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Mongolia

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:''For the region of the same name, see Mongolia (region).'' {{Infobox_Country| native_name = ÐœÐ¾Ð½Ð³Ð¾Ð» Ð£Ð»Ñ?
''Mongol Uls'' | conventional_long_name = Mongolia | common_name = Mongolia | image_flag = Flag_of_Mongolia.svg | image_coat = Suld.gif | image_map = LocationMongolia.png | national_motto = Dayar Mongol| national_anthem = BÃ¼gd Nairamdakh Mongol | official_languages = Mongolian language Mongolian | capital = Ulaanbaatar | latd=47|latm=55|latNS=N|longd=106|longm=53|longEW=E| largest_city = Ulaanbaatar | government_type= Parliamentary democracy | leader_titles = President of Mongolia President
Prime minister of Mongolia Prime minister | leader_names = Nambaryn Enkhbayar
Miyeegombo Enkhbold | area_rank = 18th | area_magnitude = 1 E12 | area=1,564,116 | areamiÂ²=603,909 | percent_water = 0.6 | population_estimate = 2,791,272 | population_estimate_year = July 2005 | population_estimate_rank = 138th | population_census= 2,650,952 | population_census_year= 2000| population_density = 1.8 | population_densitymiÂ² =4.7 | population_density_rank= 193rd | GDP_PPP_year=2005 | GDP_PPP = $6.01 billion | GDP_PPP_rank = 153rd | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $2,200 | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 174th | HDI_year = 2003 | HDI = 0.679 | HDI_rank = 114th | HDI_category = medium | sovereignty_type = Independence | established_events = - Declared | established_dates = July 11, 1921 (from China)| currency = Tugrug | currency_code = MNT | time_zone= | utc_offset= +7 | time_zone_DST= | utc_offset_DST= +8 | cctld= .mn | calling_code = 976 | footnotes = }} '''Mongolia''' (Mongolian language Mongolian: ÐœÐ¾Ð½Ð³Ð¾Ð» Ð£Ð»Ñ?) is a landlocked Central Asian country, bordered by Russia to the north and the People's Republic of China to the south. It was the center of the Mongol Empire in the 13th century, but was ruled by the Manchu Qing dynasty from the end of the 18th century until an Independence independent government was formed with Soviet Union Soviet assistance in 1921. Following the fall of the Soviet Union, Mongolia adopted Liberal democracy electoral politics. The 18th largest country in the world by area, Mongolia has very little arable land: much of its area is grassland, with mountains in the north and west and the Gobi Desert in the south. A little over 30 percent of the population are nomadic or semi-nomadic Tibetan Buddhism Tibetan Buddhists of the Mongol ethnicity. About one-third of the population resides in the capital city Ulaanbaatar.

