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Lincolnshire

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:''This article is about the English administrative county. For the Illinois village, see Lincolnshire, Illinois; for the Kentucky city, see Lincolnshire, Kentucky.'' {| border=1 cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" align="right" width=300 style=margin-left:10px |- !colspan=2 align=center bgcolor="#ff9999"|Lincolnshire |- |colspan=2 align=center|Image:EnglandLincolnshire.png |- !colspan=2 bgcolor="#ff9999"|Geography |- |width="45%"|Status:||Ceremonial counties of England Ceremonial & (smaller) Metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties of England Non-metropolitan county |- |Region:||East Midlands
(North Lincolnshire and
North East Lincolnshire are in
Yorkshire and the Humber) |- |Surface area Area:
- Total
- Admin. council
- Admin. area||List of Ceremonial counties of England by Area Ranked 2nd
1 E9 mÂ² 6,959 square kilometre km²
List of Administrative shire counties of England by Area Ranked 4th
5,921 km² |- |Admin HQ:||Lincoln, Lincolnshire Lincoln |- |ISO 3166-2:GB ISO 3166-2:||GB-LIN |- |ONS coding system ONS code:||32 |- |Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics NUTS 3:||UKF30 |- !colspan=2 bgcolor="#ff9999"|Demographics |- |Population
- Total (2004 est.)
- Density
- Admin. council
- Admin. pop. |List of ceremonial counties of England by population Ranked 19th
987,700
142 / km²
List of non-metropolitan counties of England by population Ranked 15th
673,500 |- |Ethnicity:||98.5% White |- !colspan=2 bgcolor="#ff9999"|Politics |- |colspan=2 align=center|Image:Arms-lincs.jpg 200px
Lincolnshire County Council
http://www.lincolnshire.gov.uk/ |- |Executive:||Conservative Party (UK) Conservative |- |colspan=2 align=center|MPs elected in the UK general election, 2005 Members of Parliament |- |colspan=2| Ian Cawsey, Quentin Davies, John Henry Hayes, Douglas Hogg, Edward Leigh, Shona McIsaac, Gillian Merron, Austin Mitchell, Elliot Morley, Mark Jonathon Mortlock Simmonds Mark Simmonds, Peter Tapsell (United Kingdom) Peter Tapsell |- !colspan=2 bgcolor="#ff9999"|Districts |- |colspan=2|Image:Lincolnshire_Ceremonial_Numbered.png #Lincoln, Lincolnshire Lincoln #North Kesteven #South Kesteven #South Holland, England South Holland #Boston (borough) Boston #East Lindsey #West Lindsey #North Lincolnshire (Unitary) #North East Lincolnshire (Unitary) |} '''Lincolnshire''' (abbreviated '''Lincs''') is a county in the East Midlands of England. It borders onto Norfolk, England Norfolk, Cambridgeshire, Rutland, Leicestershire, Nottinghamshire, South Yorkshire, the East Riding of Yorkshire and (for just 19 metres, England's shortest county boundary) Northamptonshire. Its county town is the ancient city of Lincoln, Lincolnshire Lincoln. The county flower of Lincolnshire is the Common Dog-violet. The ceremonial county of Lincolnshire (composed of the non-metropolitan counties of Lincolnshire, North Lincolnshire and North-East Lincolnshire) is the second largest of the English counties and one that is predominantly agricultural in character. For the purposes of a general geographical classification the county can be broken down into a number of sub-regions including: the The Fens Lincolnshire Fens, the Lincolnshire Wolds, and the industrial River Humber Humber Estuary and North Sea coast around Grimsby and Scunthorpe.

Towns and villages
The non-metropolitan county of Lincolnshire is characterised by the absence of any major urban area. The principal settlements and their populations are: Lincoln, Lincolnshire Lincoln (85,000), Boston, Lincolnshire Boston (35,000), Grantham (34,000), Spalding, Lincolnshire Spalding (22,000) and Stamford, Lincolnshire Stamford (19,000). Many of the towns in the county continue to hold a weekly market, a centuries-old tradition reinvigorated recently by the growth of farmers' markets. Most of the urbanised area of Lincolnshire is on the Humber estuary, in the unitary authorities. Scunthorpe in North Lincolnshire, has a population of 62,000, and the Cleethorpes/Great Grimsby conurbation in North East Lincolnshire has a population of over 100,000. For a full list of Lincolnshire towns and villages see the List of places in Lincolnshire page.

