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Pisa
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{{Infobox CityIT |
img_coa = stemma-pisa.jpg|
city = Pisa|
region =
Toscana |
province =
Province of Pisa Pisa (PI) |
altitude = 4 |
area_cityproper = 185|
population_as_of =
December 31,
2004|
populationdensity = 88,363|
populationdensitymetric = 462|
timezone =
Central European Time CET,
Coordinated Universal Time UTC+1 |
coordinates = {{coor dm|43|43|N|10|24|E}}|
frazioni = Marina di Pisa, Tirrenia, Calambrone, Barbaricina, Riglione, Oratoio, Putignano , San Piero a Grado, Coltano, Sant'Ermete, Ospedaletto|
telephone = 050|
postalcode = 56100 |
gentilic =Pisani|
saint = San Ranieri|
day =
June 17 |
mayor = Paolo Fontanelli (since
May 25,
2003)|
website = [http://www.comune.pisa.it www.comune.pisa.it] |
}}
'''Pisa''' is a city in
Tuscany, central
Italy, on the right bank of the mouth of the river
Arno on the
Tyrrhenian Sea. It is the capital city of the
Province of Pisa.
Image:DSCF9837.JPG thumb|left|Pisa as seen from the top of the leaning tower.
History
Ancient times
Pisa's origins are unknown. The city lies at the junction of two rivers,
Arno and Auser (now disappeared) in the
Tyrrhenian Sea forming a laguna area. The
Pelasgi, the
Greece Greeks, the
Etruscan civilization Etruscans and the
Ligures Ligurians have variously been proposed as founders of the city. Archeological remains from the
5th century BC confirm the existence of a city at the sea, trading with Greeks and
Gauls. The presence of an
Etruscan civilization Etruscan Necropolis necropolis was discovered during excavations in the ''
Arena Garibaldi - Romeo Anconetani Arena Garibaldi'' in
1991. Also
Ancient Rome ancient Roman authors referred to Pisa as an old city.
Servius wrote that the Teuti, or Pelopes, the king of the Pisei, founded the town thirteen centuries before the birth of Christ.
Strabo referred Pisa's origins to the mythical
Nestor (mythology) Nestor, king of
Pylos, after the fall of
Troy.
Vergil in his
Aeneid states that Pisa was already a great and developed centre by the times described; foundation of the city in the 'Etruscan lands' credited to settlers from
Alfeios River Alpheus coast.
The maritime role of Pisa should have been already prominent if the ancient authorities ascribed to it the invention of the
rostrum: it took advantage of being the only port along the coast, from
Genoa, then a small village, to
Ostia. Pisa served as a base for Roman naval expeditions against
Liguri Ligurians,
Gauls and
Carthago Carthaginians. In
180 BC it became a Roman colony under Roman law, as ''Portus Pisanus''. In
89 BC, ''Portus Pisanus'' became a
municipium. Emperor
Caesar Augustus Augustus fortified the colony into an important port and changed the name in ''Colonia Iulia obsequens''. From
313 it became the seat of a bishopric.
High Middles Ages
Image:PisaViewFromTower20020323.JPG left|thumb|View of the city of Pisa from the Leaning Tower
During the later years of the
Roman Empire Pisa probably did not decline as much as the other cities of Italy, probably thanks to the complexity of its river system and its consequent ease of defence. In the
7th century Pisa helped the pope
Pope Gregory I Gregorius the Great by supplying numerous ships in his military expedition against the
Byzantines of
Ravenna: Pisa was the sole Byzantine centre of
Toscana Tuscia to fall peacefully in
Lombards Lombard hands, through assimilation with the neighbouring region where their trading interests were prevailing. Pisa began in this way its rise to the role of main port of the Upper Thyrrenian Sea and became the main trading centre between Tuscany and
Corsica,
Sardinia and the southern coasts of
France and
Spain.