History
''Main article: History of Mongolia'' Mongolia was called the '''Khunnu Empire''' in 209 Anno Domini BC. Modun Shanyu (Modun King) was the king of the country at that time, and he made the first of Mongolia's great conquests. The Khunnu Empire was the biggest enemy of its southern neighbour, China, and the Chinese built the Great Wall of China great wall during the Ch'in Dynasty to protect themselves from the Khunnu Empire Khuns, whom Chinese considered barbarians. The Marshal Meng Tian of the Qin Empire disposed more than 300,000 soldiers along the Great Wall to prevent expected invasion from the North. During the 7th and 8th centuries, it was controlled by Turkic peoples. Before the 13th century, Mongolians divided into small kinships and Mongol Mongol Empire confederacies. In the late 12th century Anno Domini AD, a minor warlord named Temujin, convinced that he possessed the Mandate of Heaven, began a long struggle to unite the Mongol tribes. In 1206, in a ceremonious setting, Temujin was crowned the Chingis Khaan (Genghis Khan), and the nation of Mongolia took its current shape. In the 13th century, Mongolia was the center of the '''Mongol Empire''', the largest contiguous land empire in world history. During that certain time, the Mongol Empire had four sub-empires, and the host empire just as it claimed was Yuan Empire whose founder was Kublai Khan ( in Chinese, "Hu-Bi-Lie Han"). He respected and was very fond of Chinese culture. He had made lots of policies to push Chinese culture, such as he confirmed the sacrosanctity of Confucius and his sayings. After more than a century of power, the Mongol Empire disintegrated, and Mongols fell into a state of internal feuds. During this time, they adopted a variant of Buddhism -- Lamaism. In the early 15th century, the Yongle Emperor of Ming Empire had led his huge national army and inbroken Mongolia for five times. The Manchu conquered Inner Mongolia in 1636 and Outer Mongolia in 1691. Under more than 200 years of Manchu oppression, Mongols suffered tremendous losses to their demographics and mentality. Mongolia declared independence in 1911, but only Mongolia gained independence. After the October Revolution in Russia, Chinese troops led by HsÃ¼ Shu-Cheng attacked Mongolia in 1919, but Mongolia won and the Chinese troops were chased until Harbin, China by Mongolian troops and many soldiers of the Mongolian army are still live witnesses of this history. Russian army helped Mongolia for this Mongolia-China war on Mongolia's side. In 1924, the People's Republic of Mongolia Mongolian People's Republic was proclaimed. The Mongolian People's Republic was aligned closely with the Soviet Union. Politicians who demanded a more capitalist course and who dissented against collective prosperity, like Dogsomyn Bodoo or Horloogiyn Dandzan, quickly became unpopular. In 1928, Horloogiyn Choybalsan rose to power. Under his administration, forced but productive collective farming collectivisation, and the destruction of Lamaist monastery monasteries in 1937 left more than 10,000 insurgent lamas dead. During the Soviet-Japanese Border War, the USSR defended Mongolia against Japan during the Battle of Halhin Gol. Mongolian forces also took part in the Soviet offensive against Japanese forces in Inner Mongolia in August 1945 (see Operation August Storm). The threat of Mongolian forces seizing parts of Inner Mongolia induced the Republic of China to recognize Outer Mongolia's independence, provided that a referendum was held. The referendum took place on October 20, 1945, with, according to official numbers, 100% of the electorate voting for independence. After the establishment of the People's Republic of China, both countries recognized each other on October 6, 1949. After Choybalsan died in Moscow on January 26 1952, Yumjaagiyn Tsedenbal took power. In 1956 and again in 1962, Choybalsan's 'personality cult' was condemned. Mongolia continued to closely align itself with the Soviet Union, especially after the Sino-Soviet split of the late 1950s. While Tsedenbal visited Moscow in August 1984, being very ill, the parliament announced his retirement and replaced him with Jambyn Batmonh. In 1990, the Communist Party relinquished control over the government, without a single bullet being fired. A new constitution was prepared in 1992 that abolished the People's Republic and created a Democracy democratic state.

Politics
''Main article: Politics of Mongolia'' Until June 27, 2004, the predominant party in Mongolia was the ex-communist party Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party or MPRP, which was formed by Mongolia's communist leaders after the end of the Cold War. The main opposition party was the Democratic Party (Mongolia) Democratic Party or DP, which controlled a governing coalition from 1996 to 2000. From 2000 to 2004 MPRP was back in power, but results of the 2004 elections required the establishing of the first ever coalition government in Mongolia between the MPRP and MDC (Motherland Democratic Coalition). Mongolia is a parliamentary country where the president has a symbolic role and the government is the executive power. The legislative power State Great Khural, has one chamber with 76 seats and is chaired by the speaker of the house. On January 14, 2006, the parliament's 39 members mostly MPRP members including 4 Democratic Party member Mendsaikhan Enkhsaikhan, Narantsatsralt, Sonompil, J.Batkhuyag illegally overthrew democrat Tsakhiagiyn Elbegdorj's grand coalition government violating the [http://www.mongolia-foreign-policy.net/index.php?moduls=1|Mongolian Constitution] as it exceeded its power. This was based on the MPRP Directing Board's decision which violates its three agreements with the Democratic Party. Movements and Mongolians have still been making strong protests against the MPRP and the Parliament's decision to overthrow Elbegdorj's Government.

