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Libya
*** Shopping-Tip: Libya
{{dablink|This article the country in Africa. For the mythical character of the same name, see
Libya (mythology).}}
{{Infobox Country|
|native_name = الجماهيرية العربية الليبية الشعبية الإشتراكية �ﻟﻌﻆﻤﻰ
''al-JamÄ?hÄ«rÄ«yah al-‘ArabÄ«ya al-LÄ«bÄ«yah ash-Sha‘bÄ«yah al-IshtirÄ?kÄ«yah al-Uthma''
|conventional_long_name = Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
|common_name = Libya
|image_flag = Flag of Libya.svg
|image_coat = Libyseal.gif
|image_map = LocationLibya.png
|national_motto =
Freedom,
socialism,
unity
|national_anthem =
Allahu Akbar (anthem) Allahu Akbar
|official_languages =
Arabic language Arabic
|capital =
Tripoli
|latd=32 |latm=54 |latNS=N |longd=13 |longm=11 |longEW=E |
|largest_city =
Tripoli
|government_type = People's Congress
|leader_titles = • Head of State
•
Heads of Government of Libya Prime Minister
|leader_names =
Muammar al-Qaddafi (de facto)
Zentani Muhammad az-Zentani (nominal)
Baghdadi Mahmudi
|area_rank = 16th
|area_magnitude = 1 E12
|area = 1,759,540
|areami²= 679,182
|percent_water = Negl.
|population_estimate = 5,765,563{{ref|1}}
|population_estimate_year = July 2005
|population_estimate_rank = 103rd
|population_census = 5,882,667 [http://en.ljbc.net/lypop2004.htm]
|population_census_year = 2004
|population_density = 3
|population_densitymi² =8.5
|population_density_rank = 186th
|GDP_PPP_year= 2005
|GDP_PPP = $48.19 billion
|GDP_PPP_rank = 80th
|GDP_PPP_per_capita = $8,400
|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 94th
|HDI_year = 2003
|HDI = 0.799
|HDI_rank = 58th
|HDI_category = medium
|sovereignty_type =
Independence
|established_events = • Date
|established_dates = From
Italy December 24 1951
|currency =
Libyan dinar Dinar
|currency_code = LYD
|country_code = ly
|time_zone =
Eastern European Time EET
|utc_offset = +2
|time_zone_DST = ''not observed''
|utc_offset_DST = +2
|cctld =
.ly
|calling_code = 218
|footnotes = {{note|1}}Includes 166,510 non-nationals
}}
'''Libya''', officially the '''Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab
Jamahiriya''' or الجماهيرية العربية الليبية الشعبية الإشتراكية �ﻟﻌﻆﻤﻰ is a country in
North Africa Northern Africa, bordering the
Mediterranean Sea, located between
Egypt on the east,
Sudan on the southeast,
Chad and
Niger on the south and
Algeria and
Tunisia to the west. Its
capital city is
Tripoli. The three traditional sections of the country are
Tripolitania, the
Fezzan and
Cyrenaica.
The name "Libya" derives from the
Ancient Egyptian language Egyptian term "Lebu", referring to
Berber peoples living west of the
Nile, and adopted into
Greek language Greek as "Libya". In
ancient Greece, the term had a broader meaning, encompassing all of
North Africa west of Egypt, and sometimes referring to the entire continent of
Africa.
History
{{main|History of Libya}}
Image:Leptis Magna market place April 2004.jpg Leptis Magna.html" title="Meaning of 300px 300px|thumb|left|Ruins of [[Leptis Magna in Libya.html" title="Meaning of thumb|left|Ruins of [[Leptis Magna">300px|thumb|left|Ruins of [[Leptis Magna in Libya">thumb|left|Ruins of [[Leptis Magna">300px|thumb|left|Ruins of [[Leptis Magna in Libya
The land now known as modern Libya has been, throughout the ages, subjected to varying degrees of foreign control. The
Phoenicians,
Carthaginians,
Greeks,
Roman citizenship Romans,
Vandals, and
Byzantines ruled all or parts of Libya. Although the
Greeks and Romans left impressive ruins at
Cyrene, Libya Cyrene,
Leptis Magna, and
Sabratha, little else remains today to testify to the presence of these ancient cultures.
The
Arabs conquered Libya in the seventh century
Anno Domini A.D. In the following centuries, most of the indigenous peoples adopted
Islam and the
Arabic language and culture. The
Ottoman Empire Ottoman Turks conquered the country in the mid-16th century. Libya remained part of their empire, although at times virtually autonomous, until
Italy invaded in 1911 and, in the face of years of resistance, made Libya a colony.
