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Mark twain
*** Shopping-Tip: Mark twain
Image:MarkTwain1907.jpg thumb|Mark Twain
'''Samuel Langhorne Clemens''' (
November 30 1835 –
April 21 1910), better known by his
pen name '''Mark Twain''', was an
United States American humorist,
novelist,
writer, and
lecturer.
Although Twain was confounded by financial and business affairs, his humor and wit were keen, and he enjoyed immense public popularity. At his peak, he was probably the most popular American celebrity of his time. In
1907, crowds at the
Jamestown Exposition thronged just to get a glimpse of him. He had dozens of famous friends, including
Booker T. Washington,
Nikola Tesla,
Helen Keller, and
Henry H. Rogers Henry Huttleston Rogers. Fellow American author
William Faulkner is credited with writing that Twain was "the first truly American writer, and all of us since are his heirs."
History
"Roughing it" out West
In July of 1861, after a brief stint with a
Confederate States of America Confederate militia (an experience he mentioned in his 1885 short story, "
The Private History of a Campaign That Failed"), Clemens escaped the Civil War by going west with his brother, Orion, who was appointed secretary to the territorial governor of Nevada. They traveled for more than two weeks on a stagecoach across the
Great Plains and the
Rocky Mountains to the
silver-mining town of
Virginia City, Nevada. On the way they visited the
polygamy polygamous Mormon community in
Salt Lake City. Clemens' experiences in the West contributed significantly to his formation as a writer, and became the basis of his second book, ''
Roughing It''.
Once in Nevada, Clemens became a
mining miner, hoping to strike it rich discovering silver in the
Comstock Lode. He stayed for long periods in camp with his fellow prospectors—another life experience that he later put to literary use. After failing as a miner, Clemens obtained work at a newspaper called the ''
Daily Territorial Enterprise'' in Virginia City, where he adopted the pen name "Mark Twain".
Pen names
Clemens usually maintained that his primary pen name, "Mark Twain," came from his years on the riverboat, where two
fathoms (12
Foot (unit of length) ft, approximately 3.7
Metre m) or "safe water" was measured on the
sounding line and marked by calling "mark twain." However, the name may also have come from his wilder days in the West, where he would buy two drinks and tell the
bartender to "mark twain" on his tab. The complete origin of the
pseudonym is unknown. Clemens is also known to have used the pen name "Sieur Louis de Conte" on occasion.
Of his most famous pen name, Twain himself later wrote:
[Captain Isaiah Sellers] was not of literary turn or capacity, but he used to jot down brief paragraphs of plain practical information about the river, and sign them "MARK TWAIN," and give them to the "Times-Picayune New Orleans Picayune." They related to the stage and condition of the river, and were accurate and valuable; and thus far, they contained no poison.
[...]
I burlesqued it broadly, very broadly, stringing my fantastics out to the extent of eight hundred or a thousand words. I was a "cub" at the time. I showed my performance to some pilots, and they eagerly rushed it into print in the "New Orleans True Delta." It was a great pity; for it did nobody any worthy service, and it sent a pang deep into a good man's heart. There was no malice in my rubbish; but it laughed at the captain. It laughed at a man to whom such a thing was new and strange and dreadful. I did not know then, though I do now, that there is no suffering comparable with that which a private person feels when he is for the first time pilloried in print.
[...]
He never printed another paragraph while he lived, and he never again signed Mark Twain to anything. At the time that the telegraph brought the news of his death, I was on the Pacific coast. I was a fresh new journalist, and needed a nom de guerre; so I confiscated the ancient mariner's discarded one, and have done my best to make it remain what it was in his hands—a sign and symbol and warrant that whatever is found in its company may be gambled on as being the petrified truth; how I have succeeded, it would not be modest in me to say.{{ref|Life_on_the_Mississippi}}
Regardless of the source of the name, "Mark Twain" was "born" as Clemens' pen name in the office of the ''Nevada Territorial Enterprise'', when Clemens first used the name on an article published on
February 3,
1863.
1867-1880: First book and family
It was on another trip, however, that Twain's fame as an author was firmly established. In
1867, he convinced Col. McComb of the ''Alta California'' to pay for his passage aboard the steam packet ''Quaker City'' on an American excursion to
Europe and the
Middle East.
The resulting letters Twain produced for the newspaper as a report of the trip would form the basis of his first book, ''
Innocents Abroad The Innocents Abroad'' (
1869), a large and humorous travelogue that pointedly failed to worship
Old World arts and conventions. Sold by subscription, the book became hugely popular and put its author in a spotlight that he would never willingly relinquish for the rest of his life.
In
1868, Twain published two short stories in
Francis Pharcellus Church's popular ''The Galaxy'' magazine. In
1869, he moved to
Buffalo, New York to take a position as Managing Editor for the ''
Buffalo Express'' newspaper.
