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Luxembourg
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{{otheruses}}
{{infobox country|
|common_name={{PAGENAME}}
|native_name=''Grand-Duché de Luxembourg
Großherzogtum Luxemburg
Groussherzogtum Lëtzebuerg''
|conventional_long_name = Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
|image_flag=Flag of Luxembourg.svg
|image_coat=Luxarmslarge.jpg
|national_motto=
Luxembourgish language Luxembourgish: ''Mir wëlle bleiwe wat mir sinn''
(
English language English: "We wish to remain what we are")
|national_anthem=''
Ons Heemecht''
("Our Homeland")
|image_map=LocationLuxembourg.png
|capital=
Luxembourg (city) Luxembourg
|latd=49|latm=36|latNS=N
|longd=6|longm=7|longEW=E
|largest_city=
Luxembourg (city) Luxembourg
|official_languages=
French language French,
German language German,
Luxembourgish language Luxembourgish(
de jure since 1984)
|government_type=
Grand duchy
|leader_titles=
Grand DukePrime minister
|leader_names=
Grand Duke Henri of Luxembourg Grand Duke Henri (List of Grand Dukes of Luxembourg List)Jean-Claude Juncker (List of Prime Ministers of Luxembourg List)
|sovereignty_type =
Independence
|established_events = • Declared
• Confirmed
|established_dates =
18151839 &
1867
|area=2,586
|areami²= 998
|area_magnitude=1 E9
|area_rank=167th
|percent_water=Negligible
|population_estimate=468,571
|population_estimate_year=2005
|population_census=468,571
|population_census_year=2005
|population_estimate_rank=162th
|population_density=171
|population_densitymi² =469
|population_density_rank=45th
|GDP_PPP_year=2005
|GDP_PPP=$29.37 billion
|GDP_PPP_rank=95th
|GDP_PPP_per_capita=$62,700
|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank=1st
|HDI=0.957
|HDI_year=2003
|HDI_rank=4th
|HDI_category =
high
|currency =
Euro 1 |
|currency_code = € EUR |
|country_code = LUX
|time_zone=
Central European Time CET
|utc_offset= +1
|time_zone_DST=
Central European Summer Time CEST |
|utc_offset_DST= +2
|cctld=
.lu
|calling_code = 352
|footnotes =
1 Prior to
1999:
Franc Luxembourg franc.
}}The '''Grand Duchy of Luxembourg''' is a small
landlocked country situated in the
western Europe north-west of
continental Europe, bordered by
France,
Germany and
Belgium. It is also the only independent
Grand Duchy in the world.
History
''Main article:
History of Luxembourg''
image:LuxembourgPartitionsMap.png thumb|left|Changes in the Luxembourg territory over time.The recorded history of the
Grand Duchy of Luxembourg begins with the construction of
Luxembourg Castle in the year
963. Around this fort a town gradually developed, which became the center of a small but important state of great strategic value. In
1437 the
House of Luxembourg ruling family had the crisis of no rightful heirs to assume the throne. In the following centuries, Luxembourg's fortress was steadily enlarged and strengthened over the years by its successive occupants, the
Bourbons,
Habsburgs,
Hohenzollerns and the
France French, among others. Even after the
Treaty of Paris (1815) defeat of
Napoleon in
1815, when the
Congress of Vienna gave formal autonomy to Luxembourg, the country was disputed between
Prussia and the
Netherlands.
The
Belgian revolution of
1830–
1839 more than halved Luxembourg's territory as the purely
francophone Luxembourg (province) western part of the country was transferred to
Belgium. Luxembourg's independence was then confirmed in
1839, but it was not formally ratified until
1867, after the
Luxembourg crisis nearly led to war between Prussia and France. In the same year 1839, Luxembourg joined the
German Confederation.
The
king of the Netherlands remained
head of state as
grand duke of Luxembourg until
1890. At the death of
William III of the Netherlands William III, the Dutch throne passed to his daughter
Wilhelmina of the Netherlands Wilhelmina, while Luxembourg (at that time restricted to male heirs (see
Salic Law)) passed to
Adolphe, Grand Duke of Luxembourg Adolph of Nassau-Weilburg .
The country of Luxembourg was invaded and occupied by
Germany during
World War I and
World War II. In
1942, Luxembourg was formally annexed by the
Third Reich.
During
World War II, Luxembourg abandoned its policy of
neutrality, when it joined the Allies in fighting Germany. Its government, exiled to
London, set up a small group of volunteers, who participated in the
Battle of Normandy Normandy invasion. It became a founding member of
North Atlantic Treaty Organization NATO and of the
United Nations in 1946. In
1957, Luxembourg became one of the six founding countries of the
European Community European Economic Community (later the
European Union), and in
1999 it joined the
euro currency area. Several European agencies are located in Luxembourg. In 2005 a
Referendum on EU treaty in Luxembourg referendum on the EU treaty establishing a constitution for Europe was held in Luxembourg.
