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Mumbai

*** Shopping-Tip: Mumbai
{{redirect|Bombay}} {{Infobox Capital IN| native_name=Mumbai | image_map=Bombayindialocation.png | latd = 18.96|longd=72.82 | state_name=Maharashtra | district=Mumbai City
Mumbai Suburban | leader_title=Municipal Commissioner of Mumbai Municipal commissioner | leader_name=Johny Joseph | altitude=10 | population_as_of = 2005 | population_total = 11,914,398 | population_density = 27,220 | area_magnitude=1 E8 | area_total=437.71 | area_telephone= 022 | postal_code= 400 xxx | vehicle_code_range= MH-01, MH-02, MH-03 | unlocode=INBOM | footnotes = | }} '''Mumbai''' (Hindi/Marathi: à¤®à¥?à¤‚à¤¬à¤ˆ) (International Phonetic Alphabet pronounced {{IPA|/'mumbÉ™i/}}), Indian renaming controversy formerly known as '''Bombay''', is the capital of the States and territories of India state of Maharashtra, and the most populous List of cities in India city of India, with an estimated metropolitan population of about 12 million (As of 2005). Mumbai is located on Salsette Island, off the Konkan west coast of Maharashtra. Along with its neighbouring suburbs, it forms the world's List of metropolitan areas by population 4th most populous Mumbai metropolitan area metropolitan area, with a population exceeding 20 million. The city has a deep natural harbor harbour and the port handles over half of India's passenger traffic and a significant amount of cargo. Mumbai is the commercial and entertainment capital of India, and houses important financial institutions, such as the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE), the National Stock Exchange of India (NSE) and the corporate List of Indian companies headquartered in Mumbai headquarters of many List of Indian companies Indian companies. Mumbai has attracted migrants from all over India because of the immense business opportunities, and the relatively high Standard of living in India standard of living, making the city a cosmopolitan potpourri of various communities and culture of India cultures. The city is home to India's Hindi Indian cinema film and television industry, known as Bollywood. Mumbai is also one of the rare cities to accommodate a national park, the Borivali National Park Sanjay Gandhi National Park, within its city limits

Name
The appellation Mumbai is an eponym, Etymology etymologically derived from ''Mumba'' — the name of the Hindu goddess Mumbadevi, and ''Aai'' — mother in Marathi. In the 16th century, the Portugal Portuguese named the area ''Bom Bahia'' (Good Bay), later corrupted to ''BomaÃm'' or ''Bombaim'', by which it is still known in Portuguese. After the British Empire British gained possession, it was anglicise anglicised to ''Bombay''. The name was officially changed to ''Mumbai'' in 1995, but the former name is still used by many of the city's inhabitants and famous institutions.

