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MONTENEGRO
*** Shopping-Tip: MONTENEGRO
: ''This article is about the republic in
Serbia-Montenegro, Europe. See also:
Montenegro, Brazil or
Montenegro, Colombia.''
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'''Република Црна Гора'''
'''Republika Crna Gora'''
Republic of Montenegro
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Image:Flag of Montenegro.svg 140px|Flag of Montenegro
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Image:Coat of arms of Montenegro.svg 80px|Coat of Arms of Montenegro
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Flag of Montenegro
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Coat of Arms of Montenegro Coat of Arms
of Montenegro
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Image:SerbiaMontenegro-Montenegro2.png Map of Montenegro within the state union
| {{Serbia and Montenegro 2}}
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Official language
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Serbian language Serbian
|-
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Capital
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Podgorica
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| Former
List of historical national capitals Royal Capital
|
Cetinje
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President
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Filip Vujanović
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Prime Minister
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Milo Ä?ukanović
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Area – Total
– % water
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13,812
square kilometre km² n/a
|-
| valign=top|
Population – Total (
2003)
–
Population density Density
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616,258
48.7/km²
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| valign=top |
List of ethnic groups Ethnic groups
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Montenegrins: 43%
Serbs: 32%
Bosniaks: 8%
Albanians: 5%
Croats: 1%
Others: 11%
|- valign=top
|
National Anthem
| ''
Oj, svijetla majska zoro'' [http://www.predsjednik.cg.yu/slike/1097575630.mp3 Official melodic version (mp3)]
|-
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Currency
|
Euro
|-
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Time zone
*
DST Summer Time
|
Central European Time CET (
UTC +1)
CEST (
UTC +2)
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Airline Carrier
|
Montenegro Airlines
|-
|
Top-level domain Internet TLD
|
.yu still used (
.cs reserved)
|}
The '''Republic of Montenegro''' (
Serbian language Montenegrin/Serbian: ''Црна Гора'', ''Crna Gora'') is a constituent republic within the
state union (
political union) of '''
Serbia and Montenegro''' in the
Balkans, on the
Adriatic Sea. By its
Constitution, Montenegro is defined as a "
democracy democratic,
welfare state welfare, and
Environmentalism ecological state" [http://www.skupstina.cg.yu/skupstinaweb/dokumenti_tekst.php?id_dokumeta=5].
''Crna Gora'' translates literally to "black mountain", a reference to the dark forests that once covered the slopes of the
Dinaric Alps as seen from the coast [http://www.montenegro.yu/english/podaci/geography.htm]. The English-language term stems from the
Venetian language Venetian "monte negro," while in
Albanian language Albanian the name is ''Mali i Zi''; both also translate to "black mountain." Other languages use either "Montenegro" or their own translation.
Throughout a number of centuries Montenegro was a ''
de facto'' independent principality ruled by a succession of dynasties and rulers. The country obtained ''
de jure'' international recognition of its independence, following the Eastern Crisis (
1875-
1878), at the
Congress of Berlin. On
28 August 1910, Montenegro's ruler
Nicholas I of Montenegro Prince Nikola Petrović Njegoš proclaimed himself King. In 1918, Montenegro's Serb-approved legislature, sitting in Podgorica, voted for Montenegro to become part of Serbia. Montenegrins loyal to King Nicholas rebelled in 1919 and were suppressed by 1924 by the Serbian Army.
Between
1945 and
2003, Montenegro was a Republic of the
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and the
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia respectively. It is now one of two constituent states of the state union of
Serbia and Montenegro. On
May 21 2006, Montenegro will hold
Montenegrin independence referendum, 2006 a referendum to determine whether or not to terminate the union with Serbia.
History
{{main|History of Montenegro}}
Image:Principalities02.png Duklja.html" title="Meaning of thumb thumb|left|[[Duklja in the 10th century.html" title="Meaning of left|
thumb|left|[[Duklja in the 10th century">left|[[Duklja">thumb|left|[[Duklja in the 10th century
The Slav tribes mixed with Illyrians, Avars, and Romans organized into a semi-independent dukedom of
Duklja by the
10th century. In
1077,
Pope Gregory VII recognized Duklja as an independent state, acknowledging its King Mihailo (Michael) (of the
Vojisavljević dynasty founded by nobleman
Stefan Voislav Stefan Vojislav) as ''rex Doclea'' (King of Duklja). The kingdom, however, paid tribute to the
Byzantine Empire; it gave birth to the later medieval kingdom of
Serbs Serbian Great Zupan (Serbian: župan)
Stefan Nemanja, who originated from Duklja.