Provinces
''Main article: Provinces of Mongolia''
Mongolia is split in to 21 provinces (''aymguud''; sing. ''aimag'' or ''aymag'') and 1 municipality (''hot'') with provincial status. Image:Mg-map.png thumb|300px|Map of Mongolia *Arhangay Province Arhangay *Bayan-Ã–lgiy Province Bayan-Ã–lgiy *Bayanhongor Province Bayanhongor *Bulgan Province Bulgan *Darhan-Uul Province Darhan-Uul *Dornod Province Dornod *Dornogovi Province DornogovÄ *Dundgovi Province DundgovÄ *Govi-Altay Province GovÄ-Altay *GovisÃ¼mber Province GovÄsÃ¼mber *Hentiy Province Hentiy *Hovd Province Hovd *HÃ¶vsgÃ¶l Province HÃ¶vsgÃ¶l *Ã–mnÃ¶govi Province Ã–mnÃ¶govÄ *Orhon Province Orhon *Ã–vÃ¶rhangay Province Ã–vÃ¶rhangay *Selenge Province Selenge *SÃ¼hbaatar Province SÃ¼hbaatar *TÃ¶v Province TÃ¶v *Ulaanbaatar (municipality) *Uvs Province Uvs *Zavhan Province Zavhan

Geography
Image:Mongolia_1996_CIA_map.jpg Gobi Desert.html" title="Meaning of thumb thumb|250px|right|The southern portion of Mongolia is taken up by the [[Gobi Desert, while the northern and western portions are mountainous..html" title="Meaning of 250px|right|The southern portion of Mongolia is taken up by the [[Gobi Desert">thumb|250px|right|The southern portion of Mongolia is taken up by the [[Gobi Desert, while the northern and western portions are mountainous.">250px|right|The southern portion of Mongolia is taken up by the [[Gobi Desert">thumb|250px|right|The southern portion of Mongolia is taken up by the [[Gobi Desert, while the northern and western portions are mountainous. ''Main article: Geography of Mongolia'' The Mongolian heartland consists of relatively flat steppes. The southern portion of the country is taken up by the Gobi Desert, while the northern and western portions are mountainous. The highest point in Mongolia is Nayramadlin Orgil (Huyten Orgil) at 14,350 foot (unit of length) feet (4,374 m). Uvs Nuur Lake, shared with Tuva Republic in the Russian Federation, is a natural World Heritage Site. Most of the country is hot in the summer and extremely cold in the winter, with January averages dropping as low as -30Â°C (-22Â°F). The country is also subject to occasional harsh climatic conditions known as ''zud'' or ''dzud''. Ulaanbaatar has the coldest average temperature of any national capital in the world.

Economy
''Main article: Economy of Mongolia'' Mongolia's economy is centered on agriculture and mining. Mongolia's main mining products are petroleum, coal and copper, with smaller industries in molybdenum, tungsten, and phosphate mining. Following decades of state-run enterprise, the economy has undergone an often-painful transition to capitalism; many industrial facilities were closed down with the end of the Soviet Union, which supported the largely loss-making factories. There are currently over 30,000 independent businesses in Mongolia, chiefly centered around the capital city. The majority of the population outside the cities subsists on sustenance herding; livestock typically consists of cows, sheep, goats, horses and Bactrian camels. GDA per capita is about $602 in nominal terms, but adjusted for purchasing power this comes to around $2,046. Although GDP has risen steadily since 2002, the state is still working to overcome a sizable trade deficit. A massive ($11 billion) foreign debt to Russia was settled by the Mongolian government in 2004 with a $250 million payment; this reduced value was accepted due to Mongolian hardship and losses of human lives during the Soviet Era. Mongolia joined the World Trade Organization in 1997 and now exports cashmere, minerals, and food products to Russia, the United States, China, Japan, Italy, and other countries.

Demographics
''Main article: Demographics of Mongolia'' Most Mongolians are Mongol in descent: there are also smaller populations of Kazakhs Kazakh and Tungus people. The predominant religion is Tibetan Buddhism. As in many developing countries, Mongolia's young and rapidly growing population has put great strains on its economy.