History
{{main|History of Mumbai}} image:BombayKalbadevieRoad1890.jpg right|250px|thumb|Kalbadevi Road - Glimpse of Mumbai circa 1890. Present-day Mumbai was originally an archipelago of seven islands of Bombay seven islands. Artifacts found near Kandivali, in northern Mumbai indicate that these islands had been inhabited since the Stone Age. Documented evidence of human habitation dates back to 250 BC, when it was known as ''Heptanesia'' (Ptolemy) (Ancient Greek: ''A Cluster of Seven Islands''). In the 3rd century BCE, the islands formed part of the Maurya Empire, ruled by the Buddhist emperor, Ashoka AÅŸoka. The Hindu rulers of the Silhara dynasty Silhara Dynasty later governed the islands until 1343, when the kingdom of Gujarat annexed them. Some of the oldest edifices of the archipelago – the Elephanta Island Elephanta Caves and the Banganga Tank Walkeshwar temple complex date from this era. In 1534, the Portuguese appropriated the islands from Bahadur Shah of Gujarat. They were ceded to Charles II of England in 1661, as dowry for Catherine de Braganza. These islands, were in turn leased to the British East India Company in 1668 for a sum of pound sterling Â£10 per annum. The company found the deep harbour on the east coast of the islands to be ideal for setting up their first port in the sub-continent. The population quickly rose from 10,000 in 1661, to 60,000 in 1675; In 1687, the British East India Company transferred its headquarters from Surat to Bombay. From 1817 onwards, the city was reshaped with large civil engineering projects aimed at merging all the islands in the archipelago into a single amalgamated mass. This project, known as the Hornby Vellard, was completed by 1845, and resulted in the total area swelling to 438 square kilometre kmÂ².In 1853, India's first passenger railway line was established, connecting Bombay to the town of Thane. During the American Civil War (1861-1865), the city became the world's chief cotton trading market, resulting in a boom in the economy and subsequently enhancing the city's stature. The opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 transformed Bombay into one of the largest seaports on the Arabian Sea. Over the next thirty years, the city grew into a major urban centre, spurred by an improvement in infrastructure and the construction of many of the city's institutions. The population of the city swelled to one million by 1906, making it the second largest in India after Calcutta. It later became a major base for the Indian independence movement, with the Quit India Movement called by Mahatma Gandhi in 1942 being its most rubric event. After independence, the city expanded to its present limits by incorporating parts of Salsette Island. It became the capital of the new linguistic state of Maharashtra in 1960. The late 1970s witnessed a construction boom and a significant influx of migrants, which saw Bombay overtake Calcutta as Indiaâ€™s most populous city. The city's secular fabric was torn in 1992, after large scale sectarian violence caused extensive loss of life and property. A few months later, on March 12, 1993 Mumbai bombings simultaneous bombings at several city landmarks by the Mumbai underworld killed around three hundred people. In 1995, the city was renamed Mumbai, by the right wing Shiv Sena party government of Maharashtra, in keeping with their policy of renaming colonial institutions after historic local appellations. {{see also|Timeline of Mumbai events}}

Geography
{{main|Geography of Mumbai}} image:Bombaycitydistricts.png thumbnail|175px|right|The metropolis comprises the city and suburbs. Mumbai is located on Salsette Island, which lies at the mouth of Ulhas River off the western coast of India, in the coastal region known as the Konkan. Much of Mumbai is at sea level, and the average elevation ranges from 10 to 15 metres. The northern part of Mumbai is hilly, and the highest point of the city is at 450 metres (1,450 foot (unit of length) feet)''[http://www.bhramanti.com/kanheri.html Kanheri, Lungs of Mumbai]'', Krishnadas Warrier, [http://www.bhramanti.com Bhramanti]. Mumbai spans a total area of 468 square kilometre kmÂ² (169 square mile miÂ²). Three lakes are located within the metropolitan limits — the Tulsi Lake, Vihar Lake and Powai Lake. The first two are located within the Borivali National Park, and supply part of the city's drinking water. Mumbai also has three small rivers within the city limits originating in the National Park. The coastline of the city is indented with numerous creek (tidal) creeks and bays. The eastern seaboard of Salsette Island is covered with large mangrove swamps, rich in biodiversity. Soil cover in the city region is predominantly sandy due to its proximity to the sea. In the suburbs, the soil cover is largely alluvial and loam loamy. The underlying rock of the region is composed of black Deccan basalt flows, and their acid and basic (chemistry) basic variants dating back to the late Cretaceous and early Eocene geologic timeline eras. Mumbai sits on a seismically active zone[http://theory.tifr.res.in/bombay/physical/fault.html The Seismic Environment of Mumbai], [http://theory.tifr.res.in TIFR - Theoretical Physics] owing to the presence of three fault lines in the vicinity. The area is classified as a Zone III region, which means an earthquake of up to magnitude 6.5 on the Richter scale may be expected. Mumbai is classified as a metropolis of India, under the jurisdiction of the Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai BrihanMumbai Municipal Corporation. It consists of two distinct regions — the city and the suburbs, which also form two separate districts of Maharashtra. The city region is also commonly referred to as the '''Island City'''[http://www.mmrdamumbai.org/projects_muip.htm MMRDA Projects], [http://www.mmrdamumbai.org Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority (MMRDA)]. {{See also|List of Mumbai beaches}}