After
Charlemagne had defeated the
Lombards under the command of
Desiderius in
774, Pisa went through a crisis but recovered soon. Politically it became part of the duchy of
Lucca. In
930 Pisa became the county centre (status it mantained until the arrival of
Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor Otto I) within the mark of
Tuscia. Lucca was the capital but Pisa was the most important city, as in the middle of
10th century Liutprand of Cremona Liutprand, bishop of
Cremona, called Pisa ''Tusciae provinciae caput'' ("capital of the province of Tuscia"), and one century later the marquis of Tuscia was commonly referred to as "marquis of Pisa". In
1003 Pisa was the protagonist of the first
medieval commune communal war in Italy, against
Lucca of course. From the naval point of view, since the
9th century the emergence of the
Saracen pirates urged the city to expand its fleet: in the next years this fleet gave the town an opportunity for more expansion. In
828 the Pisan ships assaulted the coast of
North Africa. In
871 they took part in the defence of
Salerno from the Saracens. In
970 they gave also a strong support to the
Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor Otto I's expedition, who defeated a
Byzantine Empire Byzantine fleet in front of
Calabria Calabrese coasts.
11th century
Image:Pisa.Campo.wall.jpg thumb|250px|The walls of the city
The power of Pisa as a mighty maritime nation began to grow on and reached its apex in the
11th century when it acquired traditional fame as one of the four main historical Marine Republics of Italy (''
Repubbliche Marinare'') of Italy.
At that time the city was a very important commercial centre and controlled a significant
Mediterranean merchant fleet and navy. It expanded its powers by the sack in
1005 of
Reggio di Calabria in the south of Italy. Pisa was in continuous conflict with the
Saracens, who had their bases in Sardinia and Corsica, for control of the
Mediterranean Sea. In
1017 Sardinia was captured, in alliance with
Genoa, by the defeat of the
Saracen king Mugahid. This victory gave Pisa the supremacy in the
Tyrrhenian Sea. When the Pisans subsequently ousted the Genoese from Sardinia, a new conflict and rivalry was born between these mighty Marine Republics. Between
1030 and
1035 Pisa went on to successfully defeat several rival towns in Sicily and conquer
Carthage in North Africa. In
1051-
1052 the admiral Jacopo Ciurini conquered
Corsica, provoking more resentment from the Genoese. In
1063 admiral Giovanni Orlando, coming at the aid of the
Norman Roger I of Sicily Roger I, took
Palermo from the Saracen pirates. The gold treasure taken from the Saracens in Palermo allowed the Pisans to start the building of their cathedral and the other monuments which constitute the famous ''
Campo dei Miracoli''.
In
1060 Pisa had to engage in their first battle with Genoa. The Pisan victory helped to consolidate its position in the Mediterranean.
Pope Gregory VII recognized in
1077 the new "Laws and customs of the sea" instituted by the Pisans, and emperor
Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV granted them the right to name their own consuls, advised by a Council of Elders. This was simply a confirmation of the present situation, because in those years the marquis had already been excluded from power. In
1092 Pope Urban II awarded Pisa the supremacy over Corsica and Sardinia, and at the same time raising the town to the rank of archbishopric.
Pisa sacked the
Tunisia Tunisian city of
El Mehedia in
1088. Four years later Pisan and Genoese ships helped
Alfonso VI of Castilla to push the
Cid out of
Valencia. A Pisan fleet of 120 ships also took part in the first
crusade and the Pisans were instrumental in the taking of
Jerusalem in
1099. On their way to the
Holy Land the ships did not miss the occasion to sack some
Byzantine Empire Byzantine islands: the Pisan crusaders were led by their archbihsop
Daibert, the future
patriarch of Jerusalem. Pisa and the other ''
Repubbliche Marinare'' took advantage of the crusade to establish trading posts and colonies in the Eastern coastal cities of
Syria,
Lebanon and
Palestine (region) Palestine. In particular the Pisans founded colonies in
Antioch Antiochia,
Acre,
Jaffa,
Tripolis,
Tyre,
Joppe,
Latakia Laodicea and
Accone. They also had other possessions in
Jerusalem and
Caesarea, plus smaller colonies (with lesser autonomy) in
Cairo,
Alexandria and of course
Constantinople, where the
Byzantine Emperor Alexius I Comnenus granted them special mooring and trading rights. In all these cities the Pisans were granted privileges and immunity from taxation, but had to contribute to the defence in case of attack. In the
12th century the Pisan quarter in the Eastern part of Constantinople had grown to 1,000 people. For some years of that century Pisa was the most prominent merchant and military ally of the
Byzantine Empire, overcoming
Venice itself.
