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Lockheed Corporation

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Image:Lockheed SR-71.jpg Lockheed SR-71.html" title="Meaning of thumb thumb|250px|The [[Lockheed SR-71 was remarkably advanced for its time and remains unsurpassed in many areas of performance..html" title="Meaning of 250px|The [[Lockheed SR-71">thumb|250px|The [[Lockheed SR-71 was remarkably advanced for its time and remains unsurpassed in many areas of performance.">250px|The [[Lockheed SR-71">thumb|250px|The [[Lockheed SR-71 was remarkably advanced for its time and remains unsurpassed in many areas of performance. Image:Usaf.u2.750pix.jpg Lockheed U-2.html" title="Meaning of thumb thumb|250px|The [[Lockheed U-2, which first flew in 1955, provided much needed intelligence on Soviet bloc countries..html" title="Meaning of 250px|The [[Lockheed U-2">thumb|250px|The [[Lockheed U-2, which first flew in 1955, provided much needed intelligence on Soviet bloc countries.">250px|The [[Lockheed U-2">thumb|250px|The [[Lockheed U-2, which first flew in 1955, provided much needed intelligence on Soviet bloc countries. Image:usaf.c130.750pix.jpg C-130 Hercules.html" title="Meaning of thumb thumb|250px|The Lockheed [[C-130 Hercules serves as the primary tactical transport aircraft for military forces worldwide..html" title="Meaning of 250px|The Lockheed [[C-130 Hercules">thumb|250px|The Lockheed [[C-130 Hercules serves as the primary tactical transport aircraft for military forces worldwide.">250px|The Lockheed [[C-130 Hercules">thumb|250px|The Lockheed [[C-130 Hercules serves as the primary tactical transport aircraft for military forces worldwide. Image:049-connie-gov.jpg Lockheed Constellation.html" title="Meaning of thumb thumb|250px|The [[Lockheed Constellation was developed during World War II and served as both a civilian airliner and a military transport..html" title="Meaning of 250px|The [[Lockheed Constellation">thumb|250px|The [[Lockheed Constellation was developed during World War II and served as both a civilian airliner and a military transport.">250px|The [[Lockheed Constellation">thumb|250px|The [[Lockheed Constellation was developed during World War II and served as both a civilian airliner and a military transport. '''Lockheed Corporation''' (originally Loughead) was an aerospace company originally founded in 1912 in aviation 1912 which merged with Martin Marietta in 1995 in aviation 1995 to form '''Lockheed Martin'''.

History

Origins
The '''Alco Hydro-Aeroplane Company''' was established in 1912 by the brothers Allan Loughead Allan and Malcolm Loughead. This company was renamed the '''Loughead Aircraft Manufacturing Company''' and located in Santa Barbara, California. In 1926 in aviation 1926, following the failure of Loughead, Allan Loughead formed the '''Lockheed Aircraft Company''' (The spelling was changed to match its phonetic pronunciation) in Hollywood, California. In 1929 in aviation 1929 Lockheed sold out to Detroit Aircraft. The Great Depression ruined the aircraft market, and Detroit Aircraft went bankrupt. A group of investors headed by brothers Robert and Courtland Gross bought the company out of receivership in 1932 in aviation 1932. The syndicate bought the company for a mere $40,000. Ironically, Allan Loughead himself had planned to bid for his own company, but had raised "only" $50,000, which he felt was too small a sum for a serious bid. In 1934 in aviation 1934, Robert E. Gross was named chairman of the new company, the '''Lockheed Corporation''', which was headquartered at the Bob Hope Airport airport in Burbank, California. The company remained there for many years before moving to Calabasas, California. In the 1930s, Lockheed spent $139,400 to develop the Lockheed L-10 Electra L-10 Electra, a small twin-engine transport. The company sold 40 in the first year of production. Amelia Earheart and her navigator, Fred Noonan, flew this plane on their failed attempt to circumnavigate the world in 1937 in aviation 1937. The Electra also formed the basis for the Lockheed Hudson Hudson bomber, which was supplied to both the British Royal Air Force and the United States military before and during World War II. Its primary role was submarine hunting.

