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Manchukuo
*** Shopping-Tip: Manchukuo
'''Manchukuo''' (
1932 to
1945) ({{zh-stp |t=滿洲國 |s=满洲国 |p=MÇŽnzhÅ?u Guó}}
Kanji: 満州国) was a former country in
Manchuria and eastern
Inner Mongolia under the leadership of the Emperor
Puyi, the last emperor of
Qing Dynasty. It is regarded by successive Chinese governments and their allies as a
puppet state founded by the
Empire of Japan.
History
Inner Manchuria came under strong
Russian influence in the 1890s with the building of the
Chinese Eastern Railway through
Harbin, China Harbin to
Vladivostok.
Japanese influence replaced Russian in Inner Manchuria as a result of the
Russo-Japanese War (1904 - 1905), and Japan laid the
South Manchurian Railway in 1906 to
Dalian Port Arthur (Japanese: Ryojun).
Between
World War I and
World War II Manchuria became a political and military battleground. Japanese influence extended into
Outer Manchuria in the wake of the
Russian Revolution of 1917, but Outer Manchuria had reverted to
Soviet Russian control by 1925. Japan had taken advantage of the disorder following the Russian Revolution to occupy Outer Manchuria but Soviet successes and
United States American economic pressure forced Japanese withdrawal.
During the period of the
warlord warlords in China,
Chang Tso-Lin established himself in
Inner Manchuria but the Japanese
Kantogun found him too independent and assassinated him in
1928. After the Japanese invasion of Manchuria in
1931, Japan declared the area independent from
China on
February 18,
1932 as the '''Great Manchu State''' (Manchukuo, in pinyin, 'Manzhouguo'). The city of
Changchun, renamed Xinjing (新京) or "New capital", became the
capital of the new entity.
The Japanese installed
Puyi, the last Chinese emperor of the Manchu
Qing Dynasty, as chief executive in
1932, and in 1934 he became emperor of Manchukuo with the
Era era name of "Kang De" or "Tranquility and Virtue". Manchukuo thus became the "Great Manchu Empire". Zheng Xiaoxu served as Manchukuo's first prime minister until 1935, when Zhang Jinghui succeeded him.
In this manner Japan formally detached Manchukuo from China in the course of the 1930s. With Japanese investment and rich natural resources, the area became an industrial powerhouse. Education focused on practical work training for boys and domestic work for girls, all based on adherence to the "Kingly Way" and stressing loyalty to the Emperor. Confucius's teachings also played an important role in Manchukuo's public school education. The regime used numerous festivals, sport events, and ceremonies to foster loyality of citizens [http://japanfocus.org/article.asp?id=330]. Eventually,
Japanese language Japanese became the official language in addition to the Chinese language taught in Manchukuo schools, and
Shinto became the national religion.
Out of 80 then existing nations 23 recognized the new state. The
League of Nations (via the
Lytton Report) declared that
Manchuria remained rightfully part of
China, leading Japan to resign from the League in
1934. Of the major powers the
Empire of Japan,
Soviet Union,
Vichy France,
Fascist Italy, and
Nazi Germany recognized Manchukuo diplomatically. In addition Manchukuo gained recognition from the Japanese collaborationist government of China under
Wang Jingwei, as well as
El Salvador,
Denmark,
Costa Rica and the
Holy See. Although the Chinese government did not recognize Manchukuo, the two countries established official ties for trade, communications and transportation.
Prior to World War II, the Japanese colonized Manchukuo and used it as a base from which to invade China. In the summer of
1939 a border dispute between Manchukuo and
Mongolia resulted in the
Battle of Halhin Gol, when a combined
Soviet Army Soviet/Mongolian force defeated the Japanese
Kantogun.
In spite of the country's name, the Manchus actually constituted a minority in Manchukuo, which had Chinese as its largest ethnic group, along with large numbers of Koreans, Japanese, Mongols and smaller minorities.
