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Mezzogiorno

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'''Southern Italy''', often referred to as the '''Mezzogiorno''', encompasses at least four of the Regions of Italy country's 20 regions: Basilicata, Campania, Calabria, and Apulia Puglia. The name is also applied to a former ecclesiastical province of the Eastern Orthodox Church. Sometimes Sicily and Sardinia (Insular Italy) are included as well as the regions of Abruzzo and Molise which are Neapolitan language linguistically, culturally and historically tied to Southern Italy (see Two Sicilies Kingdom of Two Sicilies). The Eurostat, Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics (NUTS), and the Istituto Nazionale di Statistica (ISTAT) list all eight regions (i.e.: without Sardinia) in Southern Italy. The term Mezzogiorno first came into use in the nineteenth century, a comparison with the French language French ''Le Midi Midi''. Both mean "midday" or "noon" and are applied in this manner because the sun is directly above the southern horizon at this time of day (in the Northern Hemisphere).

Geography
Geographically, the Mezzogiorno is the actual "boot" of the peninsula, containing the toe (Calabria) and the heel (the southern half of Apulia). Separating the two is the Gulf of Taranto, named after the city of Taranto, which sits at the angle between heel and "sole". It is an arm of the Ionian Sea. The rest of the southern third of the Italian peninsula is studded with smaller gulfs and inlets. On the eastern coast is the famous Adriatic Sea Blue Adriatic, leading into the rest of the Mediterranean through the Strait of Otranto (named after the largest city on the tip of the heel). On the Adriatic, south of the "spur" of the boot, the peninsula of Monte Gargano (''Promontorio del Gargano''), is the Gulf of Manfredonia. On the eastern coast is the Tyrrhenian Sea, between Sicily and the continent. Four major gulfs indent the western littoral, from south to north: the Gulf of Policastro, the Gulf of Salerno, the Gulf of Naples, and the Gulf of Gaeta, each named after its largest coastal city. Along the northern coast of the Salernitan gulf, on the south of the Sorrentine peninsula, runs the famous Amalfi Coast. Off the tip of the peninsula there is the famous isle of Capri. All the coastal cities lie in a coastal plain. The spinal mountain range, the Apennines, which descends from the continental mainland in the north, terminates at the Calabrian tip, making Calabria a hilly, mountainous, and Apulia, relatively flat. Asides the famous Apennines and the Monte Gargano is the infamous Mount Vesuvius, whose eruption in 79 levelled Pompeii. Sicily, which largely is a continuation of Calabria separated from the peninsula by the Strait of Messina, has its own large volcano, the tallest in Europe, Mount Etna, still active. Climatically, the south is much drier and hotter than the rest of Italy. It is fed by a few rivers, the largest being the Volturno to the west of the mountains. To the east, only the Ofanto, cutting across Apulia, is worth mention.

History
Ever since the Ancient Greece Greeks colonised Magna Graecia in the eighth and seventh centuries Common Era BCE, the south of Italy has followed a distinct history from the north. After Pyrrhus of Epirus failed in his attempt to stop the spread of Ancient Rome Roman hegemony in 282 BC, the south fell under Roman domination and remained in such a position well into the Migration Period barbarian invasions (the Gladiator War is a notable suspension of Roman Empire imperial control). It was held by the Byzantine Empire after the Decline of the Roman Empire fall of Rome in Western Roman Empire the West and even the Lombards failed to consolidate it, though the centre of the south was theirs from Zotto's conquest in the final quarter of the 6th century. From then to the Normans Norman conquest of the 11th century, the south of the peninsula was constantly plunged into wars between Greek, Lombard, and the Caliphate, interrupted only by the arrival of the Normans, who, in less than one hundred years, rose to preeminence and completely subjugated the Lombard principalities, expelled the Islamic menace, and removed the Byzantines from all but Naples, which gave in to the great Roger II in 1127. He raised the south to kingdom status in 1130, calling it the List of monarchs of Naples and Sicily Kingdom of Sicily. It lasted only 64 years before the Holy Roman Emperors long-held designs on the region came to fruition. The Hohenstaufen rule ended in defeat, but the conquering French of Charles of Anjou were themselves forcibly pushed out in the event immortalised as the Sicilian Vespers. Hereafter, until the union in Spain, the kingdom is plit between that of Naples on the mainland and that of Sicily over the island. The Crown of Aragon Aragonese rule left its impression on Italy and the Italian Renaissance Renaissance through such figures as Alfons V of Aragon Alfonso the Magnanimous and the Borgia clan. The region remained a part of Spain until the War of the Spanish Succession, when Duke Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia took Sicily. It was soon exchanged with Habsburg Monarchy Austria for Sardinia. It became an independent kingdom for Charles III of Spain Charles of Bourbon and remained so until it was created the Kingdom of Naples for benefit of Napoleon I of France Napoleon's marshal Joachim Murat. An object of irredentism and the ''Italian unification Risorgimento'', the land was conquered by Giuseppe Garibaldi and the Redshirts in 1861 and, with the north, formed the modern state of Italy.

Culture
Historically, has been exposed to significantly different influences than the rest of the peninsula, and in particular, to Greek settlement and the Arabs Arab invasions of Sicily. These factors and others have left their mark on today's Mezzogiorno: population density, for example, is much less compared to Northern Italy, with at the same time a higher proportion of large towns to small villages; wealth and education levels are not as high; and the day-to-day culture of the inhabitants is much more Mediterranean, clan-oriented, rural, and Roman Catholic Church Catholic than that of the more Industrialisation industrialized North. Poverty and criminality have been persistent problems in the agriculture and farming-dominated Mezzogiorno (per capita income in there is approximately one-half that of northern Italy), causing much emigration from the area to many other countries, most notably the United States (the vast majority of Italian-Americans trace their ancestry to this part of Italy), Canada and Australia. Many natives of the Mezzogiorno have also relocated to large northern Italian cities such as Genoa, Milan and Turin. Some Northern Italians have thus come to speak of a "''Mezzogiorno problem''", viewed as an inherent and incurable climate of poverty and corruption and a sink-hole of government funds; such sentiments have fueled the rise of the Lega Nord movement seeking to accomplish a secession from Italy of the Northern regions, the so-called Padania.

See also
*Central Italy *Insular Italy *Northern Italy Category:Geography of Italy Category:Italian society de:Süditalien es:Mezzogiorno fr:Mezzogiorno it:Mezzogiorno nl:Mezzogiorno sv:Mezzogiorno

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