Transport
''Main article: Transport in Lincolnshire'' Being on the economic periphery of England, Lincolnshire's transport links are less well developed than many other parts of the United Kingdom. The road network within the county is dominated by single carriageway trunk roads (A roads) and minor roads (B roads) rather than motorways or dual carriageways — the administrative county of Lincolnshire is one of the small number of UK counties without a motorway and up until a few years ago, it was said that there was only approximately thirty-five kilometres (twenty-two miles) of dual carriageway in the whole of Lincolnshire. The low population density of the county means that the number of railway stations and train services is low considering the county's large physical size. A large number of the county's railway stations were permanently closed following the Beeching Axe Beeching Report of 1963. Lincoln retained its direct train service to London until the late 1980s and the ECML East Coast Main Line freight route still passes through Lincoln, but it is now necessary for passengers to change trains in Newark-on-Trent Newark, Nottinghamshire. However, the East Coast Main Line passes through the county and so it is still possible to catch direct trains to the capital from Grantham. There is a local joke that Lincolnshire is the only county where most people's second car is a Massey Ferguson (a make of tractor). Since April 1994, Lincolnshire has had an Air Ambulance service [http://beehive.thisislincolnshire.co.uk/default.asp?WCI=SiteHome&ID=4781&PageID=24114] which was extended to also cover Nottinghamshire in 1997. The air ambulance is stationed at RAF Waddington near Lincoln and can reach emergencies in Lincolnshire and Nottinghamshire within 19 minutes.

History
''Main article: History of Lincolnshire.'' Lincolnshire derived from the merging of the territory of the ancient Kingdom of Lindsey with that controlled by the Danelaw borough Stamford, Lincolnshire Stamford. For some time the entire county was called 'Lindsey', and it is recorded as such in the Domesday Book. Later, Lindsey was applied only the northern core, around Lincoln, and emerged as one of the three Parts of Lincolnshire, along with the Parts of Holland, Lincolnshire Holland in the south-east and Kesteven in the south west, which each had separate Quarter Sessions to act as their county administrations. In 1888 when county councils were set up, Lindsey, Holland and Kesteven each received their own separate one. These survived until 1974, when Holland, Kesteven, and most of Lindsey were unified into Lincolnshire, and the northern part, with Scunthorpe and Grimsby, going to the newly formed shire county non-metropolitan county of Humberside, along with most of the East Riding of Yorkshire. A further local government reform in 1996 abolished Humberside, and the parts south of the Humber became the unitary authorities of North Lincolnshire and North East Lincolnshire. These areas became part of Lincolnshire for ceremonial purposes such as the Lord-Lieutenant Lord-Lieutenancy, but are not covered by the Lincolnshire police. These two authorities are in the Yorkshire and the Humber region. The remaining districts of Lincolnshire are Boston (borough) Boston, East Lindsey, Lincoln, South Holland, England South Holland, South Kesteven, North Kesteven and West Lindsey. They are part of the East Midlands region.

Economy

Agriculture
The county of Lincolnshire is a major agricultural producer, growing large amounts of Wheat, Barley, Sugarbeet and Oilseed rape. In South Lincolnshire, where the soil is particularly rich in nutrients, some of the most common crops include cabbage, cauliflowers and onions. Mechanisation around the turn of the 20th Century greatly diminished the number of workers required to manage the county's relatively large farms, and the proportion of workers in the agricultural sector dropped substantially during this period. Today, immigrant workers from Portugal and Eastern Europe comprise a large component of the seasonal agricultural workforce, particularly in the south of the county where more labour intensive crops such as small vegetables and cut flowers are typically grown. Many of these migrant workers are from the southern and eastern states of the European Union and are thus working legally in the United Kingdom. This seasonal influx of migrant labour occasionally causes tension between the migrant workforce and local people, in a county which is still relatively unaccustomed to the large scale immigration experienced by other parts of the United Kingdom.

