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Minorca

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Image:Es-ib-mi.gif thumb|200px|Flag of Minorca '''Minorca''' ('''''Menorca''''' both in Catalan language Catalan and Spanish language Spanish and increasingly in English language English usage; from Latin ''Balearis Minor'', later ''Minorica'' "minor island") is one of the Balearic Islands (''Illes Balears'' Catalan official name, ''Islas Baleares'' in Spanish), located in the Mediterranean Sea, and belonging to Spain. It takes its name from being smaller than nearby island of Majorca. It was called Nura by the Phoenicians in honoring their god Baal, meaning the "island of fire". Minorca has a population of approximately 82,000. It is located around 39°47' to 40°00'N, 3°52' to 4°24'E. Its highest point is 358 metre m/1174 feet ft Above mean sea level above sea level. Its highest point is called Monte Toro. The island has a large collection of megalithic stone monuments: ''navetes'', ''taulas'', and ''talaiots''.

History
The end of the Punic wars saw an increase in piracy in the western Mediterranean. The Roman Republic Roman occupation of Hispania had meant a growth of maritime trade between the Iberian Peninsula Iberian and Italian peninsulas. Pirates took advantage of the strategic location of the Balearic Islands to raid Roman commerce, using both Minorca and Majorca as bases. In reaction to this, the Romans sent an army to the islands in order to put an end to such activities. By 121 B.C. both islands were fully under Roman control, later being incorporated into the province of Hispania Citerior. In 13 BC Caesar Augustus reorganized the provincial system and the Balearic Islands became part of the Tarraconensis imperial province. Image:CalesCoves.jpg thumb|200px|Cales Coves of Minorca The ''Letter on the Conversion of the Jews'' by a fifth century bishop named Severus tells of the religious conversion conversion of the island's Jews Jewish community in 418 CE. Following the Moorish conquest of peninsular Spain, Minorca was annexation annexed to the Caliphate of Cordoba Caliphate of Córdoba in 903, being given the Arabicized name of Manûrqa. In 1231, after Christian forces reconquered Majorca, Minorca became an independent Islamic state, albeit one tributary to King James I of Aragon. The island was ruled first by Abû 'Uthmân Sa'îd Hakam al Qurashi (1234-1282), and following his death by his son, Abû 'Umar ibn Sa'îd (1282-1287). An Aragonese invasion, led by Alfonso III of Aragon Alfonso III came on January 17, 1287, now celebrated as Minorca's national day. Most of the muslim inhabitants of the island were enslaved and sold in the slave markets of Ibiza, Valencia and Barcelona. Until 1344 the island was part of the Kingdom of Majorca, also an Aragonese vassal state, which was itself annexed to Aragonese Empire Aragon, and subsequently to the unified kingdom of Spain. During the 16th century, Turkey Turkish naval attacks destroyed Mahon, and the then capital, Ciutadella. Captured by the Royal Navy British navy in 1708 during the War of the Spanish Succession, Minorca became a British possession. This period saw the island's capital moved to Mahón, and a naval base) established in that town's harbor. During the Seven Years' War, however, the failure of a British naval squadron to lift a French siege of Minorca on May 20, 1756 later led to the court-martial and execution of Admiral John Byng. This naval engagement, the Battle of Minorca, represented the outbreak of the Seven Years' War in the European theatre. Despite this defeat, British resistance persisted at Mahón, but the garrison was forced to capitulate under honourable terms, including free passage back to England, on June 29 of that same year. The Treaty of Paris (1763), however, saw British rule restored, since Britain and her allies largely prevailed in the larger war. During the American Revolutionary War, the British were defeated for a second time, in this instance by a combination of French and Spanish forces, which captured the island on February 5 1782. Minorca was recovered by the British once again in 1798, during the French Revolutionary Wars, but it was finally and permanently ceded to Spain by the Treaty of Amiens in 1802. One story that claims the British were willing to give up the island because Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson Nelson favored Malta, where he would be closer to Emma Hamilton in Naples. The British influence can still be seen in local architecture with elements such as sash windows. Image:Minorcancountryside.JPG thumb|200px|Minorcan countryside During the Spanish Civil War, Minorca stayed loyal to the Republican Spanish government, while the rest of the Balearic Islands supported the Nationalists. It did not see combat, except for aerial bombing by the Italians of Corpo Truppe Volontarie air force. Many Minorcans were also killed when taking part in a failed invasion of Mallorca. After the Nationalist victory in 1939, the British navy assisted in a peaceful transfer of power in Minorca and the evacuation of some political refugees. In October 1993, Minorca was designated by UNESCO as a biosphere reserve. In July 2005, the island's application to become the twenty-fifth member of the International Island Games Association was approved.