Climate
{{main|Weather of Mumbai}} image:heavenlybombay.png Salsette Island.html" title="Meaning of thumb thumb|right|200px|Satellite image of Mumbai with [[Salsette Island clearly visible..html" title="Meaning of right|200px|Satellite image of Mumbai with [[Salsette Island">thumb|right|200px|Satellite image of Mumbai with [[Salsette Island clearly visible.">right|200px|Satellite image of Mumbai with [[Salsette Island">thumb|right|200px|Satellite image of Mumbai with [[Salsette Island clearly visible. The climate of the city, being in the tropical tropical zone, and near the Arabian Sea, may be broadly classified into two main seasons — the humidity humid season, and the dry season. The humid season, between March and October, is characterised by high humidity and temperatures of over 30 Celsius Â°C (86 Fahrenheit Â°F). The monsoon rains lash the city between June to September, and supply most of the city's annual rainfall of 2,200 millimetre mm (85 inch in). The maximum annual rainfall ever recorded was 3,452 mm (135.89 in) in 1954[http://mdmu.maharashtra.gov.in/pages/Mumbai/mumbaiplanShow.php Mumbai Plan], [http://mdmu.maharashtra.gov.in Department of Relief and Rehabilitation (Maharashtra)]. The 2005 Mumbai floods highest rainfall recorded in a single day was 944 mm (37.16 in) on 2005-07-26. The dry season, between November and February, is characterised by moderate levels of humidity and warm to cool weather. Cold northerly winds are responsible for a mild chill during January and February. Annual temperatures range from a high of 38 Â°C (100 Â°F) to a low of 11 Â°C (52 Â°F). The record high is 43 Â°C (108 Â°F) and record low is 7.4 Â°C (45 Â°F) on 1962-01-22.

Economy
{{main|Economy of Mumbai}} image:Bombay-Stock-Exchange.jpg Bombay Stock Exchange.html" title="Meaning of thumb thumb|200px|The [[Bombay Stock Exchange index reflects investor confidence in the economy of India..html" title="Meaning of 200px|The [[Bombay Stock Exchange">thumb|200px|The [[Bombay Stock Exchange index reflects investor confidence in the economy of India.">200px|The [[Bombay Stock Exchange">thumb|200px|The [[Bombay Stock Exchange index reflects investor confidence in the economy of India. Mumbai contributes 10% of all factory employment, 40% of all income tax collections, 60% of all Customs (tax) customs duty collections, 20% of all central excise tax collections, 40% of India's foreign trade and Indian rupee Rupees 40 1 E9 billion (US dollar US$ 9 billion) in corporate taxes''Manorama Yearbook 2003'', pg 678, ISBN 81-900461-8-7. A number of Indian financial institutions have headquarters in South Mumbai downtown Mumbai, including the Bombay Stock Exchange, the Reserve Bank of India, the National Stock Exchange of India, the India Government Mint, Mumbai Mint, and numerous conglomerates (the Tata Group, Godrej and Reliance etc). Many foreign banks and financial institutions also have branches in this area. Up until the 1980s, Mumbai owed its prosperity largely to textile mills and the seaport, but the local economy has since been diversified to include engineering, diamond diamond polishing, healthcare and information technology. Mumbaiâ€™s status as the state capital means that state and federal government employees make up a large percentage of the city's workforce. Mumbai also has a large unskilled and semi-skilled labour population, who primarily earn their livelihood as hawkers, taxi drivers, mechanics and other such blue collar professions. The port and shipping industry too employs many residents, directly or indirectly. The entertainment industry is the other major employer in Mumbai. Most of India's major television and satellite networks are headquartered in Mumbai, as well as its major publishing houses. The centre of the Hindi movie industry, Bollywood, is also located in Mumbai, along with its largest studios and movie production houses.