Culture
''Main article: Culture of Mongolia'' See also: Music of Mongolia

Miscellaneous topics
*Communications in Mongolia *Foreign relations of Mongolia *Military of Mongolia *Mongoliyn Skautiyn Holboo *Public holidays in Mongolia *Transportation in Mongolia ''see also'': Inner Mongolia

References
This article incorporates text from the Library of Congress Countries Study, which is in the public domain.

External links
{{sisterlinks|Mongolia}}

General

- Mongolia Open Government from the Office of the Prime Minister
- Mongolia Ministry of Foreign Affairs official site
- Open Directory Project - ''Mongolia'' directory category
- CIA World Factbook - ''Mongolia''
- US Department of State - ''Mongolia'' includes Background Notes, Country Study and major reports
- Flags of the mongolian aymags
- Encyclopedia of the Nations - Mongolia
- Plants of Mongolia
- Birds of Mongolia
- Mongolian Tourist Board
- The UB Post Mongolia's Independent English Weekly News
- Collection of pictures from Mongolia sorted by province
- 21 Days In Mongolia Gallery and diary of a backpackers trip to Mongolia {{Central_Asia}} Category:Central Asian countries Category:Landlocked countries Category:Mongolia * {{Link FA|he}} ar:Ù…Ù†ØºÙˆÙ„ÙŠØ§ an:Mongolia id:Mongolia bg:ÐœÐ¾Ð½Ð³Ð¾Ð»Ð¸Ñ? zh-min-nan:BÃ´ng-kÃ³Â· bs:Mongolija ca:MongÃ²lia cs:Mongolsko da:Mongoliet de:Mongolei et:Mongoolia el:ÎœÎ¿Î³Î³Î¿Î»Î¯Î± es:Mongolia eo:Mongolio eu:Mongolia fa:Ù…ØºÙˆÙ„Ø³ØªØ§Ù† fr:Mongolie gl:Mongolia - ÐœÐ¾Ð½Ð³Ð¾Ð» Ð£Ð»Ñ? ko:ëª½ê³¨ kw:Mongoli ht:Mongoli hr:Mongolija ilo:Mongolia io:Mongolia is:MongÃ³lÃa it:Mongolia he:×ž×•× ×’×•×œ×™×” ku:Moxolistan la:Mongolia lv:Mongolija lt:Mongolija li:MongoliÃ« hu:MongÃ³lia mi:MongÅ?ria ms:Mongolia mn:ÐœÐ¾Ð½Ð³Ð¾Ð» ÑƒÐ»Ñ? mo:ÐœÐ¾Ð½Ð³Ð¾Ð»Ð¸Ñ? nl:MongoliÃ« nds:Mongolei ja:ãƒ¢ãƒ³ã‚´ãƒ«å›½ no:Mongolia nn:Mongolia oc:Mongolia os:ÐœÐ¾Ð½Ð³Ð¾Ð»Ð¸ pl:Mongolia pt:MongÃ³lia ro:Mongolia ru:ÐœÐ¾Ð½Ð³Ð¾Ð»Ð¸Ñ? sq:Mongolia sh:Mongolija simple:Mongolia sk:Mongolsko sl:Mongolija sr:ÐœÐ¾Ð½Ð³Ð¾Ð»Ð¸Ñ˜Ð° fi:Mongolia sv:Mongoliet tl:Mongolia th:à¸›à¸£à¸°à¹€à¸—à¸¨à¸¡à¸à¸‡à¹‚à¸?à¹€à¸¥à¸µà¸¢ vi:MÃ´ng Cá»• tr:MoÄŸolistan uk:ÐœÐ¾Ð½Ð³Ð¾Ð»Ñ–Ñ? zh:è’™å?