In 1934, Italy adopted the name "Libya" (used by the Greeks for all of
North Africa, except
Egypt) as the official name of the colony, which consisted of the Provinces of
Cyrenaica,
Tripolitania, and
Fezzan.
Idris I King Idris I, Emir of Cyrenaica, led Libyan resistance to Italian occupation between the two World Wars. From 1943 to 1951, Tripolitania and Cyrenaica were under
British administration, while the
France French controlled Fezzan. In 1944, Idris returned from exile in
Cairo but declined to resume permanent residence in Cyrenaica until the removal in 1947 of some aspects of foreign control. Under the terms of the 1947 peace treaty with the Allies, Italy relinquished all claims to Libya.
Image:Omar_Mukhtar_13.jpg 125px|thumb|left|Omar Mukhtar (1858 – 1931), leader of the Libyan uprising against Italian occupation
On
21 November 1949, the
UN General Assembly passed a resolution stating that Libya should become independent before
1 January 1952.
Idris I King Idris I represented Libya in the subsequent UN negotiations. When Libya declared its independence on
24 December 1951, it was the first country to achieve independence through the United Nations and one of the first former European possessions in Africa to gain independence. Libya was proclaimed a constitutional and a hereditary
monarchy under King Idris.
The discovery of significant
oil reserves in 1959 and the subsequent income from
petroleum sales enabled what had been one of the world's poorest countries to become extremely wealthy, as measured by per capita GDP. Although oil drastically improved Libya’s finances, popular resentment grew as wealth was increasingly concentrated in the hands of the elite. This discontent continued to mount with the rise throughout the Arab world of
Nasserism and the idea of Arab unity.
On
1 September 1969, a small group of military officers led by then 28-year-old army officer
Mu’ammar Abu Minyar al-Qadhafi staged a ''
coup coup d’etat'' against King Idris, who was exiled to Egypt. The new regime, headed by the Revolutionary Command Council (RCC), abolished the monarchy and proclaimed the new
Libyan Arab Republic. Qadhafi emerged as leader of the RCC and eventually as de facto chief of state, a political role he still plays. The Libyan Government asserts that Qadhafi currently holds no official position, although he is referred to in government statements and the official press as the "Brother Leader and Guide of the Revolution".
Politics
{{main|Politics of Libya}}
Image:Gadhafi Carpet.jpeg 250px|thumb|Wall carpet depicting Col. Muammar Qadhafi, in a hotel in Misrata, Liliya
There is a dual
government structure in Libya. The "revolutionary sector" comprises Revolutionary Leader
Muammar al-Qaddafi Qadhafi, the Revolutionary Committees, and the remaining members of the 12-person Revolutionary commities Council, which was established in 1969. The historical revolutionary leadership is not elected and cannot be voted out of office, as they are in power by virtue of their involvement in the revolution. The revolutionary sector dictates the decision-making power of the second sector, the "Jamahiriya Sector". Making up the legislative branch of government, this sector comprises Local People's Congresses in each of the 1,500 urban wards, 32 Sha’biyat People’s Congresses for the regions, and the National General People's Congress. These
legislative bodies are represented by corresponding
Executive (government) executive bodies (Local People's Committees, Sha'biyat People's Committees and the National General People’s Committee/Cabinet).
Every four years the membership of the Local People's Congresses elects by
acclamation both their own leadership and secretaries for the People’s Committees, sometimes after many debates and a critical vote. The leadership of the Local People’s Congress represents the local congress at the People’s Congress of the next level and has an imperative mandate. The members of the National General People's Congress elect the members of the National General People’s Committee (the
Cabinet) by acclamation at their annual meeting. The most recent meeting, which took place in Sirt from
8 January-
12 January 2005, was the 29th annual.
While there is discussion regarding who will run for executive offices, only those approved by the revolutionary leadership are actually elected. The government administration is effective as long as it operates within the directives of the revolutionary leadership. The revolutionary leadership has absolute veto power despite the constitutionally established people's democracy and alleged rule of the people. The government controls both state-run and semi-autonomous media, and any articles critical of current policies have been requested and intentionally placed by the revolutionary leadership itself, for example, as a means of initiating
reforms. In cases involving a violation of "these taboos", the private press, like The Tripoli Post, has been censored. This means that the government is a dictatorship.
Political parties were banned by the Prohibition of Party Politics Act Number 71 of 1972. According to the Association Act of 1971, the establishment of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) is allowed. As they are required to conform to the goals of the revolution, however, the number of NGOs in Libya is small in comparison with neighboring countries.