Civic administration
{{main|Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai}} {| border="1" align="right" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" width="300" style="margin: 0.5em 0.5em 0.5em 0.5em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%" | colspan="3" bgcolor="#cccccc" align="center" | '''City officials''' |- | width="25%" | '''Mayor of Mumbai Mayor''' | Datta Dalvi | February 20, 2005 |- | '''Municipal Commissioner of Mumbai Municipal Commissioner''' | Johny Joseph | February 29, 2004 |- | '''Police Commissioner of Mumbai Police Commissioner''' | Anami Narayan Roy | February 5, 2004 |- | '''Sheriff of Mumbai Sheriff''' | Vijaypat Singhania | December 19, 2005 |- | '''District collector Collector''' | Mahesh Pathak | align="center" | - |} The city is administered by the Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation (BMC), with executive power vested in the Municipal Commissioner of Mumbai Municipal Commissioner, who is an Indian Administrative Service IAS officer appointed by the Maharashtra#Government state government. The Corporation comprises 227 directly elected Councillors representing the twenty four Administrative divisions of Mumbai municipal wards [http://www.mcgm.gov.in/forms/Wards.aspx?slmno=MTE%3d-7nR%2f8MPTOxg%3d], five nominated Councillors, and a titular Mayor of Mumbai Mayor. The BMC is in charge of the civic and infrastructure needs of the metropolis. An Assistant Municipal Commissioner oversees each ward for administrative purposes. Almost all the :category:Indian political parties-Maharashtra state political parties field candidates in the elections for Councillors. The metropolitan area forms two List of Indian districts districts of Maharashtra, with each district under the jurisdiction of a District Collector. The Collectors are in charge of property records and revenue collection for the Government of India Federal Government, and oversee the Indian election process national elections held in the city. The Mumbai Police is headed by a Police Commissioner of Mumbai Police Commissioner, who is an Indian Police Service IPS officer. The Mumbai Police comes under the state Home Ministry. The city is divided into seven police zones and seventeen traffic police zones, each headed by a Deputy Commissioner of Police. The Traffic Police is a semi-autonomous body under the Mumbai Police. Mumbai is the seat of the Bombay High Court, which exercises jurisdiction over the states of Maharashtra and Goa, and the Union Territory Union Territories of Daman and Diu and Dadra and Nagar Haveli. Mumbai also has two lower courts, the Small Causes Court for civil matters, and the Sessions Court for criminal cases. The city elects six members to the Indian Parliament Lok Sabha and thirty-four members to the Maharashtra Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha State Assembly.

Transport
{{main|Public transport in Mumbai}} Image:India.Mumbai.02.jpg Bombay_Electricity Supply Transport thumb|250px|[[Bombay Electricity Supply Transport|BEST buses form an integral part of the city's transport system..html" title="Meaning of BEST.html" title="Meaning of thumb|250px|[[Bombay Electricity Supply Transport|BEST">thumb|250px|[[Bombay Electricity Supply Transport|BEST buses form an integral part of the city's transport system.">BEST.html" title="Meaning of thumb|250px|[[Bombay Electricity Supply Transport|BEST">thumb|250px|[[Bombay Electricity Supply Transport|BEST buses form an integral part of the city's transport system. Most of Mumbai's inhabitants rely on public transport to travel to and from their workplace due to the lack of car parking spaces, traffic bottlenecks, and generally poor road conditions. The city is the headquarters of two Indian railways rail divisions – the Central Railway (CR) (headquartered at Chatrapati Shivaji Terminus (formerly known as Victoria Terminus)), and the Western Railway (WR) (headquartered at Churchgate). The backbone of the city's transport, the Mumbai Suburban Railway, is composed of three separate networks running the length of the city, in a north-south direction. The Western Railway runs along the western region of the city, while the Central Railway covers most of the central and northeast parts of the metropolis. Both lines extend into the exurbs, each covering a total one-way length of around 125 km. The Harbour Line is a sub-division of the Central Railway, covering a distance of 54 km along the south-eastern section of the city, near the docks, and extending into Navi Mumbai. Mumbai is well connected by trains to all parts of India. Public buses run by the Bombay Electricity Supply Transport BEST (an autonomous body under the BMC) cover almost all parts of the metropolis, as well as parts of Navi Mumbai and Thane. Buses are used for commuting short to medium distances, while train fares are more economical for long distance commutes. The BEST fleet consists of single-decker, double-decker and air-conditioned. Black and yellow-metered taxis, accommodating up to four passengers, cover most of the metropolis. Auto rickshaws, allowed to operate only in the suburban areas, are the main form of hired transport here. These three-wheeled vehicles can accommodate up to three passengers. Image:India.Mumbai.03.jpg Auto_rickshaw.html" title="Meaning of thumb thumb|250px|right|[[Auto rickshaws are the main form of transport in the suburbs..html" title="Meaning of 250px|right|[[Auto rickshaw">thumb|250px|right|[[Auto rickshaws are the main form of transport in the suburbs.">250px|right|[[Auto rickshaw">thumb|250px|right|[[Auto rickshaws are the main form of transport in the suburbs. Mumbai's Chatrapati Shivaji International Airport (formerly, Sahar International Airport) is the busiest airport in India, and caters to cargo and international flights while Santacruz Airport caters to domestic flights. The nearby Juhu aerodrome was India's first airport, and now hosts a flying club and a heliport. With its unique topography, Mumbai has one of the best natural harbours in the world, handling 50% of the country's passenger traffic, and much of India's cargo. It is also an important base for the Indian Navy. {{See also|Mumbai Suburban Railway}}