After the success of ''Innocents Abroad'', Twain married Olivia Langdon in the Langdon family home in
Elmira, New York on
February 2,
1870. That year he began to write a monthly column called ''Memoranda'' for ''The Galaxy''. A son, Langdon, was born to the couple on
November 7. In
1871, the family moved to the Nook Farm neighborhood in
Hartford, Connecticut. A daughter, Olivia Susan or "Susy," was born on
March 19,
1872. In June, young Langdon succumbed to
diphtheria and died. Two more daughters were born: Clara Langdon (
1874) and Jane Lampton or "Jean" (
1880). During this period, Twain lectured often in the United States and England.
..
Career overview
Twain's greatest contribution to
Literature of the United States American literature is generally considered to be his novel ''The
Adventures of Huckleberry Finn''. As
Ernest Hemingway once said:
:"All modern American literature comes from one book by Mark Twain called ''Huckleberry Finn''. ...all American writing comes from that. There was nothing before. There has been nothing as good since."
Also popular are ''
The Adventures of Tom Sawyer'', ''
The Prince and the Pauper'', ''
A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court'' and the non-fiction book ''
Life on the Mississippi''.
Beginning as a writer of light, humorous verse, Twain evolved into a grim, almost profane chronicler of the vanities, hypocrisies and murderous acts of mankind. At mid-career, with ''Huckleberry Finn'', he combined rich humor, sturdy narrative and social criticism in a way that is almost unrivaled in world literature.
Twain was a master at rendering
Colloquialism colloquial speech, and helped to create and popularize a distinctive American literature built on American themes and language.
Image:Twain in Tesla's Lab.jpg thumb|Twain in the lab of Nikola Tesla, spring of 1894
Twain had a fascination with
science and scientific inquiry. He developed a close and lasting friendship with
Nikola Tesla, and the two spent quite a bit of time together (in Tesla's laboratory, among other places). Such fascination can be seen in Twain's book ''A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court'', which features a
time traveler from the America of Twain's day, using his knowledge of science to introduce modern technology to
King Arthur Arthurian England. Twain also patented an improvement in adjustable and detachable
suspenders straps for garments.
From 1901 until his death in 1910, Twain was vice president of the
American Anti-Imperialist League.{{note|1}} The League opposed the annexation of the
Philippines by the United States. Twain wrote ''Incident in the Philippines'', posthumously published in 1924, in response to the
Moro Crater Massacre, in which six hundred Moros were killed. Many but not all of Mark Twain's neglected and previously uncollected writings on anti-imperialism appeared for the first time in book form in 1992.
In recent years, there have been occasional attempts to ban ''Huckleberry Finn'' from various libraries because Twain's use of
local color is offensive to some people. Although Twain was against
racism and
imperialism far ahead of the public sentiment of his time, those who have only superficial familiarity with his work have sometimes condemned it as racist because it accurately depicts language in common use in the 19th-century United States. Expressions that were used casually and unselfconsciously then are often perceived today as racist (today, such racial
epithets are far more visible and condemned). Twain himself would probably be amused by these attempts; in 1885, when a
library in
Massachusetts banned the book, he wrote to his publisher, "They have expelled Huck from their library as 'trash suitable only for the slums', that will sell 25,000 copies for us for sure."
Many of Mark Twain's works have been suppressed at times for various reasons. 1880 saw the publication of an anonymous slim volume entitled ''
1601 (Mark Twain) 1601: Conversation, as it was by the Social Fireside, in the Time of the Tudors.'' Twain was among those rumored to be the author, but the issue was not settled until 1906, when Twain acknowledged his literary paternity of this scatological masterpiece.
At least Twain saw ''1601'' published during his lifetime. During the
Philippine-American War, Twain wrote an anti-war article entitled ''
The War Prayer (story) The War Prayer''. It was submitted to
Harper's Bazaar for publication, but on
March 22,
1905, the magazine rejected the story as "not quite suited to a woman's magazine." Eight days later Twain wrote to his friend Dan Beard, to whom he had read the story, "I don't think the prayer will be published in my time. None but the dead are permitted to tell the truth." Because he had an exclusive contract with Harper & Brothers, Mark Twain could not publish ''The War Prayer'' elsewhere; it remained unpublished until 1923.
In later years, Twain's family suppressed some of his work which was especially irreverent toward conventional religion, notably ''
Letters from the Earth,'' which was not published until 1962. The anti-religious ''
The Mysterious Stranger'' was published in 1916, although there is some scholarly debate as to whether Twain actually wrote the most familiar version of this story.