The Emperor had limited power, and all of the Manchu ministers only served as front-men for their Japanese vice-ministers, who actually made all decisions. Emperor Kang De lived in constant fear of his life, with some justification. The Japanese told him how to dress, how to worship and even tried to control whom he married.
On
August 8,
1945 the
Soviet Union declared war on Japan in accordance with the agreement at the
Yalta Conference, and invaded Manchukuo from outer Manchuria. This was called
Operation August Storm. During the Soviet offensive the Army of Manchukuo, theoretically a two hundred thousand man force, well armed and trained along Japanese lines, performed poorly and whole units surrendered to the Soviets without firing a single bullet; there were even cases of armed riots and mutinies against Japanese forces. Emperor Kang De had hoped to escape to Japan to surrender to the Americans, but the Soviets captured him and eventually extradited him to the communist government in China, where the authorities threw him in prison as a
war criminal along with all other captured Manchukuo officials.
From 1945 to 1948, Manchuria (Inner Manchuria) served as a base area for the
People's Liberation Army in the
Chinese Civil War against the
Kuomintang. With Soviet encouragement, the
Communist Party of China Chinese Communists used Manchuria as a staging ground until the end of the civil war in 1949. Many Manchukuo army and Japanese Kantogun personnel served with the communist troops during the Chinese Civil War against the Nationalist forces.
See also:
*
Kempeitai Political Department and Epidemic Prevention Research Laboratory
*
Unit 731
*
Unit 100
*
Unit 516
*
Mukden Incident
*
Battle of Lugou Bridge
*
Japanese strategic planning for mainland Asia (1905-1940)
*
White Russian Puppet State in Outer Manchuria
*
Battle of Lake Khasan
*
Nomonhan
*
Battle of Halhin Gol
*
Operation August Storm
*
Evacuation of Manchukuo
Politics
{{main|Politics of Manchukuo}}
See also:
*
Salt Rates Palace
*
National symbols of Manchukuo
*
Manchukuo as Imperial Japanese Army political project
Administrative divisions
In 1934, Manchukuo was organized into 14 provinces (�) and 2 special municipalities (特別市).
{| border=1
!Province name
!Chinese (
Traditional Chinese T)
!Pinyin
!Wade-Giles
!Capital
|----
|
Andong
|安�/安东
|Ä€ndÅ?ng
|An-tung
|Andong (Now
Dandong)
|----
|
Fengtian
|奉天
|FèngtiÄ?n
|Feng-t`ien
|Fengtian (Now
Shenyang)
|----
|
Jinzhou
|錦州/锦州
|JÇ?nzhÅ?u
|Chin-chou
|
Jinzhou
|----
|
Jilin
|�林
|JÃlÃn
|Chi-lin
|
Jilin City
|----
|
Rehe
|熱河/çƒæ²³
|Rèhé
|Je-ho
|
Chengde
|----
|
Jiandao
|間島/间岛
|JiÄ?ndÇŽo
|Chien-tao
|
Yanji
|----
|
Heihe
|黑河
|Hēihé
|Hei-ho
|
Heihe
|----
|
Sanjiang
|三江
|SÄ?njiÄ?ng
|San-chiang
|
Jiamusi
|----
|
Longjiang
|�江/龙江
|LóngjiÄ?ng
|Lung-chiang
|
Qiqihar
|----
|
Binjiang
|濱江/滨江
|BÄ«njiÄ?ng
|Pin-chiang
|
Harbin
|----
|
Xing'anbei
|興安北/兴安北
|XÄ«ng'Ä?nbÄ›i
|Hsing-an-pei
|
Hailar
|----
|
Xing'andong
|興安�/兴安东
|XÄ«ng'Ä?ndÅ?ng
|Hsing-an-tung
|
Zhalantun
|----
|
Xing'annan
|興安�/兴安�
|XÄ«ng'Ä?nnán
|Hsing-an-nan
|Wangyemiao (Now
Ulaanhot)
|----
|
Xing'anxi
|興安西/兴安西
|XÄ«ng'Ä?nxÄ«
|Hsing-an-hsi
|Dabanshang (Now
Bairin Right Banner)
|----
|}
{| border=1
!Municipality Name
!Chinese
!Pinyin
!Wades-Giles
|----
|
Xinjing
|新京
|Xīnjīng
|Hsin-ching
|----
|
Harbin
|哈爾濱/哈尔滨
|HÄ?'Ä›rbÄ«n
|Ha-erh-pin
|}
In 1939, Manchukuo was reorganized into 19 provinces and one special municipality. The Harbin municipality was abolished and four new provinces were added.