Utility services
Image:Mumbai Skyline.jpg thumb|250px|Mumbai skyline looking at Malabar hill. The BMC supplies potable water to the city, most of which come from the Tulsi and Vihar lakes, as well as a few lakes further north. The water is filtered at Bhandup, which is also Asia's largest water filtration plant. The BMC is also responsible for the road maintenance and garbage collection in the city. Almost all of Mumbai's daily refuse of 7,800 metric tonnes''The Times of India'', Mumbai edition (print), 2005-04-19, pg 2 is transported to dumping grounds in Gorai in the northwest, Mulund in the northeast and Deonar in the east. Sewage treatment is carried out in Worli and Bandra. Electricity is provided by the BEST in the city, and by Reliance Energy and MSEB (Maharashtra State Electricity Board) in the suburbs. Most of the city's electricity is hydroelectricity hydroelectric and nuclear energy nuclear based. The largest telephone service provider is the state-owned MTNL, which held a monopoly over fixed line and cellular services up until 2000, and provides fixed line as well as mobile Wireless local loop WLL services. Cell phone coverage is extensive, and the main service providers are Orange (company) Hutch, Airtel, BPL group, Reliance Infocomm and Tata Indicom. Both GSM and CDMA services are available in the city. Broadband internet penetration is increasing in the city, with MTNL and Tata group Tata being the leading service providers. {{See also|Mumbai's water sources}}

Demographics
{{main|Demographics of Mumbai}} Image:Hira-1.jpg thumb|right|250px|Hiranandani Complex in Powai is an upmarket area in the northern suburbs. The population of Mumbai is about 18 million, with a density of 4,205 persons per square kilometre. There are 811 females to every 1,000 males – which is lower than the national average, because many working males come from rural areas, where they leave behind their families. The overall literacy literacy rate of the city is 77%, which is higher than the national average (82% of adult males and 71.6% of adult females are literate). The religions represented in Mumbai include Hindus (68% of the population), Muslims (17% of the population), and Christianity Christians and Buddhist (4% each). The remainder are Parsis, Jains, Sikhs, Jews and atheists ''The Times of India'', Mumbai edition (print), 2004-09-24, pg 1. For a city of its size, Mumbai has a moderate crime rate. Mumbai recorded 27,577 incidents of crime in 2004, which is down 11% from 30,991 in 2001. The city's main Prison jail is the Arthur Road Jail''The Times of India'', Mumbai edition (print), 2005-03-14, pg 5. Mumbai has a large polyglot population, but the most common language spoken on the city streets is a colloquial form of Hindi, known as ''Bambaiya Hindi'' – a blend of Hindi, Marathi language Marathi, Indian English and some invented colloquial words. Marathi is the official language of the state of Maharashtra. English is also extensively spoken, and is the principal language of the city's white collar workforce. Most languages spoken in India have some degree of representation in the demographic fabric of Mumbai; the most widely spoken of these are Gujarati language Gujarati, Urdu and Konkani language Konkani. Like other large cities in the world, Mumbai suffers from the same major urbanisation problems seen in many fast growing cities in developing countries - widespread poverty and poor public health, employment, civic and educational standards for a large section of the population. With available space at a premium, Mumbai residents often reside in cramped, relatively expensive housing, usually far from workplaces, and therefore requiring long commutes on crowded mass transit, or clogged roadways. According to the ''Business Week'', around 45-48% of the population lives in shantytowns and slums. {{seealso|Growth of Mumbai|Mumbai statistics}}