¤å›½ {{sisterlinkswp|Category:Mongolia}} {{commonscat|Mongolia}} :This :Category category contains articles related to Mongolia. Category:Central Asian countries ar:ØªØµÙ†ÙŠÙ?:Ù…Ù†ØºÙˆÙ„ÙŠØ§ bg:ÐšÐ°Ñ‚ÐµÐ³Ð¾Ñ€Ð¸Ñ?:ÐœÐ¾Ð½Ð³Ð¾Ð»Ð¸Ñ? bs:Category:Mongolija ca:Categoria:MongÃ²lia cs:Kategorie:Mongolsko da:Kategori:Mongoliet de:Kategorie:Mongolei et:Kategooria:Mongoolia es:CategorÃa:Mongolia eo:Kategorio:Mongolio fr:CatÃ©gorie:Mongolie gl:Category:Mongolia ko:ë¶„ë¥˜:ëª½ê³¨ io:Category:Mongolia id:Kategori:Mongolia is:Flokkur:MongÃ³lÃa it:Categoria:Mongolia he:×§×˜×’×•×¨×™×”:×ž×•× ×’×•×œ×™×” ka:áƒ™áƒ?áƒ¢áƒ”áƒ’áƒ?áƒ áƒ˜áƒ?:áƒ›áƒ?áƒœáƒ¦áƒ?áƒšáƒ”áƒ—áƒ˜ lt:Kategorija:Mongolija mn:Category:ÐœÐ¾Ð½Ð³Ð¾Ð» ÑƒÐ»Ñ? mo:Category:ÐœÐ¾Ð½Ð³Ð¾Ð»Ð¸Ñ? nl:Categorie:MongoliÃ« ja:Category:ãƒ¢ãƒ³ã‚´ãƒ«å›½ no:Kategori:Mongolia os:ÐšÐ°Ñ‚ÐµÐ³Ð¾Ñ€Ð¸:ÐœÐ¾Ð½Ð³Ð¾Ð»Ð¸ pl:Kategoria:Mongolia pt:Categoria:MongÃ³lia ro:Categorie:Mongolia ru:ÐšÐ°Ñ‚ÐµÐ³Ð¾Ñ€Ð¸Ñ?:ÐœÐ¾Ð½Ð³Ð¾Ð»Ð¸Ñ? sq:Category:Mongolia sl:Kategorija:Mongolija sr:ÐšÐ°Ñ‚ÐµÐ³Ð¾Ñ€Ð¸Ñ˜Ð°:ÐœÐ¾Ð½Ð³Ð¾Ð»Ð¸Ñ˜Ð° fi:Luokka:Mongolia sv:Kategori:Mongoliet tr:Kategori:MoÄŸolistan uk:ÐšÐ°Ñ‚ÐµÐ³Ð¾Ñ€Ñ–Ñ?:ÐœÐ¾Ð½Ð³Ð¾Ð»Ñ–Ñ? zh:Category:è’™å?¤
{| id="toc" style="margin: 0 2em 0 2em;" ! style="background:#ccccff" align="center" width="100%" | '''Provinces of Mongolia Provinces of Mongolia''' .html">Image:Flag_of_Mongolia.svg 50px|Flag of Mongolia |- | align="center" style="font-size: 90%;" colspan="2" | Arhangay Province Arhangay | Bayan-Ã–lgiy Province Bayan-Ã–lgiy | Bayanhongor Province Bayanhongor | Bulgan Province Bulgan | Darhan-Uul Province Darhan-Uul | Dornod Province Dornod | Dornogovi Province Dornogovĭ | DundgovÄ Province Dundgovĭ | Govi-Altay Province Govĭ-Altay | GovÄsÃ¼mber Province GovĭsÃ¼mber | Hentiy Province Hentiy | Hovd Province Hovd | HÃ¶vsgÃ¶l Province HÃ¶vsgÃ¶l | Ã–mnÃ¶govi Province Ã–mnÃ¶govĭ | Orhon Province Orhon | Ã–vÃ¶rhangay Province Ã–vÃ¶rhangay | Selenge Province Selenge | SÃ¼hbaatar Province SÃ¼hbaatar | TÃ¶v Province TÃ¶v | Uvs Province Uvs | Zavhan Province Zavhan |- | align="center" style="font-size: 90%;" colspan="2" | '''Municipality''': Ulaanbaatar |} de:Vorlage:Navbox Mongolische Aimag

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