Unions do not exist as such. However, the numerous professional associations are integrated into the state structure as a third pillar, along with the People’s Congresses and Committees, though they do not have the right to strike. Professional associations send delegates to the General People's Congress, where they have a representative mandate.
See also
*
Foreign relations of Libya
Municipalities
{{main|Municipalities of Libya}}
Image:germa_museum_.jpg 250px|thumb|right|Germa Museum
Libya is divided into 32 Municipalities (''Sha'biyat;'' singular – ''Sha'biyah''):
Geography
{{main|Geography of Libya}}
Image:Ly-map.png right|thumb|250px|Map of Libya
Image:Jabal Al Akdhar.jpg left|thumb|200px|Jabal Al Akdhar near Benghazi
Libya extends over 1,759,540 square kilometres (679,182
square mile sq. mi), making it the 16th largest nation in the world. It is bound to the west by
Tunisia and
Algeria, the southwest by
Niger, the south by
Chad and
Sudan and to the east by
Egypt. The country is also bound to the north by the
Mediterranean Sea.
The climate is a mostly dry, desert climate. The northern regions however enjoy a milder Mediterranean climate.
Geographic regions:
Cyrenaica,
Tripolitania, and
Fezzan.
The chief cities are the capital
Tripoli in northwest Libya and
Benghazi, the country's second city. Other significant cities include Misratah, Sirte and Sabha.
Natural hazards: hot, dry, dust-laden
sirocco (known in Libya as the '''ghibli''') is a southern wind lasting one to four days in spring and fall;
dust storms,
sandstorms.
Oases:
Ghadames,
Kufra, many others.
The Libyan Desert
Image:Libyan Dessert.jpg thumb|left|250px|Desert landscape in Southern Libya
The Libyan Desert is one of the most arid places on earth. In places decades may pass without
rain, and even in the
highlands rainfall happens erratically, once every 5-10 years. At Uweinat, the last recorded
rainfall was in September 1998. With such dryness, the desert would be expected to be totally lifeless yet there is a surprising abundance of life. There is a large
depression, the
Qattara Depression, just to the south of the northernmost scarp, with Siwa oasis at its western extremity. The depression continues in a shallower form west, to the oases of Jaghbub and Jalo. There are other inhabited oases, Baharya, Farafra, Dakhla and Kharga west of the
Nile in
Egypt.
Image:Libyan Mountains.jpg thumb|right|250px|Dramatic mountains in the south of the country
There are a few scattered uninhabited small oases, usually linked to the major depressions, where water can be found by digging to a few feet in depth. In the west there is a widely dispersed group of oases in unconnected shallow depressions, the Kufra group, consisting of Tazerbo, Rebiana and Kufra. Aside the scarps, the general flatness is only interrupted by a series of
plateaus and massifs near the centre of the Libyan Desert, around the convergence of the Egyptian-Sudanese-Libyan Borders.
The Gilf Kebir plateau rises about 300 metres (1,000
foot (unit of length) ft) above the general plain, and lies entirely in Egypt. It roughly equals
Switzerland in size, and is similar in structure to the other sandstone plateaus of the central
Sahara. Its south-eastern part is well defined on all sides, with sheer cliffs and deep, narrow
wadis. The northeast part, separated from the other half by a broad valley called the "Gap" is more broken, and supports three large wadis with
vegetation.
Slightly further to the south are the massifs of Arkenu, Uweinat and Kissu. These
granite mountains are very ancient, having formed much before the sandstones surrounding them. Arkenu and Western Uweinat are ring complexes very similar to those in the Air mountains. Eastern Uweinat (the highest point in the Libyan desert) is a raised sandstone plateau adjacent to the granite part further west. The plain to the north of Uweinat is doted with eroded volcanic features.
In 1996 the movie "
The English Patient (film) The English Patient" raised public interest in the Libyan desert.
Economy
{{main|Economy of Libya}}
Image:Tripoli Medina.jpg left|thumb|200px|Tripoli's Old City - (El-Madina El-Kadima) - Situated in the city centre
The Libyan economy depends primarily upon revenues from the oil sector, which contribute practically all
export earnings and about one-quarter of
GDP. These oil revenues and a small population give Libya one of the highest per capita GDPs in Africa, but little of this income flows down to the lower orders of society. Libyan officials in the past three years have made progress on economic reforms as part of a broader campaign to reintegrate the country into the international fold. This effort picked up after
International sanctions UN sanctions were lifted in September 2003 and as Libya announced in December 2003 that it would abandon programs to build
weapons of mass destruction.