{| border=1
!Province name
!Chinese
!Pinyin
!Wade-Giles
!Capital
|----
|
Mudanjiang
|牡丹江
|MÇ”dÄ?njiÄ?ng
|Mu-tan-chiang
|
Mudanjiang
|----
|
Tonghua
|通化
|TÅ?nghuÃ
|T`ung-hua
|
Tonghua
|----
|
Dong'an
|�安/东安
|DÅ?ng'Ä?n
|Tung-an
|Dongan (now
Mishan)
|----
|
Bei'an
|北安
|BÄ›i'Ä?n
|Pei-an
|
Bei'an
|----
|
Siping
|四平
|SìpÃng
|Ssu-p`ing
|
Siping
|----
|}
The cities of
Dalian and
Lüshun as well as their immediate environs were part of the
Kwantung Leased Territory.
Demographics
In 1908 the number of residents was 15,834,000, which rose to 30,000,000 in 1931 and 43,000,000 for the Manchukuo state. The population balance remained 123 men to 100 women and the total number in 1941 was 50,000,000.
In early 1934 the total population of Manchukuo was estimated as 30,880,000, with 6.1 persons the average family, and 122 men for each 100 women. These numbers included 30,190,000 Chinese, 590,760 Japanese, and 98,431 other nationalities (Russians, Mongols, etc). The Chinese numbers included 680,000 Koreans. Around 80% of the population was rural. Other statistics indicate that in Manchukuo the population rose by 18,000,000.
From Japanese sources come these numbers: in 1940 the total population in Manchukuo of
Heilongjiang,
Jehol,
Jilin Kirin,
Liaoning (
Fengtien) and
Hsingan provinces at 43,233,954; or an Interior Ministry figure of 31,008,600. Another figure of the period evaluated the total population as 36,933,000 residents.
In their colonization efforts, the Japanese intended to ask
Nazi Germany for the
Jews it obviously did not want, in a kind of forced
Zionism (compare with the Siberian
Jewish Autonomous Oblast).
However the German government preferred the
Final Solution and only a few Jews made it to Manchukuo.{{citation needed}}
*Yingkow (119,000 or 180,871 in 1940)
*Mukden (339,000 or 1,135,801 in 1940)
*Hsinking or Changchung (126,000 or 544,202 in 1940)
*Harbin (405,000 or 661,948 in 1940)
*Dairen (400,000 or 555,562 in 1939)
*Antung (92,000 or 315,242 in 1940)
*Kirin (119,000 or 173,624 in 1940)
*Tsitsihar (75,000 in 1940)
The Japanese population
In 1931-32 there were 100,000 Japanese farmers; other sources mention 590,760 inhabitants of Japanese nationality. Other figures for Manchukuo speak of a Japanese population 240,000 strong, later growing to 837,000. In Hsinking they made up 25% of the population. The Japanese government had official plans projecting the emigration of 5 million Japanese to Manchukuo between 1936 and 1956. Between 1938 and 1942 a contingent of young farmers of 200,000 arrived in Manchukuo; joining this group after 1936 were 20,000 complete families. When Japan lost sea and air control of the Yellow Sea, this migration stopped.
When the
Red Army invaded Manchukuo, they captured 850,000 Japanese settlers. With the exception of some civil servants and soldiers, these were repatriated to
Japan in 1946-47.