Politics
''Main article:
Politics of Luxembourg''
Luxembourg has a parliamentary form of government with a
constitutional monarchy by inheritance. Under the constitution of
1868, executive power is exercised by the Grand Duke or Grand Duchess and the cabinet, which consists of a prime minister and several other ministers. The Grand Duke has the power to dissolve parliament and reinstate a new one.
Legislative power is vested in the Chamber of Deputies, directly elected to 5-year terms. A second body, the "Conseil d'État" (Council of State), composed of 21 ordinary citizens appointed by the Grand Duke, advises the Chamber of Depities in the drafting of legislation.[http://www.ce.etat.lu/structure.htm]
Luxembourg's contribution to its defense and to NATO consists of a small army. As a landlocked country, it has no navy, and it has no Air Force, except for the fact that the 18 NATO AWACS airplanes were registered as aircraft of Luxembourg as a matter of political and aviation convenience.
Justice
''Main article:
Justice of Luxembourg''
The Grand Duchy has three lower tribunals (''justices de paix''; in
Esch-sur-Alzette, in
City of Luxembourg Luxembourg and in
Diekirch), two district tribunals (Luxembourg and Diekirch) and a Superior Court of Justice (Luxembourg), which includes the Court of Appeal and the Court of Cassation.
There is also an administrative tribunal (Luxembourg) and an Administrative Court (Luxembourg), as well as a Constitutional Court (Luxembourg).
Geography
Image:Lu-map.png right|Map of Luxembourg
''Main article:
Geography of Luxembourg''
Luxembourg is one of the smallest countries in
Europe. It is ranked
List of countries by area 167th in size of all the countries of the world. The country is about 2,586
square kilometres (998
square mile sq. mi) in size. In the west it borders the Belgian
Luxembourg, province of Belgium province of Luxembourg, which is (at 4,443 km²; 1,715 sq. mi) nearly twice the size of the country.
The north of the country, part of the
Ardennes, has hills and low mountains, with the
Buurgplaatz as the highest point at 559 metres (1,834
foot (unit of length) ft). The rest of the country is also hilly.
Luxembourg's eastern border is formed by three rivers, the
Moselle River Moselle, the
Sauer Sauer/Sûre and the
Our (river) Our.
Administrative Subdivisions
''Main article:
Administrative subdivisions of Luxembourg''
The country is divided in 3
districts, 12
Canton (subnational entity) cantons and 118
communes.
12 communes have
city status, whereof
city of Luxembourg Luxembourg, the
capital city, is the largest city in the country.
Economy
''Main article:
Economy of Luxembourg''
Luxembourg's stable, high-income
economic system economy features moderate growth, low inflation, and low unemployment. The industrial sector, until recently dominated by steel, has become increasingly more diversified to include chemicals, rubber, and other products. During the past decades, growth in the
financial sector has more than compensated for the decline in
steel. Services, especially
banking, account for a growing proportion of the economy.
Agriculture is based on small family-owned farms. Luxembourg has especially close trade and financial ties to
Belgium and
the Netherlands, and as a member of the
EU, enjoys the advantages of the open European
market. Luxembourg possesses the highest
List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita GDP per capita in the world ($62,700 as of 2005). Unemployment was 4.4% of the labour force as of July 2005.
Language
''Main article:
Language of Luxembourg
The linguistic situation in Luxembourg is characterized by the practice and the recognition of three official languages:
French language French,
German language German, and
Luxembourgish language Luxembourgish, a
Franconian German Franconian language of the
Moselle region similar to
German language German. Apart from being one of the three official languages, Luxembourgish is also considered the ''national'' language of the Grand Duchy.
Religion
87 percent of Luxembourg's population are
Roman Catholic Christians and the other 13 percent are mostly
Protestants,
Jews, and
Muslims.
Culture
See:
Culture of Luxembourg and
Cinema of Luxembourg.
See also
*
Radio Luxembourg
*
Foreign relations of Luxembourg
*
Grand Ducal Family of Luxembourg
*
Communications in Luxembourg
*
Military of Luxembourg
*
Transportation in Luxembourg
External links
{{sisterlinks|Luxembourg}}
-
Governments on the WWW: Luxembourg
-
Official Governmental Site
-
Official Website for Luxembourg
-
Luxembourg National Tourist Office
-
Luxembourg European Capital of Culture 2007
{{EU_countries}}
{{NATO}}
{{Europe}}
Category:European Union member states
Category:Luxembourg
Category:Monarchies
Category:NUTS 2 Statistical Regions of Europe
Category:NUTS 1 Statistical Regions of Europe
Category:Landlocked countries
Category:Divided regions
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