People and culture
{{main|Mumbai culture}} image:Bombay-market.jpg thumb|250px|Hawking is common on city footpaths. image:Mumbai-Victoria-Terminus.jpg Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus.html" title="Meaning of thumb thumb|250px|Mumbai is always in a state of flux as depicted here outside the [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus station..html" title="Meaning of 250px|Mumbai is always in a state of flux as depicted here outside the [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus">thumb|250px|Mumbai is always in a state of flux as depicted here outside the [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus station.">250px|Mumbai is always in a state of flux as depicted here outside the [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus">thumb|250px|Mumbai is always in a state of flux as depicted here outside the [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus station. A resident of Mumbai is called a ''Mumbaikar'', or ''Bombayite''. Many residents prefer to stay close to major railway stations for easy access to their workplaces, as a significant amount of time is spent on daily commuting. Thus, many live a fast-paced life, with very little time for social activities. Mumbai is India's most liberal minded and cosmopolitan city, embracing many concepts that would be taboo in other parts of India. Mumbai residents celebrate Indian festivals Indian and Western culture Western festivals with great fanfare. The metropolis has its own local roadside fast food flavour, comprising vada pavs (split wheat bread with fried dumplings as filling), paani puri (deep fried crÃªpe with tamarind and lentil sauce), pav bhaji (split wheat bread with fried vegetables) and bhelpuri (puffed rice mixture), while South Indian and Chinese food are also very popular. The cosmopolitan residents have unique tastes in cuisine, Music of India music, film and literature, both Indian and international. In 2004, Mumbai received three World Heritage Sites heritage conservation awards from the UNESCO. Mumbai is the birthplace of Indian cinema, with the oldest film broadcast here in the early 20th century. Mumbai also boasts of large number of cinemas, including Asia's largest IMAX dome theatre, which feature mainstream Bollywood and Hollywood films. Besides cinemas, the city also hosts various plays and cultural performances. There are also two art gallery art galleries: The Jehangir Art Gallery and The National Gallery of Modern Art, and a museum, The Prince of Wales Museum in downtown Mumbai. Built in 1833, the Asiatic Society of Bombay is the oldest public library in the city. The city also contains most of India's Tallest buildings in India tallest buildings. Mumbai has six sister city sister cities (the maximum permitted by the Indian government). They are: Berlin, London, Los Angeles, California Los Angeles, Saint Petersburg, Stuttgart and Yokohama.

Media
Mumbai has numerous newspaper publications and television and radio stations – English language English newspapers published and sold in Mumbai include ''Times of India'', ''Mid-day'', ' ''Indian Express'' and ''Hindustan Times''. Popular Marathi language Marathi newspapers include ''Loksatta'', ''Maharashtra Times'' and ''Saamana''. In addition to these papers, newspapers are also printed in Kannada, Hindi, Gujarati language Gujarati, Malayalam language Malayalam, Bengali language Bengali, Urdu, Telugu language Telugu and Tamil language Tamil. The national television broadcaster Doordarshan provides two free terrestrial channels, while three main cable networks serve most households. DTH Satellite television (DTH) has yet to gain mass acceptance, due to high installation costs. Mumbai households receive over a hundred television channels via cable, and a majority of them are produced to cater to the city's polyglot populace. The metropolis is also the hub of many international media corporations, with many news channels and print publications having a major presence. There are nine radio stations in Mumbai, with six broadcasting on the Frequency modulation FM band, and three ''All India Radio'' stations broadcasting on the Amplitude modulation AM band. {{See also|List of Mumbai radio stations}}