Services and Retail
According to an IGGI study in 2000 ([http://www.iggi.gov.uk/towncent/2000/towncentres.txt source]), the town centres were ranked thus (including N Lincs and NE Lincs):- *Lincoln *Grantham *Grimsby *Boston and Scunthorpe (equal) *Spalding *Stamford *Skegness *Louth *Sleaford *Gainsborough *Brigg *Cleethorpes *Bourne *Horncastle and Mablethorpe (equal)

Public services

Education
''Main article: Education in Lincolnshire.'' Lincolnshire is one of the few counties within the UK that still uses the Eleven plus to decide who may attend grammar schools in the United Kingdom grammar school. Despite the bias towards selection, there are many comprehensive schools in Lincolnshire with excellent records.

Health care
The [http://www.ulh.nhs.uk/ United Lincolnshire Hospitals NHS Trust] is one of the largest trusts in the country, employing almost 7000 staff and with an annual budget of over Â£250 million. Lincolnshire shares the problems of elsewhere in the country when it comes to finding an NHS dentist, with waiting lists of three months not uncommon. Some of the larger hospitals in the county include: *Boston Pilgrim Hospital *Grantham and District Hospital *Lincoln County Hospital *Skegness and District General Hospital

People
Lincolnshire is relatively unusual in the composition of its population, being one of the least ethnically diverse counties of the United Kingdom (98.5 percent of the population describe themselves as "white"). Over recent years inward migration by people from ethnic minority communities has increased (particularly to population centres such as Lincoln) but the absolute number of non-white Lincolnshire residents remains very low. Recently, the county has also witnessed a growing trend towards an in-migration of retired persons from other parts of the United Kingdom, particularly those from the southern counties of England attracted by the generally lower property prices and generally slower and more relaxed pace of life. Skegness was recent voted the most popular place in Britain to retire to, with Spalding, Lincolnshire Spalding and Mablethorpe also recommended, by a recent study [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/lincolnshire/4395281.stm]. The relatively high proportion of elderly and retired people is reflected in many of the services, activities, and events. Those born in Lincolnshire are sometimes given the slighly comic nickname of Yellowbelly (Lincolnshire) Yellowbellies (often spelt "Yeller Bellies", to reflect the pronunciation of the phrase by the typical Lincolnshire farmer). The term is thought to refer to the flat and open landscape in the south - if a farmer wanted to hunt he would have to lie on his belly to avoid being spotted by his prey.

Culture
Lincolnshire is a rural area where the pace of life is generally slower than much of the United Kingdom. Sunday is still largely a day of rest, with generally only shops in Lincoln, larger market towns, and resorts and industrial towns of the North Sea coast remaining open. Some towns and villages in the county still observe half-day closing on Thursdays. Lincolnshire has a large cÃ©ilidh dancing fan base and it is not unusual for the many village and town halls to hold dances. Fishing (because of the extensive river and dyke system in the fens) is very popular.