Production during World War II
At the beginning of World War II, Lockheed — under the guidance of Clarence Johnson Clarence (Kelly) Johnson, one of the best known American aircraft designers — answered a specification for an interceptor by submitting the P-38 Lightning fighter plane, a somewhat unorthodox twin-engine, twin-boom design. The P-38 was the only U.S. fighter design to be built for the entire duration of the war. It filled ground attack, air-to-air, and even strategic bombing roles in all theatres of the war. The P-38 was responsible for shooting down more Japanese aircraft than any other type during the war; it also participated in the famous mission to kill Japanese Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto, the mastermind of the Pearl Harbor attack. Also under Johnson, Lockheed developed a larger, less-successful version of the P-38. All told, Lockheed produced 19,278 aircraft during World War II, representing 6% of those produced in the war. This included 2,600 Venturas, 2,700 B-17 Flying Fortresses (built under license for Boeing), 2,900 Hudsons, and 9,000 Lightnings.{{ref|TIME}}

Post-war production
During World War II, Lockheed, in cooperation with Trans-World Airlines (TWA), had developed the L049 Lockheed Constellation Constellation, a radical new airliner capable of flying 43 passengers between New York City New York and London at a speed of 300 mph in 13 hours. Once the Constellation (affectionately called "Connie") went into the production, the military received the first production models. After the war, the airlines received their original orders of Constellations. This gave Lockheed more than a year's head-start on the other aircraft manufacturers. Lockheed produced a larger transport, the double-decked Lockheed R6V R6V Constitution, which was intended to make the Constellation obsolete. However, the design proved underpowered, and only two prototypes were ever built.

Skunk Works
In 1943 in aviation 1943, Lockheed began, in secrecy, development of a new fighter at its Burbank facility, based on a jet project for which competitor Bell Aircraft did not have facilities. This fighter, the P-80 Shooting Star, became the first American jet fighter to score a kill. It also recorded the first jet-to-jet aerial kill, downing a MiG-15 in Korea, although by this time the F-80 (as it came to be known in June 1948) was already considered obsolete. Starting with the P-80, Lockheed's secret development work was done by its Advanced Development Division, more commonly known as the Skunk works Skunk Works. This organization has become famous and spawned many successful Lockheed designs, including the spy planes, Lockheed U-2 U-2 (late 1950s), SR-71 Blackbird (1962) and F-117 Nighthawk (1970s). The Skunk Works often created designs of amazing quality in a very short time and sometimes with limited resources. The generic term "skunk works" today implies a place where elite minds develop technological marvels.

Projects during the Cold War
In 1954 in aviation 1954, the C-130 Hercules, a durable four-engined transport, flew for the first time. The type remains in production in 2006. In 1956, Lockheed received a contract for the development of the UGM-27 Polaris Polaris Submarine Launched Ballistic Missile (Submarine Launched Ballistic Missile SLBM), this would be followed by the Poseidon and Trident nuclear missiles. In 1976, the Skunk Works began secret development of the F-117 Nighthawk F-117 Stealth Fighter. Other Lockheed designs included the F-104 Starfighter (late 1950's), the world's first Mach 2 fighter plane; Lockheed L-1011 L-1011 TriStar wide-body jet transport; and the C-5 Galaxy four-engined jet transport.

Japanese Lockheed Scandal
In 1976, Lockheed was involved in a major scandal involving the Japanese Marubeni Corporation and several high ranking members of Japanese political, business and Yakuza underworld circles. Lockheed had hired underworld figure Yoshio Kodama as a consultant in order to influence Japanese airlines to purchase the Lockheed L-1011 L-1011 aircraft instead of the competing Douglas DC-10. It was revealed that Lockheed had paid approximately $1.8 million in bribes to the Japanese Prime Minister's office for aid in the matter. The resulting judicial process carried on for a decade, and led to the arrest of the powerful politician Kakuei Tanaka, among others. In the United States, Lockheed chairman of the board Daniel Haughton resigned from his position.

Timeline
Image:Lockheed-logo Winnie-Mae.png right|thumb|250px|The logo of the Lockheed Corporation, ca. 1930. *1912 in aviation 1912: The Alco Hydro-Aeroplane Company established. *1916 in aviation 1916: Company renamed Loughead Aircraft Manufacturing Company. *1926 in aviation 1926: Lockheed Aircraft Company formed. *1929 in aviation 1929: Lockheed became a division of Detroit Aircraft. *1932 in aviation 1932: Robert E. Gross Robert and Courtland Gross take control of company after the bankruptcy of Detroit Aircraft. *1932: Renamed as the Lockheed Corporation, recognizing the wider scope of the company's operation. *1943 in aviation 1943: Lockheed's Skunk Works founded in Burbank, California. *1954 in aviation 1954: First flight of the C-130 Hercules. *1954: Maiden flight of the U-2. *1976 in aviation 1976: The Japanese Lockheed Scandal. *1986 in aviation 1986: Acquired Sanders Associates electronics of Nashua, New Hampshire Nashua, New Hampshire. *1991 in aviation 1991: Lockheed, General Dynamics and Boeing begin development of the F-22 Raptor. *1993 in aviation 1993: Acquired General Dynamics' Fort Worth aircraft division, builder of the F-16 Fighting Falcon. *1995 in aviation 1995: Lockheed Corporation merges with Martin Marietta to form Lockheed Martin. *1996 in aviation 1996: Acquired the defense electronics and system integration businesses of Loral.