The independent
principality of
Zeta (state) Zeta (which more closely corresponds to the early modern state of Montenegro) asserted itself towards
1360. The Balšić (
1360s –
1421) and Crnojević (
1421 –
1499) dynasties ruled Zeta; and though the
Ottoman Empire controlled the lands to the south and east from the
15th century, it never fully conquered Zeta.
In
1516, the secular prince
Ä?uraÄ‘ Crnojević abdicated in favor of the Archbishop Vavil, who then formed Montenegro into a
theocracy theocratic state under the rule of the prince-bishop (''vladika'') of
Cetinje, a position held from
1697 by the Petrović-Njegoš family of the Riđani clan.
Petar Petrović Njegoš, perhaps the most influential ''vladika'', reigned in the first half of the
19th century. In
1851 Danilo II Petrović Njegoš became ''vladika'', but in
1852 he married, threw off his ecclesiastical character, assuming the title of ''knjaz'' (Prince), and transformed his land into a secular principality.
Geography
''Main article:
Geography of Montenegro''
Image:Montenegro-un.png right|thumb|250px|A detailed map of Montenegro
Image:Montenegro municipalities.png right|thumb|250px|Municipalities of Montenegro
The principal cities and towns of Montenegro are: the capital
Podgorica (136,473 inhabitants),
Nikšić (58,212),
Pljevlja (21,377),
Bijelo Polje (15,883),
Herceg Novi (16,493 - incl.
Igalo) and
Berane (11,776) . The former royal capital and the seat of the throne is
Cetinje.
Internationally, it borders
Croatia,
Bosnia and Herzegovina, and
Albania. Within the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro it borders
Serbia (including the southern
Serbian province
Kosovo and Metohia).
The Montenegrin surface ranges from high peaks along its borders with
Kosovo and
Albania, a segment of the
Karst of the western Balkan Peninsula, to a narrow coastal
plain that is only one to four miles wide. The plain stops abruptly in the north, where
Mount Lovcen and
Mount Orjen plunge abruptly into the inlet of the
Bay of Kotor.
Montenegro's vast Karst region lies generally at elevations of 1,000
meters (3,281
foot (unit of length) ft) above sea level - however some parts rise to 2,000 meters (6,560 ft) like
Mount Orjen (1,894 m / 6,214 ft), the highest masif among the coastal limestone ranges.
Zeta River valley is the lowest segment at an elevation of 500 meters (1,640 ft).
The rough mountains of Montenegro include some of the most rugged terrain in Europe. They average more than 2,000 meters (6,560 ft) in elevation. One of the country's notable peaks is
Bobotov Kuk in the
Durmitor mountain, which reaches a height of 2,522 meters (8,274 ft). The Montenegrin mountain ranges were among the most ice-eroded parts of the Balkan Peninsula during the last glacial period.
* Longest beach:
Velika Plaza,
Ulcinj - 13,000 meters (8 miles)
* Highest peak:
Bobotov Kuk (
Durmitor Mt.) - 2,522 meters (8,274 ft)
* Largest lake:
Lake Skadar - 391 km² (151
square mile mi²) of surface area
* Deepest canyon:
Tara River (Montenegro) Tara River - 1,300 meters (4,265 ft)
* Biggest
Headlands and bays bay:
Boka Kotorska Bay of Kotor
* National parks:
Durmitor - 390 km² (150 mi²),
Lovćen - 64 km² (25 mi²),
Biogradska Gora - 54 km² (21 mi²),
Lake Skadar - 400 km²(154 mi²)
*
World Heritage Site UNESCO World Heritage sites:
Durmitor and
Tara river, Montenegro Tara River canyon, old city of
Kotor.