Perhaps most controversial of all was Mark Twain's 1879 humorous talk at the Stomach Club in Paris, entitled ''Some Thoughts on the Science of Onanism'' (masturbation), which concluded with the thought, "If you must gamble your lives sexually, don't play a lone hand too much." This talk was not published until 1943, and then only in a limited edition of fifty copies.
Quotes
*"I have never let my schooling get in the way of my education."
*"You can have heaven, I'd rather go to Bermuda."
*"Familiarity breeds contempt—and babies."
*"Golf is a good walk spoilt."
*"If there is a God, He is a malign thug."
*"It is by the goodness of God that in our country we have those three unspeakably precious things: freedom of speech, freedom of conscience, and the prudence never to practice either of them."
*"Truth is our most valuable commodity, so let us economize."
*"To create man was a fine and original idea; but to add sheep was a tautology." (notebook, 1902)
*"We all do no end of feeling, and we mistake it for thinking. And out of it we get an aggregration which we consider a boon. Its name is public opinion. It is held in reverence. Some think it the voice of God." (Corn-Pone Opinions)
*"Never put off until tomorrow that which could be done the day after tomorrow."
*"A habit cannot be thrown out the window, it must be coaxed down the stairs one step at a time."
*"The human race has one really effective weapon, and that is laughter."
*"Rumours of my death have been greatly exaggerated."
*"The human race is a race of cowards; and I am not only marching in that procession but carrying a banner."
*"There are several good protections against temptations, but the surest is cowardice."
*"Suppose you were a congressman, and suppose you were an idiot. But I repeat myself."
*"Keep away from people who try to belittle your ambitions. Small people always do that, but the really great ones make you feel that you, too, can become great."
*"Only one thing is impossible for God: To find any sense in any copyright law on the planet."
*"October: This is one of the peculiarly dangerous months to speculate in stocks. The others are July, January, September, April, November, May, March, June, December, August, and February."
*"When I, a thoughtful and unblessed Presbyterian, examine the Koran, I know that beyond any question every Mohammedan is insane; not in all things, but in religious matters. When a thoughtful and unblessed Mohammedan examines the Westminster Catechism, he knows that beyond any question I am spiritually insane. I cannot prove to him that he is insane, because you never can prove anything to a lunatic—for that is a part of his insanity and the evidence of it. He cannot prove to me that I am insane, for my mind has the same defect that afflicts his... When I look around me, I am often troubled to see how many people are mad." {{note|2}}
*The saying "There are three kinds of lies:
lies, damned lies, and statistics" is sometimes attributed to Twain. He did not coin the phrase, but he did popularise it in the United States.
*"Giving up smoking is the easiest thing in the world. I know because I've done it thousands of times."
.
Bibliography
*(1867) ''
The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County'' (fiction)
*(1868) ''
General Washington's Negro Body-Servant'' (fiction)
*(1868) ''
My Late Senatorial Secretaryship'' (fiction)
*(1869) ''
The Innocents Abroad'' (non-fiction travel)
*(1870-71) ''
Memoranda'' (monthly column for ''The Galaxy'' magazine)
*(1871) ''
Mark Twain's (Burlesque) Autobiography and First Romance'' (fiction)
*(1872) ''
Roughing It'' (non-fiction)
*(1873) ''
The Gilded Age: A Tale of Today'' (fiction)
*(1875) ''
Sketches New and Old'' (fictional stories)
*(1876) ''
Old Times on the Mississippi'' (non-fiction)
*(1876) ''
The Adventures of Tom Sawyer'' (fiction)
*(1877) ''
A True Story and the Recent Carnival of Crime'' (stories)
*(1878) ''
Punch, Brothers, Punch! and other Sketches'' (fictional stories)
*(1880) ''
A Tramp Abroad'' (non-fiction travel)
*(1880) ''
1601 (Mark Twain) 1601: Conversation, as it was by the Social Fireside, in the Time of the Tudors'' (fiction)
*(1882) ''
The Prince and the Pauper'' (fiction)
*(1883) ''
Life on the Mississippi'' (non-fiction)
*(1884) ''
Adventures of Huckleberry Finn'' (fiction)
*(1889) ''
A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court'' (fiction)
*(1892) ''
The American Claimant'' (fiction)
*(1892) ''
Merry Tales'' (fictional stories)
*(1893) ''
The £1,000,000 Bank Note and Other New Stories'' (fictional stories)
*(1894) ''
Tom Sawyer Abroad'' (fiction)
*(1894) ''
Pudd'n'head Wilson'' (fiction)
*(1896) ''
Tom Sawyer, Detective'' (fiction)
*(1896) ''
Personal Recollections of Joan of Arc'' (fiction)
*(1897) ''
How to Tell a Story and other Essays'' (non-fictional essays)
*(1897) ''
Following the Equator'' (non-fiction travel)
*(1900) ''
The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg'' (fiction)
*(1901) ''
