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MCMXC A.D.

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{{Album infobox| | Name = MCMXC a.D. | Cover = Enigmacretu.jpg | Type = Album (music) Album | Artist = Enigma (musical project) Enigma | Background = Orange | Released = December 3, 1990 | Recorded = A.R.T. Studios, Ibiza | Genre = New Age music New Age, Ambient | Length = 40:18 (7 tracks)
60:58 (15 tracks) | Label = Virgin Records Virgin/Virgin Schallplatten GmbH Schallplatten | Producer = Michael Cretu | Reviews = * ''All Music Guide'' Image:4 out of 5.png [http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=10:z998b5f4tsq4 link] * ''Robert Christgau'' (C-) [http://www.robertchristgau.com/get_artist.php?name=Enigma link] | Last album = | This album = ''MCMXC a.D.''
(1990) | Next album = ''The Cross of Changes''
(1993) }} '''''MCMXC a.D.''''' (the year 1990 in Roman numerals) is a concept album created by the musical project Enigma (musical project) Enigma, spearheaded by Michael Cretu. It was Enigma's debut album and one of the most influential albums ever produced in the New Age music New Age music genre genre. The project's popularity soon soared beyond Cretu's expectations after the album's launch. Four singles were excerpted from this album: "Sadeness (Part I)", "Principles of Lust", "Mea Culpa (Part II)" and "The Rivers of Belief". "Sadeness" and ''MCMXC a.D.'' itself hit No. 1 on the UK List of Number 1 singles from the 1990s (UK)#1991 singles and List of Number 1 albums from the 1990s (UK)#1991 albums charts respectively on its UK debut in January 1991. On the US market "Sadeness (Part I)" entered at fifth place on the Billboard Hot 100 and ''MCMXC a.D.'' at sixth place on the Billboard 200 and remained in the charts for a total of 282 weeks.

Theme
The main theme in ''MCMXC a.D.'' could be interpreted as the struggle that one faces in life, between religion and sexuality. The main song of the album ("Sadeness (Part I)") questions the personal beliefs of the Marquis de Sade, who had an affection towards torture as pleasure. Other themes that appear on the album were based on Christian beliefs, and the apocalypse end of the world from the Book of Revelation.

Overview
''MCMXC a.D.'' starts with the mellow sounds of a foghorn, later on to be known as the "Enigma horn" and the voice of Louisa Stanley speaking in "The Voice of Enigma". The Gregorian chant "Procedamus in pace!" then segues into the first three-part movement of the album even before it starts, "Principles of Lust". The first part, "Sadeness Part I Sadeness", received the most attention through its unique and previously unheard mix of Gregorian chants and dance beat. Triangle (instrument) Triangles and synthesized shakuhachi flutes add to the French language French vocals and breathy sounds of Michel's wife, Sandra Cretu Sandra. The song fades into "Principles of Lust Find Love", which Sandra instructs the listeners to follow their lust. Reversed chants signal the start of "Sadeness (reprise)" and continues with a short piano piece, based on the same tunes as the shakuhachi flute earlier. The flute returns as chants of ''"Hosanna"'' gradually bring an end to the movement. The next song, "Callas Went Away" is a tribute to the opera singer, Maria Callas. Chirps from electronic birds at the beginning, mixed with a slow beat and sounds of a piano leads to Sandra's whispers and ends with some samples of Callas singing the aria ''Ces lettres, ces lettres'' from the opera Werther by Jules Massenet Massenet. In "Mea Culpa (Part II) Mea Culpa", the chant "Kyrie Eleison" appears predominantly in this song, alongside Sandra's vocals and the same flute. It fades into the experimental track, "The Voice and the Snake", which is based on "Seven Bowls", a song from Aphrodite's Child where a group of people describe the end of the world in an eerie and haunting manner, as mentioned in the Book of Revelation. A bowl falls to the ground and breaks, leading it to "Knocking on Forbidden Doors". The drums beats in the song made to resemble the sound of a door being knocked, before it progresses into a faster beat. A guitar enters and slips aside quietly for more Gregorian chants, and fading into the following track. The second three-part movement in the album, "Back to the Rivers of Belief", begins slowly with John Williams (composer) John Williams' five-toned notes from Stephen Spielberg's movie, ''Close Encounters of the Third Kind'', which leads to mellow Gregorian chants in the first part of the movement, "Way to Eternity". The same beat from "Sadeness" enters for the start of "Hallelujah" as the strong sounds of violins accompany the beat. The triangle and voices from the first track reappears and repeats itself. A noticeable Arabian style is apparent in this part and segues into the next part, "The Rivers of Belief", the only track where Michael Cretu sings in the album. After Cretu sings the chorus, the music stops completely and an unfamiliar male voice intones Book of Revelation Revelation 8:1: ''"When the Lamb opened the seventh seal, silence covered the sky"'' , The music resumes with the shakuhachi flute and Cretu's vocals. The album ends with the falling star effect and the "Enigma horn".