12th century
Image:PisaBaptistry20020323.JPG thumb|The Baptistry of the Cathedral
In
1113 Pisa and the
Pope Paschal II set up, together with the count of
Barcelona and other contingents from
Provence and
Italy (Genoese excluded), a war to free the
Balearic Islands from the
Moors: the queen and the king of
Mallorca were brought in chains to Tuscany. Even though the
Almovarids soon reconquered the island, the booty taken helped the Pisans in their magnificent program of buildings, especially the
Campo dei Miracoli cathedral, and Pisa gained a role of pre-eminence in the Western Mediterranean.
In the following years the mighty Pisan fleet, led by archbishop Pietro Moriconi, drove away the
Saracens after ferocious combats. Though short-lived, this success of Pisa in Spain increased the rivalry with Genoa. Pisa's trade with the
Languedoc and
Provence (
Noli,
Savona,
Fréjus and
Montpellier) were an obstacle to the Genoese interests in cities like
Hyerés,
Fos,
Antibes and
Marseille.
The war began in
1119 when the Genoese attacked several galleys on their way to the motherland, and lasted until
1133. The two cities fought each other on land and at sea, but hostilities were limited to raids and pirate-like assaults.
In June
1135,
Bernard of Clairvaux took a leading part in the Council of Pisa, asserting the claims of pope
Innocent II against those of pope
Anacletus II, who had been elected pope in
1130 with
Norman support but was not recognized outside
Rome. Innocent II resolved the conflict with Genoa, establishing the sphere of influence of Pisa and Genoa. Pisa could then, unhindered by Genoa, participate in the conflict of Innocent II against king
Roger II of Sicily.
Amalfi, one of the Maritime Republics ((though already declining under Norman rule), was conquered on
August 6 1136: the Pisans destroyed the ships in the port, assaulted the castles in the surrounding areas and drove back an army sent by Roger from
Aversa. This victory brought Pisa to the peak of its power and to a standing equal to
Venice. Two years later its soldiers sacked
Salerno.
In the following years Pisa was one of the staunchest supporters of the
Ghibelline party. This was much appreciated by
Frederick Barbarossa Frederick I. He issued in
1162 and
1165 two important documents, with the following grants : apart from the jurisdiction over the Pisan countryside, the Pisans were granted freedom of trade in the whole Empire, the coast from
Civitavecchia to
Portovenere, a half of
Palermo,
Messina,
Salerno and
Naples, the whole
Gaeta,
Mazzarri and
Trapani, and a street with houses for its merchants in every city of the
Kingdom of Sicily. Some of these grants were later confirmed by
Henry VI, Holy Roman Empire Henry VI,
Otto IV and
Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II. They marked the apex of Pisa's power, but also spurred the resentment of cities like
Lucca,
Massa,
Volterra and
Florence, who saw their aim to expand towards the sea thwarted. The clash with Lucca also concerned the possession of the castle of
Montignoso and mainly the control of the
Via Francigena, the main trade route between
Rome and
France. Last but not least, such a sudden and large increase of power of Pisa could only lead to another war with Genoa.
Genoa had acquired a largely dominant position in the markets of the Southern
France. The war began presumably in
1165 on the
Rhone, when an attack on a convoy, directed to some Pisan trade centres on the river, by the Genoese and their ally, the count of
Toulouse failed. Pisa on the other hand was allied to the
Provence. The war continued until
1175 without significant victories. Another point of attrition was
Sicily, where both the cities had privileges granted by
Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor Henry VI. In
1192 Pisa managed to conquer
Messina. This episode was followed by a series of battles culminating in the Genoese conquest of
Syracuse, Italy Syracuse in
1204. Later the trading posts in Sicily were lost when the new
Pope Innocent III, though removing the
excommunication, cast over Pisa by his predecessor
Pope Celestine III Celestine III, allied himself with the
Guelphs and Ghibellines Guelph League of Tuscany, led by
Florence. Soon he stipulated a pact with Genoa too, further weaking the Pisa presence in Southern Italy.
To counter the Genoese predominance in the southern Thyrrenian Sea, Pisa strengthened its relationship with their
Spain Spanish and
France French traditional bases (
Marseille,
Narbonne,
Barcelona, etc.) and tried to defy the
Venice Venetian rule of the
Adriatic Sea. In
1180 the two cities had agreed to a non-aggression treaty in the Thyrrenian and the Adriatic, but the death of Emperor
Manuel Comnenus in
Constantinople changed the situation. Soon there were attacks on Venetian convoys. Pisa signed trade and political pacts with
Ancona,
Pola,
Zara,
Split and
Brindisi: in
1195 a Pisan fleet reached Pola to defend its independence from Venice, but the
Serenissima managed soon to reconquer the rebel sea town.