Edmund Burke on Croker and Tammany'' (political satire)
*(1902) ''
A Double Barrelled Detective Story'' (fiction)
*(1904) ''
A Dog's Tale'' (fiction)
*(1905) ''
King Leopold's Soliloquy'' (political satire)
*(1905) ''
The War Prayer (story) The War Prayer'' (fiction)
*(1906) ''
The $30,000 Bequest and Other Stories'' (fiction)
*(1906) ''
What Is Man?'' (essay)
*(1907) ''
Christian Science (book) Christian science'' (non-fiction)
*(1907) ''
A Horse's Tale'' (fiction)
*(1907) ''
Is Shakespeare Dead?'' (non-fiction)
*(1909) ''
Captain Stormfield's Visit to Heaven'' (fiction)
*(1909) ''
Letters from the Earth'' (fiction, published posthumously)
*(1910) ''
Queen Victoria's Jubilee'' (non-fiction)
*(1916) ''
The Mysterious Stranger'' (fiction, possibly not by Twain, published posthumously)
*(1924) ''
Mark Twain's Autobiography'' (non-fiction, published posthumously)
*(1935) ''
Mark Twain's Notebook'' (published posthumously)
*(1969) ''
No. 44, The Mysterious Stranger'' (fiction, published posthumously)
*(1992) ''Mark Twain's Weapons of Satire: Anti-Imperialist Writings on the Philippine-American War''. Jim Zwick, ed. (Syracuse University Press) ISBN 0815602685 ((previously uncollected, published posthumously)
*(1995) ''
The Bible According to Mark Twain: Writings on Heaven, Eden, and the Flood'' (published posthumously))
References
{{note|Life_on_the_Mississippi}}''Life on the Mississippi'', chapter 50
{{note|1}}''Mark Twain's Weapons of Satire: Anti-Imperialist Writings on the Philippine-American War.'' (1992, Jim Zwick, ed.) ISBN 0815602685
{{note|2}}''Christian Science'' by Mark Twain; [http://www.gutenberg.org/files/3187/3187.txt full text ebook here]
See also
*
Bernard DeVoto
*
Mark Twain Memorial Bridge
*
Mark Twain Prize for American Humor
*
Mark Twain House
{{Commons|Mark Twain}}
{{Wikisource author}}
{{Wikiquote}}
External links
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Summary of ''The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn''
Works by Mark Twain
*{{gutenberg author|id=Mark_Twain|name=Mark Twain}}. More than 60 texts are freely available.
-
The Works of Mark Twain, Chapter-indexed, searchable versions of Twain's works.
-
Complete Literary Works of Mark Twain
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Mark Twain Quotes, Newspaper Collections and Related Resources
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Searchable Works and Quotes of Mark Twain
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US121992 Patent -- Improvement in adjustable and detachable straps for garments
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Twain on The Awful German Language
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Complete text of ''No. 44, The Mysterious Stranger''
Studying Twain
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The Mark Twain Papers and Project of the Bancroft Library, University of California Berkeley. Home to the largest archive of Mark Twain's papers and the editors of a critical edition of all of Mark Twain's writings.
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The University of California Press Publishers of the critical edition of Mark Twain's writings.
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Elmira College Center for Mark Twain Studies
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Ever the Twain Shall Meet, a guide to Mark Twain on the Web
Twain's Life
*Full text of the biography ''[http://www.gutenberg.net/etext/6873 Mark Twain]'' by Archibald Henderson
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The Mark Twain House in Hartford, CT
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The Mark Twain Boyhood Home in Hannibal, MO
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''The Hannibal Courier Post'' A Look at the Life and Works of Mark Twain
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Mark Twain: Known To Everyone—Liked By All, a
Ken Burns film shown on
PBS.
-
Literary Pilgrimages—Mark Twain sites
Category:1835 births Twain, Mark
Category:1910 deaths Twain, Mark
Category:Alternate history writers Twain, Mark
Category:American humorists Twain, Mark
Category:American novelists Twain, Mark
Category:American satirists Twain, Mark
Category:American short story writers Twain, Mark
Category:American travel writers Twain, Mark
Category:Autobiographers Twain, Mark
Category:Autodidacts Twain, Mark
Category:Humanists
Category:Agnostics
Category:Mark Twain
Category:People from Missouri Twain, Mark
Category:People known by pseudonyms Twain, Mark
Category:Premature obituaries Twain, Mark
Category:Scottish-Americans Twain, Mark
Category:Philippine-American War people Twain, Mark
Category:Vegetarians Twain, Mark
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Category:American humorists Twain, Mark
Category:American novelists Twain, Mark
Category:American satirists Twain, Mark
Category:American short story writers Twain, Mark
see
Mark Twain
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