Impact of ''MCMXC a.D.''
Controversy surrounded the music in the album for its both religious and yet sexual overtones, particularly for the first three singles. The video clip for "Principles of Lust" was banned from MTV and most TV stations, who were also unwilling to play the music videos for "Sadeness (Part I)". The album itself was banned in several countries because of that same reason, while critics have slammed the songs in the album as blasphemous. Nevertheless, the popularity of the album shot up to number one in at least 24 different countries in where it was released, and reaching Gold album gold and RIAA certification platinum status. The success of ''MCMXC a.D.'' influenced the works of B-Tribe (''Fiesta Fatal!''), Delerium (''Semantic Spaces'') and even Sarah Brightman ("Eden"). The album was also a stepping stone for the creation of other groups who mainly include Gregorian chants in their music, such as Era (musical project) Era and Gregorian (band) Gregorian, which was founded by Frank Peterson prior to his falling out with Michael Cretu. In addition, Cretu received a total of 1.4 million pre-orders of their next album, ''The Cross of Changes'' which was launched even before ''MCMXC a.D.'' fell out of the charts after four years. In 1994, Polydor Germany sued Cretu and Virgin Germany for infringing on its "right of personality" in the samples used in "Sadeness (Part I)" and "Mea Culpa". The lawsuit was settled out of court after Cretu agreed to pay compensation to the original creator of the samples.

Sleeve
The artwork on the sleeve of ''MCMXC a.D.'' was designed by Johann Zambryski, who also continued to design the sleeves of the next four albums after ''MCMXC a.D.'' and its compilation and DVD covers. It depicted a thick, black frame surrounding a silhouette of a figure being enshrouded in a bright light, and a Christian cross in the lower centre of the album for emphasis towards the themes of the album.

Track listing

Original album
''(Most releases contain these seven tracks; some ulterior releases gave a track to each part.)'' # "The Voice of Enigma" (Michael Cretu Curly M.C.) – 02:21 # "Principles of Lust" – 11:43 #:A. "Sadeness (Part I) Sadeness" (Curly, Frank Peterson F. Gregorian, David Fairstein) #:B. "Principles of Lust Find Love" (Curly) #:C. "Sadeness (reprise)" (Curly, Gregorian, Fairstein) # "Callas Went Away" (Curly) – 4:27 # "Mea Culpa (Part II) Mea Culpa" (Curly, Fairstein) – 5:03 # "The Voice & The Snake" (Curly, Gregorian) – 1:39 # "Knocking on Forbidden Doors" (Curly) – 4:31 # "Back to the Rivers of Belief" – 10:32 #:A. "Way to Eternity" (Curly) #:B. "Hallelujah" (Curly) #:C. "The Rivers of Belief" (Curly, Fairstein)

''MCMXC a.D. - The Limited Edition''
''(Released in November 1991, included the songs from the original album and 4 additional remixes.)'' :8. "Sadeness (Meditation)" (Curly, Gregorian, Fairstein) – 2:43 :9. "Mea Culpa (Fading Shades)" (Curly, Fairstein) – 6:04 :10. "Principles of Lust (Everlasting Lust)" (Curly) – 4:50 :11. "The Rivers of Belief (The Returning Silence)" (Curly, Fairstein) – 7:04