See also:
List of cities in Serbia and Montenegro List of cities in Montenegro
Demographics
Image:Montenegro ethnic02.png thumb|right|Ethnic map of Montenegro according to the 2003 census
''Main article:
Demographic history of Montenegro''
Ethnic composition according to the
2003 census:
*
Montenegrins: 267,669 (43.16%)
*
Serbs: 198,414 (31.99%)
*
Bosniaks: 48,184 (7.77%)
*
Albanians: 31,163 (5.03%)
*
Slavic Muslims Muslims: 24,625 (3.97%)
*
Croats: 6,811 (1.1%)
*
Roma and Sinti Roma and
Egyptians (Yugoslavia) Egyptians: 2,826 (0.46%)
'''NB:''' Montenegrin and Serb identities are not exclusive and the size of each group varies with each census, due to political events and as people view themselves, on balance, as more one than the other. A "Montenegrin" may view himself as a "Serb" as well, and vice versa. Of course, in both groups there are those who view themselves as belonging to one group exclusively.
In the constitution of Montenegro adopted in 1992, the official language of the republic was changed from Serbo-Croat to the
Serbian language Serbian of the
Ijekavian standard. As of 2003, 63.5% of the population declare Serbian their mother tongue, while almost 22% declare
Montenegrin language. The dialects used are the same, very similar to those used by Serbs, Croats and Muslims in
Bosnia_and_Herzegovina Bosnia and
Croatia, with slight nuances.
Over 74% of Montenegrins are
Eastern Orthodox Christians. 110,000 Muslims make up 17.74% of Montenegro's population. They are divided into three main groups: ethnic
Albanians and Slavic Muslims split among
Bosniaks and
Muslims by nationality Montenegrin Muslims. Albanians are a separate group, speaking their own language (5.26%) and living mostly in the south-east, especially in
Ulcinj, where they form the majority of the population. Bosniaks are Slavic Muslims speaking the
Bosnian language living mostly in the north. Finally, there are a few
Croats and Catholic inhabitants, who live mostly in the coastal areas, particularly
Boka Kotorska.
Union with Serbia
In the last
referendum on remaining in
Yugoslavia in 1992, 95.96% of the votes were cast for remaining in the federation with Serbia, although the turnout was at 66% because of a
boycott by the Muslim and Catholic minorities as well as of pro-independence Montenegrins. Proponents of independence claim that the poll was organized under undemocratic conditions, with widespread propaganda from the state-controlled media in favour of a pro-federation vote.
In 1996,
Milo Đukanović's government severed ''
de facto'' ties between Montenegro and
Serbia (back then still under
Slobodan Milošević Milošević). Montenegro formed its own
economic policy and switched to using the
Deutsche Mark as its currency as proposed by foreign economic advisors at the time. It currently uses the
euro, though it is not formally part of the
Eurozone. The
Serbian Dinar is not legal tender in Montenegro and is only accepted at a few tourist resorts.
The current and previous government of Montenegro are carrying out pro-independence policies. Political tensions with Serbia still simmer regardless of the recent political changes in Belgrade.
In
2002, Serbia and Montenegro came to a new agreement regarding continued cooperation. In
2003, the Yugoslav federation was replaced in favour of a looser state union named
Serbia and Montenegro and the possible referendum for Montenegro's independence was postponed for a minimum of three years.
The status of the union between Serbia and Montenegro will be decided by a
Montenegrin independence referendum, 2006 referendum on Montenegrin independence which will be held on
May 21,
2006.
Symbols
A new official
flag of Montenegro was adopted on
July 12th 2004 by the Montenegrin legislature. The new flag is based on the personal standard of
King Nikola I of Montenegro. It is all red with a gold border with a gold coat of arms of
King Nikola I (the initials НI are of King Nikola I in Cyrillic script).
The national day of
13 July marks the date in
1878 when the
Congress of Berlin recognised Montenegro as the 27th independent state in the world and the start of the first popular uprising in Europe against the
Axis Powers on
13 July 1941 in Montenegro.
In 2004, the Montenegrin legislature selected a popular Montenegrin folk song, "
Oj, svijetla majska zoro Oh the Bright Dawn of May", as the
national anthem. Montenegro's official anthem during the reign of King Nicholas was
Ubavoj nam Crnoj Gori (To our beautiful Montenegro). The music was composed by the King's son
Knjaz Mirko.