Economy
{{main|Economy of Manchukuo}}
See also:
*
Bank of Manchukuo
*
Manchukuo yuan
*
Manshukoku Hikoki Seizo KK
*
Manshukoku Koku KK
*
Showa Steel Works
Transport
{{main|Transport of Manchukuo}}
Military
See also:
*
Manchukuo Imperial Guards
*
List of weapons of the Manchukuo Imperial forces
*
List of Japanese and Manchu secret agents (Manchukuo)
Education
During the Japanese occupation, education developed. They set up or founded many schools and technical colleges, 12,000 primary schools in Manchukuo, 200 middle schools, 140 normal schools (for preparing teachers), and 50 technical and professional schools. In total the system had 600,000 children and young pupils and 25,000 teachers. There were 1,600 private schools (with Japanese permits), 150 missionary schools and in Harbin 25 Russian schools.
Stamps and postal history of Manchukuo
image:Stamp Manchukuo 1935 15f.jpg Puyi.html" title="Meaning of thumb thumb|150px|1935 Manchukuo postage stamp with image of [[Puyi, Emperor of Manchukuo.html" title="Meaning of 150px|1935 Manchukuo postage stamp with image of [[Puyi">thumb|150px|1935 Manchukuo postage stamp with image of [[Puyi, Emperor of Manchukuo">150px|1935 Manchukuo postage stamp with image of [[Puyi">thumb|150px|1935 Manchukuo postage stamp with image of [[Puyi, Emperor of Manchukuo
Manchukuo issued its first
postage stamps on
July 28,
1932. A number of denominations existed, with two designs: the pagoda at
Liaoyang and a portrait of Puyi. Originally the inscription read (in Chinese) "Manchu State Postal Administration"; in
1934, a new issue read "Manchu Empire Postal Administration". An
orchid crest design appeared in
1935, and a design featuring the
Sacred White Mountains in
1936.
1936 also saw a new regular series featuring various scenes and surmounted by the orchid crest. Between
1937 and
1945, the government issued a variety of commemoratives: for anniversaries of its own existence, to note the passing of new laws, and to honor Japan in various ways, for instance, on the 2600th anniversary of the Japanese Empire in
1940. The last issue of Manchukuo came on
May 2,
1945, commemorating the 10th anniversary of an edict.
After the dissolution of the government, successor postal authorities locally handstamped many of the remaining stamp stocks with "Republic of China" in Chinese and so forth. In addition, the
Lüshunkou Port Arthur and
Dairen Postal Administration
overprinted many Manchukuo stamps between
1946 and
1949.
See also:
*
List of birds on stamps of Manchukuo
See also
{{commons|Manchukuo}}
*
List of Japanese supporters of the WWII period
*
List of East Asian leaders in the Japanese sphere of influence (1931-1945)
External links
*Manchukuo Flags
*
-
*
- **[http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/cn_j_tp.html
-
Manchukuo Imperial Army
*Provisional Government of the Republic of manchu　[http://www.geocities.com/republic_of_manchu/]
*Manchukuo Economy (additional dates)
*
-
http://krd.roshy.human.nagoya-u.ac.jp/~yasutomi/private2/home/home.html
*
-
http://krd.roshy.human.nagoya-u.ac.jp/~yasutomi/private2/home/node14.html
-
Manchu Money Museum
-
Education in Mongolia and Manchukuo
-
Manchu Empire Museum
Category:Manchukuo *
Category:World War II client states
de:Mandschuko
et:Mandžukuo
es:Manchukuo
eo:Manĉukuo
fr:Mandchoukouo
ko:만주êµ
id:Manchukuo
nl:Mandsjoekwo
ja:満州国
no:Mandsjukuo
pl:Mandżukuo
sl:Mandžukuo
fi:Mantšukuo
th:ประเทศ�มนจู�ัว
zh:满洲国
Category:Former countries in Asia
Category:Empire of Japan
Category:History of Manchuria
Category:World War II client states
ko:분류:만주êµ
ja:Category:満州国
*** Shopping-Tip: Manchukuo