''MCMXC a.D.'' with bonus disc
''(Released in November 1999, included re-release of the original album and 6 remixes of 2 songs from the album on a separate disc.) # "Sadeness - Part I (Meditation Mix)" (Curly, Fairstein) – 3:00 # "Sadeness - Part I (Extended Trance Mix)" (Curly, Fairstein) – 5:01 # "Sadeness - Part I (Violent US Remix)" (Curly, Fairstein) – 5:03 # "Mea Culpa - Part II (Fading Shades Mix)" (Curly, Fairstein) – 6:13 # "Mea Culpa - Part II (Orthodox Version)" (Curly, Fairstein) – 4:00 # "Mea Culpa - Part II (Catholic Version)" (Curly, Fairstein) – 3:55

Singles
*1990 – "Sadeness (Part I)" (Virgin Schallplatten GmbH) *1991 – "Mea Culpa (Part II)" (Virgin Records) *1991 – "Principles of Lust" (Virgin Schallplatten GmbH) *1991 – "The Rivers of Belief" (Virgin Records)

Personnel
* Michael Cretu (credited as Curly M.C.) - record producer, lead vocals * Sandra Cretu - lead vocals * David Fairstein - lyrics * Frank Peterson (credited as F. Gregorian) - music * Louisa Stanley - voices

Charts
'''Album''' - Billboard magazine Billboard (North America) {| class="wikitable" !align="left"|Year !align="left"|Chart !align="left"|Position |- |align="left"|1991 |align="left"|The Billboard 200 |align="left"|6 |- |} '''Singles''' - Billboard (North America) {| class="wikitable" !align="left"|Year !align="left"|Single !align="left"|Chart !align="left"|Position |- |align="left"|1991 |align="left"|"Sadeness (Part I)" |align="left"|The Billboard Hot 100 |align="left"|5 |- |align="left"|1991 |align="left"|"Sadeness (Part I)" |align="left"|Modern Rock Tracks |align="left"|6 |- |align="left"|1991 |align="left"|"Sadeness (Part I)" |align="left"|Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks |align="left"|67 |- |align="left"|1991 |align="left"|"Sadeness (Part I)" |align="left"|Hot Dance Music/Club Play |align="left"|'''1''' (3 weeks) |- |align="left"|1991 |align="left"|"Sadeness (Part I)" |align="left"|Hot Dance Music/Maxi-Singles Sales |align="left"|'''1''' (? weeks) |- |}

Trivia
* ''MCMXC a.D.'' was one of the first albums to be recorded on a hard disk after Cretu's upgrade to the A.R.T. Studio. * ''Close Encounters of the Third Kind'' is one of Michael Cretu's favourite movies. * In the last (seventh) track of the album, the sentence about the Seventh Seal enters at the 7th minute and 7th second, although in some pressings, it appears at the 7th minute and 17th second. * Cretu only describes the male voice speaking in French in "Sadeness (Part I)" as a good friend of his.

References
* BBC News (Nov. 14, 2003). [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/music/3268997.stm Enigma founder's lone project]. bbc.co.uk. * Billboard magazine Billboard, USA (Jan. 26, 1991). [http://www.five.no/enigma/articles/Billboard0191.html "Sadeness" Tops On Euro Charts]. Billboard, USA. * Ellie Weinert (Sept. 14, 1991) [http://www.five.no/enigma/articles/Billboard0991.html "Sadeness" Creator Settles Sample Suit; Will Compensate For Unauthorised Usage]. Billboard, USA. * FPWeb (2003) [http://home.global.co.za/~jvd/enigma/middle.htm Biography of Enigma]. Retrieved Mar. 4, 2005.

External links

- Short article from MichaelCretu.com
- Details of its release in different countries
- Lyrics to the songs in the album {{Enigma}} Category:1990 albums MCMXC a.D. Category:Enigma albums Category:Debut albums Category:Controversial albums sv:MCMXC a.D. see MCMXC a.D.

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