Language
The local dialect of Catalan language Catalan is called ''Menorquí'': Grammatical differences with Central Catalan are minimal, and differences exist mostly only in pronunciation. As with most Balearic dialects, the most remarkable difference is the use of the article "the", where ''Menorquí'' uses "es" for masculine and "sa" for feminine instead of Catalan "el" and "la", a form which was historically used in part of the present-day province of Girona, in Catalonia, from where the islands were repopulated after being conquered from the Moors. It also has a few English language English loan words dating back to the British occupation such as "grevi", "xumaquer", "boinder" or "xoc" taken from "gravy", "shoemaker", "bow window" and "chalk", respectively.

Food & drink
Lingering British influence is seen in the Minorcans' taste for gin, which during the local ''fiestas'' (holidays dedicated to a town's patron saint), the islanders mix with bitter lemon to make the popular ''Pomada''. Also famous is Queso Mahón, a cheese typical of the island.

Municipalities
The major towns are Maó and Ciutadella. The island is administratively divided into these municipalities: *Alaior (Spanish ''Alayor'') *Ciutadella de Menorca Ciutadella (Spanish ''Ciudadela'') (Catalán ''Ciutadella''), previously the capital of Minorca *Es Castell (Spanish ''Villacarlos'') Founded by the British and originally named as Georgetown. *Es Mercadal, Balearic Islands Es Mercadal (Spanish ''Mercadal'') * - [http://www.esmercadal.com Virtual tour through Es Mercadal] **Fornells, which depends on the municipality of Es Mercadal. Famous for its lobster soup. ** - [http://www.visita-fornells.com Virtual tour through Fornells] *Es Migjorn Gran or ''Es Mitjorn Gran'' (Spanish ''Sant Cristóbal'') hometown of Joan Riudavets. *Ferreries (Spanish ''Ferrerias'') *Maó, the city from which mayonnaise (Spanish ''Mahonesa'') gets its name (Catalán ''Maó'' or ''Mahó'', Spanish ''Mahón''), became the capital thanks to its strategical natural harbour. **Sant Climent, (Spanish ''San Clemente'') which depends on the municipality of Maó. **Llucmassanes, (Spanish ''Llumesanas'') a small Hamlet (place) hamlet which depends on the municipality of Maó. *Sant Lluís (Spanish ''San Luis'') Founded by the French.

See also
*Manûrqa

References
*BURNS ROBERT I. ''Muslims in the Thirteenth Century Realms of Aragon: Interaction and Reaction'', in J.M. Powell edition:''Muslims under Latin Rule, 1100-1300''; op cit. pp 57-102; at p.67.

External links
{{commonscat|Menorca}} {{sisterlinks|Menorca}} * {{wikitravel}} *{{placeopedia|id=6246|title=Minorca}}
- Island government of Minorca
- Virtual tour through Es Mercadal
- Menorca Information
- St Joan Fiesta 2003, Ciutadella
- In-Menorca.com
- Idò!: Web directory of Menorca
- Virtual tours through various towns
- UNESCO's Minorca Biosphere Reserve
- Menorca-Info.com - Guide to the Island of Menorca Category:Menorca ca:Menorca da:Menorca de:Menorca et:Menorca es:Menorca eo:Minorko fr:Minorque gl:Menorca it:Minorca nl:Minorca ja:メノルカ島 pl:Minorka pt:Menorca fi:Menorca sv:Menorca

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