Image:Modern Tripoli.jpg right|thumb|250px|Libya's capital has benifited much from the country's oil wealth
Libya faces a long road ahead in liberalizing the socialist-oriented economy, but initial steps — including applying for
WTO membership, reducing some
subsidies, and announcing plans for
privatization — are laying the groundwork for a transition to a more
market-based economy. The non-oil manufacturing and construction sectors, which account for about 20% of GDP, have expanded from processing mostly agricultural products to include the production of
petrochemicals,
iron,
steel, and
aluminum. Climatic conditions and poor soils severely limit agricultural output, and Libya imports about 75% of its food.
The Libyan economy is also viewed as ripe for modernisation and
foreign investment. Under the previous Prime Minister,
Shukri Ghanem and current prime minister
Baghdadi Mahmudi, it is undergoing a business boom. Many socialist-era government-run industries are being privatized. As well as the lifting of UN sanctions, US sanctions have also, for the most part, been lifted. For example, Continental Airlines now offers code-share travel to Libya. Many international oil companies have now returned to Libya, including the recent return of oil giants
Royal Dutch Shell Shell and
ExxonMobil. Tourism is also on the rise which has brought demand for the building of more hotels and increasing capacity in airports such as
Tripoli International Airport Tripoli International.
Demographics
{{main|Demographics of Libya}}
Image:Libyan Arabs.jpg right|thumb|250px|Libyan Arab children
Libya has a small population within its large territory, with a
population density of about 3 persons per square kilometre (8.5/mi²) in the two northern regions of
Tripolitania and
Cyrenaica, and less than one person per square kilometre (1.6/mi²) elsewhere. Ninety percent of the people live in less than 10% of the area, primarily along the coast. More than half the population is urban, mostly concentrated in the two largest cities,
Tripoli and
Benghazi. 50% of the population is estimated to be under age 15. Native Libyans are primarily a mixture of
Arabs and
Berbers.
Small
Tuareg and
Tebu people Tebu tribal groups in southern Libya are
nomadic or seminomadic. Among foreign residents, the largest groups are citizens of other African nations, including North Africans (primarily Egyptians and Tunisians), West Africans and
Sub-Saharan Africans. Libyan Berbers and Arabs constitute 97% of the population, the other 3% being Africans (outside of North Africa),
Greeks,
Maltese,
Italians,
Egyptian people Egyptians,
Pakistanis,
Turkish people Turks,
Indians and
Tunisia Tunisians.
The main language spoken in Libya, as well as being the official language, is
Arabic. Tamazight is a language spoken by Libyan Berbers.
Italian Language Italian and
English Language English are also spoken in the big cities, although Italian is usually spoken by the older generation.
Culture
{{main|Culture of Libya}}
Image:Benghazi_coast.jpg 300px|thumb|right|Coastline of Benghazi, Libya's second city
Libyan culture is, to a certain extent, similar to that of its other
Arab neighbour states and the Libyan people very much consider themselves as part of a wider Arab community. The primary language is a
Libyan Arabic colloquial form of Arabic that is unique to the area around Libya. There seems to be two distinct
dialects and a couple of village and tribal dialects. Libyan Arabs have a heritage in the traditions of the nomadic
Bedouin and associate themselves with a particular Bedouin tribe.
Family life is strong for Libyan families. Most Libyans live in
Tower block apartment blocks and various kinds of independent housing units depending on their income status. Most of the Arabs who have lived a
nomadic lifestyle, traditionally in tents, have been settled into various towns and cities in Libya, their old way of life fading out. It is believed that there are still some who do live as they have for centuries in the desert, though no one knows their exact numbers. Most of the population are engaged in occupations in
industry and
services and a small percentage in
agriculture.
Image:qaser_el_haj.jpg mile 250px|thumb|left|Qasr El Haj, 150 kilometres (93 [[mile|mi) south of Tripoli.html" title="Meaning of mi.html" title="Meaning of 250px|thumb|left|Qasr El Haj, 150 kilometres (93 [[mile|mi">250px|thumb|left|Qasr El Haj, 150 kilometres (93 [[mile|mi) south of Tripoli">mi.html" title="Meaning of 250px|thumb|left|Qasr El Haj, 150 kilometres (93 [[mile|mi">250px|thumb|left|Qasr El Haj, 150 kilometres (93 [[mile|mi) south of Tripoli
Similar to some other countries in the
Arab world, Libya can boast few theatres or art galleries. Public entertainment is almost non-existent even in the big cities. Most Libyans, instead however, enjoy regular trips to the many beaches of the country. They also visit the country's many beautifully preserved archeological sites especially that of
Leptis Magna in the East, widely considered to be one of the best preserved Roman archeological sites in the world. The nation's capital
Tripoli also boasts many good museums and archives including the National Archives, the Government Library, the Ethnographic Museum, the Archaeological Museum, the Epigraphy Museum and the Islamic Museum.