Image:Boka.jpg|Kotor, Bay of Kotor
Image:MilleniumBridgeNight.jpg|Podgorica, Millennium bridge
Image:RibnicaBridge.jpg|Podgorica, Old bridge over the Ribnica river
Image:Harbour Budva.JPG|The Harbor in Budva
Image:Cathedral Kotor.JPG|Cathedral of Saint Tryphon (Sv. Tripun) in Kotor
Image:Church Perast.JPG|Church in Perast
Image:Islands Perast.JPG|The two islands off Perast
Image:Lovcen.jpg|Mount Lovćen
Image:Durmitor - near Minin bogaz.jpg|Durmitor
See also
*
Geography of Montenegro
*
Economy of Montenegro
*
Politics of Montenegro
*
Rulers of Montenegro - a list
*
History of Montenegro
*
Montenegrin cuisine Cuisine of Montenegro
*
Transportation in Montenegro
*
Economy of Serbia and Montenegro
*
Transportation in Serbia and Montenegro
*
History of Yugoslavia
*
History of the Balkans
*
Montenegrin perper
*
Montenegrin Orthodox Church
External links
{{commons|Montenegro}}
-
Montenegro Tourism Directory - Montenegro Tourism and Travel Guide. Everything you need to know before coming to Montenegro
-
Best Tourist website for Tourism and Holiday in Montenegro
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Official web site of the Republic of Montenegro
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Visit Montenegro - web site of the National Tourism Organisation of Montenegro
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Discuss travel to Montenegro with travellers
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Uherope - Travel Tips to Montenegro and more
*Official website of [http://www.gom.cg.yu/eng/ Government of the Republic of Montenegro]
*Official website of [http://www.skupstina.cg.yu/ Parliament of the Republic of Montenegro]
*Official website of [http://www.predsjednik.cg.yu/eng/ President of the Republic of Montenegro]
-
Constitution of Montenegro (in Serbian)
-
Discover Montenegro - General Site about Montenegro
-
Montenegro's History
-
Montenegro Portal in Montenegrin, English & Slovak
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The Unofficial Guide to Montenegro
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Montenegrins in Australia
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About Montenegro in English
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Montenegro's History
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Montenegrins in Argentina and Latin America
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Discussion Forum for albanians from Albania, Macedonia, Kosovo, Montenegro (English/Albanian)
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Russian Information Portal about Montenegro (in Russian)
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Travel to Montenegro - Information and Picture Gallery on Montenegro Wild Beauty
-
US Consulate for Serbia and Montenegro
-
The Royal House of Montenegro
Category:Montenegro
Category:Subdivisions of Serbia and Montenegro
ar:الجبل الأسود
ast:Montenegru
bs:Crna Gora
bg:Черна гора (република)
ca:Montenegro
cv:Черногори
cs:Černá Hora
da:Montenegro
de:Montenegro
et:Montenegro
es:Montenegro
eo:Montenegro
fr:Monténégro
ko:몬테네그로
hr:Crna Gora
id:Montenegro
it:Montenegro
he:×ž×•× ×˜× ×’×¨×•
ky:ЧерногориÑ?
lt:Juodkalnija
mk:Црна Гора
nl:Montenegro
ja:モンテãƒ?ã‚°ãƒ
nap:Montenegro
no:Montenegro
nds:Montenegro
pl:Czarnogóra
pt:Montenegro
ru:ЧерногориÑ?
scn:Montenegru
sk:Čierna Hora (Balkán)
sl:ÄŒrna gora
sr:Црна Гора
sh:Crna Gora
fi:Montenegro
sv:Montenegro
tr:KaradaÄŸ
tk:ЧерногориÑ?
uk:ЧорногоріÑ?
vec:Montenegro
zh:è’™ç‰¹å…§æ ¼ç¾…
{{catmore}}
Category:Serbia and Montenegro
Category:Slavic countries
bg:КатегориÑ?:Черна гора
de:Kategorie:Montenegro
fr:Catégorie:Monténégro
hr:Category:Crna Gora
ja:Category:モンテãƒ?ã‚°ãƒ
ko:분류:몬테네그로
nl:Categorie:Montenegro
ru:Category:ЧерногориÑ?
sl:Category:ÄŒrna gora
{{country|flagcountry|Montenegro}}
*** Shopping-Tip: MONTENEGRO