Education
Schools in Mumbai are either "municipal schools" (run by the BMC) or private schools (run by trusts and individuals). A majority of residents prefer private schools because of better infrastructure and the use of English as a medium of instruction. All private schools are affiliated either to the Maharashtra State Secondary School Certificate SSC board, or the all-India Indian Certificate of Secondary Education Indian Certificate of Secondary Education (ICSE) and CBSE Central Board for Secondary Education (CBSE) boards. Demand is especially high for ICSE and CBSE affiliated schools, and those run by convents or the Jesuits. The government run public schools lack many facilities, but are the only option for poorer residents who cannot afford the more expensive private schools. Under the 10+2+3 plan, students complete ten years of schooling, and then enrol for two years in Junior College, where they choose from one of three streams: liberal arts Arts, Commerce or Science. This is followed by either a general degree course in a chosen field of study, or a professional degree course, such as law, engineering, medicine etc. All professional colleges in Mumbai are affiliated to the University of Mumbai, one of the largest university universities in the world in terms of graduation rate. The IIT Bombay Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, one of India's premier engineering schools, and the SNDT Women's University are the other universities in Mumbai. {{seealso|List of Mumbai Colleges}}

Sports and recreation
image:Bombay-Gymnkhana.jpg Bombay Gymkhana.html" title="Meaning of thumb thumb|250px|The [[Bombay Gymkhana is one of the elite sports club in the city..html" title="Meaning of 250px|The [[Bombay Gymkhana">thumb|250px|The [[Bombay Gymkhana is one of the elite sports club in the city.">250px|The [[Bombay Gymkhana">thumb|250px|The [[Bombay Gymkhana is one of the elite sports club in the city. Cricket is the most popular sport in the city, and is usually played in the maidans (grounds) around the city. Forms of cricket Gully cricket, a modified form of cricket, is played in the narrow by-lanes of the city, especially on Sundays. Mumbai has produced several famous cricketers from Mumbai famous international cricketers), and is home to the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI). International cricket is widely watched, and the city almost comes to a virtual standstill on days when the Indian cricket team plays important matches. The city has two international cricket stadiums, the Wankhede Stadium and the Brabourne Stadium. The local Mumbai cricket team is among the strongest competitors in the Ranji Trophy, the nation's top domestic cricketing circuit. Football (soccer) Football is the second most popular sport with the city clubs playing during the monsoons, when other outdoor sports cannot be played. The Football World Cup is one of the most widely watched television events in Mumbai. India's national sport, field hockey, has gone into a sharp decline in the recent years, losing out in terms of popularity to cricket, though many Mumbai players play in the national team. Other sports are mostly played in the numerous clubs and gymkhanas, and include lawn tennis tennis, squash (sport) squash, billiards, badminton, table tennis and golf. Mumbai also has a Rugby football rugby club, the only one in the country. Every February, Mumbai holds the Derby (horse race) Derby races in the Mahalaxmi Racecourse. The event sees many of the city's glitterati attending, arrayed in the latest fashions. In recent times Formula 1 racing has also caught the public's attention. Other sports such as volleyball and basketball are mostly popular in schools and colleges.

See also
{{Mumbai topics}}

External links
{{sisterlinks|Mumbai}} {{Spoken |Mumbai.ogg|2006-03-12}}
- Official site of the Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai
- The Mumbai Pages: The complete guide to the city of Mumbai (Bombay)
- Official city report
- Mumbai Sightseeing
- Mumbai Space
- Mumbai Mart
- Complete Bombay Guide
- Places and Pictures around Mumbai
- Mumbai Net
- Birds Eye View of Mumbai (Rare Photo)
- Satellite picture by Google Maps *{{Wikitravel|Mumbai}}
- Map of Mumbai