There has recently been something of a revival of the arts in Libya, especially in the field of painting and private galleries are springing up to provide a showcase for new talent. Conversely, for many years there have been no public theatres and only a few cinemas showing foreign films. The tradition of
folk culture is still alive and well, with troupes performing music and dance at frequent festivals, both in Libya and abroad. The main output of Libyan Television is devoted to showing various styles of traditional Libyan music. Traditional
Tuareg music and dance are popular in Ghadhames and the south.
See also
*
Music of Libya
Religion
{{main|Islam in Libya}}
Image:Ghadames Mosque.jpg thumb|right|300px|Mosque in Ghadames
Before the 1930's The Sanusi Movement was the main Islamic movement in Libya. This was a religious revival adapted to desert life. Its zawaayaa could be found in Tripolitania and Fezzan, but Sanusi influence was strongest in Cyrenaica. Rescuing the region from unrest and anarchy, the Sanusi movement gave the Cyrenaican tribal people a religious attachment and feelings of unity and purpose. This Islamic movement, which was later destroyed by both
List of invasions Italian invasion and later the Qadhafi government, was a very conservative one somewhat different to the
Islam that exists in Libya today. Qadhafi himself is a devout muslim, his government taking a leading role in supporting Islamic institutions and in worldwide proselytizing on behalf of Islam. Libyan Islam however has always been considered traditional but in no way harsh.
Sufism is also somewhat common in parts of the country.
Although Libya is overwhelmingly
Sunni Muslim (97 to 98 percent), there are also small
Christian communities, composed almost exclusively of foreigners. There is a small
Anglican community, made up mostly of African immigrant workers in Tripoli, which is part of the Egyptian Diocese. There are an estimated 40,000
Roman Catholics who are served by two Bishops, one in Tripoli (serving the Italian community) and one in Benghazi (serving the
Maltese community).
Miscellaneous topics
*
Flag of Libya
*
Communications in Libya
*
Middle East conflict (Conflicts between Libya and other nations)
*
Military of Libya
*
List of cities in Libya
*
Transportation in Libya
*
HIV trial in Libya
*
Jewish exodus from Arab lands (Has information on Libyan Jewish population)
References
{{unreferenced}}
External links
{{portal}}
{{sisterlinks|Libya}}
News
-
afrol News — Libya independent news agency
-
AllAfrica.com — ''Libya'' news headline links
-
Libya: News & Views news headline links
-
Libyan Jamahiriya Broadcasting Corporation (LJBC)
-
Yahoo! News Full Coverage — ''Libya'' news
-
Libyen-News news and history (in German)
Overviews
-
BBC News Country Profile — ''Libya''
-
CIA World Factbook — ''Libya''
-
US State Department — ''Libya'' includes Background Notes, Country Study and major reports
-
Congressional Research Service (CRS) Reports regarding Libya
Directories
-
al-Bab — ''Libya'' directory category
-
Columbia University Libraries - ''Libya'' directory category of the WWW-VL
-
Open Directory Project — ''Libya'' directory category
-
Yahoo! — ''Libya'' directory category
-
Libya Connected — ''Libya'' directory of Libyan websites
Tourism
*{{wikitravel}}
-
Libtra Tours Company
-
Libyan Arab Airlines
Other
-
Libyana: The Culture of Libya
-
Libya Connected
-
Photos of Libya
-
The Libyan Desert
-
Flickr Libya Group
-
Libyan Bereber website
-
Physical map of Libya
*[http://www.libyaninvestment.com/index.php]
Libyan Blogs
-
ديوان رÙ?ع الØصانة
-
Aisha's Musings
-
Zizo79
-
Benghazeeyah
-
D-log
-
Flying Birds
-
lonehighlander
-
unfeterred swallow
-
Iona
-
Ly-hub
-
My Libya
-
Nura's thoughts
-
Tripolitan
-
Red enclave
-
Sad destiny
-
Tareq's Blog
-
The Oasis
-
The Third Space
-
Thea keeps painting the planet
-
Tripoli Girl
-
KhadijaTeri
-
Alea's English
-
Yousef
-
Big Damn Heroes
-
AIDS
-
A nice little trip to the south
{{Africa}}
{{Mediterranean}}
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