Product list
Image:L-1011.jpg L-1011 Tristar.html" title="Meaning of thumb thumb|250px|Lockheed's most advanced airliner, the [[L-1011 Tristar.html" title="Meaning of 250px|Lockheed's most advanced airliner, the [[L-1011 Tristar">thumb|250px|Lockheed's most advanced airliner, the [[L-1011 Tristar">250px|Lockheed's most advanced airliner, the [[L-1011 Tristar">thumb|250px|Lockheed's most advanced airliner, the [[L-1011 Tristar Image:Trident missile image.jpg thumb|250px|Lockheed Trident I missile, introduced in 1979. Followed by Trident II in 1990 Image:Agena.jpg Agena.html" title="Meaning of thumb thumb|250px|Lockheed's advanced upper rocket stage, the [[Agena..html" title="Meaning of 250px|Lockheed's advanced upper rocket stage, the [[Agena">thumb|250px|Lockheed's advanced upper rocket stage, the [[Agena.">250px|Lockheed's advanced upper rocket stage, the [[Agena">thumb|250px|Lockheed's advanced upper rocket stage, the [[Agena. {{main|List of Lockheed aircraft}} A partial listing of aircraft and other vehicles produced by Lockheed.

Airliners and civil transports
* Lockheed Vega * Lockheed L-10 Electra * Lockheed Model 12 Electra Junior * Lockheed Model 14 Super Electra * Lockheed Lodestar * Lockheed Constellation, famous airliner * Lockheed Saturn * L-188 Electra * Lockheed JetStar, business jet * Lockheed L-1011 L-1011 TriStar, wide-body airliner

Military transports
* C-64/C-121, military transport version of the Constellation * Lockheed R6V Lockheed R6V Constitution, large transport aircraft * C-130 Hercules, medium combat transport (AC-130 gunship) (C-130 Hercules#Variants other variants) * C-141 Starlifter, long-range jet transport * C-5 Galaxy, heavy transport

Fighters
* P-38 Lightning, two-engine fighter * P-80 Shooting Star, the United States Air Force United States Air Force's first operational jet fighter * F-94 Starfire, all-weather fighter * F-104 Starfighter, multi-mission fighter, the "missile with a man in it" * F-117 Nighthawk, stealth fighter * F-22A Raptor, air superiority stealth fighter

Patrol and reconnaissance
* Lockheed Hudson, maritime patrol/bomber * Lockheed Ventura PV-1 Ventura and PV-2 Harpoon, Maritime patrol/bomber * P2V Neptune, maritime patrol * P-3 Orion, ASW patrol * Lockheed U-2 U-2, reconnaissance (TR-1) * SR-71 Blackbird, reconnaissance (A-12 Oxcart A-12) (SR-71 Blackbird#Variants M-21) (Lockheed YF-12 YF-12) * S-3 Viking, patrol/attack

Helicopters
* Lockheed XH-51A XH-51A, attack helicopter prototype * AH-56 Cheyenne AH56A Cheyenne, experimental attack helicopter

Missiles
* UGM-27 Polaris Polaris * Poseidon missile Poseidon * Trident missile Trident

Space technology
* Lockheed X-7 X-7 * Lockheed X-17 X-17 * Corona (satellite) Corona * Agena * Hubble Space Telescope

Sea vessels
* ''Sea Shadow''

References
# {{note|TIME}} TIME, January 14, 1946.

Further reading
* Boyne, Walter J., ''Beyond the Horizons: The Lockheed Story.'' St. Martin's Press: New York, 1998.

External links
{{Commons|Category:Lockheed}}
- Lockheed Brothers from Public Broadcasting System PBS
- Lockheed Martin
- The Jetmakers Category:Defunct American aircraft manufacturers Category:Lockheed Corporation * Category:Lockheed Martin cs:Lockheed fr:Lockheed nl:Lockheed ja:ロッキード pl:Lockheed pt:Lockheed Corporation Category:Lockheed Martin Category:Defunct American aircraft manufacturers

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