Language
The Accent (linguistics) accent and dialect words of Lincolnshire are poorly known beyond the county, especially compared to more familiar accents, e.g. Scouse or Cockney. The effects of modern media, education, and in-migration to the county have substantially diluted the traditional accent, and many dialect words have been lost over recent years. However, the accent certainly exists, and a native 'Yeller Belly' will still easily pick out a Lincolnshire speaker, possibly even being able to distinguish where in the county the speaker is from. The northern residents of Lindsey tending towards the Yorkshire dialect, with the accent of the south-east of the county (Holland and the Fens) being more similar to that of East Anglia. In common with most other English_English#Northern_England Northern and English_English#Midlands Midlands dialects in England, "flat" ''a'' is preferred, i.e. {{IPA|[baθ]}} over {{IPA|[bɑθ]}}, and also in words like '''water''', pronounced ''watter'' (though such a pronunciation is rarely heard in 2005). Similarly, {{IPA|[ʌ]}} is usually replaced by {{IPA|[ʊ]}}. Features rather more confined to Lincolnshire include: *Elaboration of Received Pronunciation standard English {{IPA|[eɪ]}} or {{IPA|[iː]}} into a complex triphthong approximating, and often Transcription (linguistics) transcribed ''-air-'' or ''-yair-''. For example: "'''mate'''" {{IPA|[m(j)ɛːɚt]}}; "'''beast'''" {{IPA|[b(j)ɛːɚst]}}; "'''tates'''" (Potato potatoes) {{IPA|[t(j)ɛːɚts]}}. *An equivalent elaboration of standard English {{IPA|[əʊ]}} - commonly {{IPA|[oː]}} in Northern England - into ''-ooa-''. For example "'''boat'''" {{IPA|[bʊːɚt]}}. *Insertion of an extra schwa into the standard English diphthong {{IPA.html">Louth, Lincolnshire Louth is pronounced {{IPA|[lawəθ]}} by some inhabitants. *Vocabulary: "'''duck'''" as a term of endearment or informal address, "'''mardy'''" meaning upset or angry, "'''while'''" as a substitute for standard English "until", and the inimitable salutation (greeting) salutation "'''now then!?'''" (hello), sometimes written ''nairn'' to reflect pronunciation, but often drawn out into a Intonation sing-song ''nyEEEAaairn-myeeeaaairt!!!'' in the mouth of the more rural and traditional speaker. Lincolnshire has its own dialect 'champion', a farmer from the village of Minting called Farmer Wink (real name Robert Carlton), who has produced video videos about rural life, narrated in his broad Lincolnshire accent, and who has a regular slot on BBC Radio Lincolnshire.

Food
Lincolnshire has a number of interesting local dishes: *stuffed chine - this is roasted and sliced belly of pork, stuffed with a strong Common sage sage, or parsley stuffing (other ingredients are normally kept secret). Served cold, it's considered by many in the county to be an acquired taste *haslet - a type of pork loaf, also flavoured with sage *Lincolnshire pork sausages - most butchers in Lincolnshire have their own secret recipe for these and a competition is held each year to judge the best sausages in the county *Batemans Brewery Batemans ales - a beer brewed in Wainfleet, Lincolnshire Wainfleet and served in many pubs in the county and further afield

Events
Every year the Lincolnshire Agricultural Society stages the Lincolnshire Agricultural Show on the last whole week of June at its showground at Grange de Lings. First held in 1869, it is one of the largest agricultural shows in the country, and is attended by around 100,000 people over its two day opening. Since World War II, RAF Waddington has been home to the Waddington International Air Show, which usually takes place on the last weekend in June. The two day event attracts around 100,000 people each year.

Symbols
The unofficial anthem of the county is the traditional folksong, 'The Lincolnshire Poacher', which dates from around 1776. A version of the song was the theme to BBC Radio Lincolnshire for many years. In August 2005, BBC Radio Lincolnshire and ''Lincolnshire Life'' magazine launched a vote for an unofficial flag to represent the county. Six competing designs were voted upon by locals. The winning submission was unveiled in October 2005 [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/lincolnshire/4371070.stm see here].

Places of interest
*Alford Manor House *Alford Windmill *Alkborough Turf Maze *Ayscoughfee Hall *Belmont Transmitter (tallest construction in the European Union) *Belton House *Bolingbroke Castle *The_Stump Boston Stump *Branston Hall *Burghley House *Cogglesford Watermill *Crowland Abbey *Doddington Hall *Dunston Pillar *East Lighthouse, Sutton Bridge *Gainsthorpe *Grimsthorpe Castle *Harlaxton Manor *Heckington Windmill *Lincoln Castle *Lincoln Cathedral *Lincolnshire Aviation Heritage Centre *Natureland Seal Sanctuary *Normanby Hall *Gibraltar Point *River Ancholme *Tattershall Castle (Lincolnshire) Tattershall Castle *The Collection (Lincolnshire) The Collection *The Wash

External links

- Lincolnshire
- Lincolnshire web
- Lincolnshire County Council website
- Visitlincolnshire.com
- Official Lincolnshire Flag site
- Lincolnshire Life magazine
- Cauliflower Drove - Comedy Murder Mystery set in The Fens - features many examples of Fen dialect mentioned above. {{England ceremonial counties}}
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