#County level county-level divisions (17
county-level cities, 19
county of China counties, 8
autonomous counties, and 56
district of China districts), which are then further subdivided into 1511
Political divisions of China#Township level township-level divisions (613
town of China towns, 301
township of China townships, 77
ethnic townships, and 520
subdistricts).
See '''
List of administrative divisions of Liaoning''' for a complete list of
Political divisions of China#County level county-level divisions.
Economy
Main
agriculture agricultural products of Liaoning include
maize,
sorghum, and
soybeans. The region around
Dalian produces 3/4 of China's exported
apples and
peaches.
Cotton is also produced.
Liaoning has the most
iron,
magnesite,
diamond, and
boron deposits among all province-level subdivisions of China. Liaoning is also an important source of
petroleum and
natural gas.
Salt is produced along the coast.
Liaoning is one of China's most important
industry industrial bases, covering a wide range of industries, such as
machinery,
electronics,
metal refining,
petroleum,
chemical industries,
construction materials,
coal, and so on.
In recent years, the city of
Dalian has, in particular, been developed as a major port and the economic gateway to all of
northeast China.
In 2004, Liaoning's nominal GDP was 687.3 billion yuan (US$85.27 billion), ranking 8th in the PRC. Per capita GDP was 14,300 yuan (US$1,727).
Demographics
The population of Liaoning is mostly
Han Chinese with
List of Chinese nationalities minorities of
Manchus,
Mongols,
Hui people Hui,
Koreans and
Xibe.
Culture
Liaoning's culture is part of a
culture of Northeast China that is quite homogeneous across all of the northeastern China. See '''
Manchuria#Culture''' for a detailed description.
In
paleontology, Liaoning is well known for its extraordinary
fossils from the Lower
Cretaceous period; eg, the early 'placental'
mammal known as
Eomaia.
Tourism
Image:Mukden palace Chongzheng Hall 04.jpg thumb|280px|right|Chongzheng Hall in the Mukden Palace.
The
Mukden Palace was the palace of the
Qing Dynasty emperors before they conquered the rest of China and moved their capital to
Beijing. Though not as large nor as famous as its counterpart (the
Forbidden City) in
Beijing, the Mukden palace is significant for its representation of palace architecture at the time, and has recently been included on the
UNESCO World Heritage Site as an extension of the Imperial Palace site in Beijing..
In addition, three imperial tombs dating from the
Qing Dynasty are located in Liaoning. These tomb sites have been grouped with other
Ming Dynasty Ming and
Qing Dynasty Qing Dynasties tombs (such as the
Ming Dynasty Tombs in
Beijing, and the
Ming Xiaoling Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum in
Nanjing) as a combined
UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Wunu Mountain City, a
Goguryeo site found in
Huanren Manchu Autonomous County, is part of a combined
UNESCO World Heritage Site that also includes sites in
Ji'an, Jilin Ji'an,
Jilin.
The city of
Anshan boasts the
Anshan Jade Buddha, the largest
Buddha statue made of
jade in the world.
Liaoyang, one of the oldest continuously-inhabited cities in northeast China, has a number of historical sites, including the White Pagoda (Baita), that dates to the
Yuan Dynasty.
The port city of
Dalian, located on the tip of the
Liaodong Peninsula, is a tourist destination in its own right, with
beaches,
resorts,
zoos,
seafood,
shopping,
Russian- and
Japanese-era
architecture, and
streetcars, a rare site in China.
Dandong, on the border with
North Korea, is a medium-sized city that offers a cross-river view of the North Korean city of
Sinuiju Sinŭiju.
Miscellaneous topics
Professional sports teams based in Liaoning include:
*
Chinese Football Association Super League
**
Liaoning FC
**
Shenyang Jinde
**
Dalian Shide
*
Chinese Football Association Jia League
**
Dalian Changbo
*
Chinese Basketball Association
**
Liaoning Panpan Hunters
Colleges and universities
Under the national Ministry of Education:
*
Dalian University of Technology (大连理工大学)
*
Northeastern University (Liaoning) Northeastern University (东北大学)
Under various other national agencies:
*
China Criminal Police College (中国刑警学院)
*
Dalian Maritime University (大连海事大学)
*
Dalian Nationalities University (大连民族大学)
Under the provincial government:
*
Anshan University of Science and Technology (鞍山科技大学)
*
Anshan Normal University
*
China Medical University (中国医科大学)
*
Dalian Jiaotong University (大连交通大学)
*
Dalian Medical University (大连医科大学)
*
Dalian University (大连大学)
*
Dongbei University of Finance and Economics (东北财经大学)
*
Liaoning Normal University (辽宁师范大学)
*
Liaoning Technical University (辽宁工程技术大学)
*
Liaoning University (辽宁大学)
*
Liaoning University of Petroleum and Chemical Technology (辽宁石油化工大学)
*
Shenyang Agricultural University (沈阳农业大学)
*
Shenyang Institute of Chemical Technology (沈阳化工学院)
*
Shenyang Jianzhu University (沈阳建筑大学)
*
Shenyang Ligong University (沈阳理工大学)
*
Shenyang Pharmaceutical University (沈阳药科大学)
*
Shenyang University (沈阳大学)
*
Shenyang University of Technology (沈阳工业大学)
External links
{{commons|Liaoning}}
-
ä¸å›½è¾½å®? The Provincial Government of Liaoning
-
Large map of Liaoning
-
Discover Dalian
-
Manchurian Legacy
{{Provinces_of_China}}
Category:Liaoning
Category:Manchuria
Category:Provinces of the People's Republic of China
ar:لياونينغ
da:Liaoning
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eo:LiaÅningo
fr:Liaoning
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id:Liaoning
it:Liaoning
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{| align="center" id="toc" cellspacing="0"
|- bgcolor="#FFFFCC"
| align="center" | '''
Political divisions of China#Prefecture level Prefecture-level divisions of
Liaoning'''
{|
| align="right" style="font-size: 90%; vertical-align: top;" | '''
Sub-provincial cities:
| style="font-size: 90%;" |
Dalian |
Shenyang
|-
| align="right" style="font-size: 90%; vertical-align: top;" | '''
Prefecture-level cities:
| style="font-size: 90%;" |
Anshan .html">Benxi
_Chaoyang |
Dandong .html" title="Meaning of Chaoyang.html" title="Meaning of Chaoyang">Chaoyang |
Dandong ">Fushun
_Fuxin
Huludao .html">Jinzhou
_Liaoyang |
Panjin .html" title="Meaning of Liaoyang.html" title="Meaning of Liaoyang">Liaoyang |
Panjin ">Tieling
_Yingkou
|}
|- bgcolor="#FFFFCC"
| align="center" style="font-size: 90%; vertical-align: top;" |'''
List of administrative divisions of Liaoning List of Liaoning County-level divisions'''
|}
Category:Prefecture-level divisions of Liaoning
zh:Template:辽�行政区划
{{catmore}}
Category:Provinces of the People's Republic of China
category:Manchuria
ko:분류:랴오� 성
zh:Category:辽�
*** Shopping-Tip: Liaoning