Further reading
* Fox, Edmund A; ''Short History of Bombay Presidency'' (1887) — Thacker & Co — No ISBN * MacLean, James Mackenzie; ''A Guide to Bombay'' (1875 & 1902) — Various editions; No ISBN * Chaudhari, K.K; ''History of Bombay'' (1987) — Modern Period Gazetteers Dept., Govt. of Maharashtra * Tindall, Gillian; ''City of Gold'' (1992) — Penguin ISBN 0-14-009500-4 * Suketu Mehta Mehta, Suketu ; ''Maximum City : Bombay Lost and Found'' (2004) — Knopf ISBN 0-37-540372-8 * Patel, Sujata & Thorner, Alice; ''Bombay, Metaphor for Modern India'' (1995) — Oxford University Press ISBN 0-19-563688-0 * Katiyar, Arun & Bhojani, Namas; ''Bombay, A Contemporary Account'' (1996) — Harper Collins ISBN 81-7225-216-0 * Behram Contractor Contractor, Behram; ''From Bombay to Mumbai'' (1998) — Oriana Books * Virani, Pinki; ''Once was Bombay'' (1999) — Viking ISBN 0-670-88869-9 * Mappls — ''Satellite based comprehensive maps of Mumbai'' (1999) — CE Info Systems Ltd. ISBN 81-901108-0-2

References
:* Dwivedi, Sharada & Mehrotra, Rahul; ''Bombay, The Cities Within'' (1995) — India Book House Pvt. Ltd. ISBN 81-85028-80-X :
- BMC information on the city — A complete reference on the city prepared by the BMC :
- TIFR information — a vast collection of information on the city :* ''Our Greater Bombay'' (1990) — Maharashtra State Bureau of Textbook Production and Curriculum Research :* ''The Oxford School Atlas''; 28th Revised Edition (1991) — Oxford University Press ISBN 0-19-563316-4 :* ''BusinessWeek''; August 12, 2005; "China and India" special coverage {{Metropolitan Cities of India}} {{India state and UT capitals}} {{featured article}} Category:Mumbai * Category:Indian state-capitals Category:Coastal cities {{Link FA|de}} af:Moembaai ar:Ù…Ù…Ø¨Ø§ÙŠ as:à¦®à§?à¦®à§?à¦¬à¦¾à¦‡ ast:Mumbai bn:à¦®à§?à¦®à§?à¦¬à¦¾à¦‡ bs:Mumbai bg:Ð‘Ð¾Ð¼Ð±Ð°Ð¹ ca:Mumbai cs:Bombaj da:Mumbai de:Mumbai et:Mumbai es:Mumbai eo:Mumbajo fa:Ù…ÙˆÙ…Ø¨Ø§ÛŒ fr:Mumbai ga:Mumbai gl:Mumbai - à¤®à¥?à¤®à¤¼à¤¬à¤ˆ gu:àª®à«?àª‚àª¬àªˆ ko:ë„ë°”ì?´ hi:à¤¬à¤®à¥?à¤¬à¤ˆ id:Mumbai it:Mumbai he:×ž×•×ž×‘×?×™ kn:à²®à³?à³¦à²¬à³ˆ la:Mumbai lv:Mumbaja lt:BombÄ—jus li:Bombay ms:Mumbai nl:Bombay ne:à¤¬à¤®à¥?à¤¬à¤ˆ ja:ãƒ ãƒ³ãƒ?ã‚¤ no:Mumbai nn:Mumbai pa:à¨®à©?à¨®à¨¬à¨? nds:Mumbai pl:Bombaj pt:Mumbai ro:Mumbai ru:ÐœÑƒÐ¼Ð±Ð°Ð¸ sa:à¤¬à¤®à¥?à¤¬à¤ˆ simple:Mumbai sl:Mumbai sh:Bombay fi:Mumbai sv:Mumbai tl:Mumbai ta:à®®à¯?à®®à¯?à®ªà¯ˆ uk:ÐœÑƒÐ¼Ð±Ð°Ñ— zh:åŸä¹° This list is a set of related topics that are quintessential to the city of Mumbai, India. They are neighbourhoods, railway stations, buildings etc. The topics listed here are '''not''' geographically restricted to the city limits of Mumbai. Category:Cities and towns in Maharashtra Category:Cities and towns in India M

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