One year later the two cities signed a peace treaty which resulted in favourable conditions for Pisa. But in
1199 the Pisans violated it by blockading the port of
Brindisi in
Puglia. But in the following naval battle they were defeated by the
Venice Venetians. The war that followed ended in
1206 with a treaty in which Pisa gave up all its hopes to expand in the Adriatic, though it mantained the trading posts it had established in the area. From that point on the two cities were united against the rising power of Genoa and sometimes collaborated to increase the trading benefits in Constantinople.
13th century
In
1209 and
1217 there were in
Lerici two councils for a final resolution of the rivalry with Genoa. A twenty-year peace treaty was signed. But when in
1220 the emperor
Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II confirmed his supremacy over the
Thyrrenian Sea Thyrrenian coast from
Civitavecchia to
Portovenere, the Genoese and Tuscanian resentment against Pisa grew again. In the following years Pisa clashed with
Lucca in
Garfagnana and was defeated by the
Florence Florentine at
Castel del Bosco. The strong
Ghibelline position of Pisa brought this town diametricallty against the Pope, who was in a strong dispute with the
Holy Roman Empire Empire. And indeed the pope tried to deprive the town of its dominions in Northern
Sardinia.
In
1238 Pope Gregory IX formed an alliance between
Genoa and
Venice against the Empire, and consequently against Pisa too. One year later he excommunicated
Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II and called for an anti-Empire council to be held in
Rome in
1241. On
May 3,
1241, a combined fleet of Pisan and Sicilian ships, led by the Emperor's son
Enzo, attacked a Genoese convoy carrying prelates from Northern Italy and France, next to the
Isola del Giglio, in front of
Tuscany: the Genoese lost 25 ships, while about thousand sailors, two cardinals and one bishop were taken prisoner. After this outstanding victory the council in Rome failed, but Pisa was excommunicated. This extreme measure was only removed in
1257. Anyway, the Tuscan city tried to take advantage of the favourable situation to conquer the
Corsican city of
Aleria and even lay siege to
Genoa itself in
1243.
The
Liguria Ligurian republic of Genoa, however, recovered fast from this blow and won back
Lerici, conquered by the Pisans some years earlier, in 1256.
The great expansion in the
Mediterranean and the prominence of the merchant class urged a modification in the city's institutes. The system with consuls was abandoned and in
1230 the new city rulers named a ''Capitano del Popolo'' ("People's Chieftain") as civil and military leader. In spite of these reforms, the conquered lands and the city itself were harassed by the rivalry between the two families of
Della Gherardesca and
Visconti. In
1237 the archbishop and the Emperor
Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II intervened to reconcile the two rivals, but the strains did not cease. In
1254 the people rebelled and imposed twelve ''Anziani del Popolo'' ("People's Elders") as their political representatives in the Commune. They also supplemented the legislative councils, formed of noblemen, with new People's Councils, composed by the main guilds and by the chiefs of the People's Companies. These had the power to ratify the laws of the Major General Council and the Senate.
Decline
The decline began on
August 6,
1284, when the numerically superior fleet of Pisa, under the command of
Albertino Morosini, was defeated by the brilliant tactics of the Genoese fleet, under the command of
Benedetto Zaccaria and
Oberto Doria, in the dramatic naval
Battle of Meloria (1284) Battle of Meloria. This defeat ended the maritime power of Pisa and the town never fully recovered.
Sardinia was also lost: the region around Pisa did not permit the city to recover from the loss of thousands of sailors. Pisa never had enough manpower for their ships, while
Liguria guaranteed enough sailors to Genoa. Goods continued to be traded, albeit in reduced quantity, but the end came when the
Arno started to change course, preventing the galleys to reach the city's port up the river. It seems also that nearby area became infested with
malaria.
Always
Ghibelline, Pisa tried to build up its power in the course of the
14th century and even managed to defeat
Florence in the
Battle of Montecatini (
1315). Eventually, however, divided by internal struggles and weakened by the loss of its mercantile strength, Pisa was conquered by
Florence in
1406. In
1409 Pisa was the seat of a
Council of Pisa council trying to set the question of the
Great Schism. Furthermore in the
15th century, access to the sea became more and more difficult, as the port was silting up and was cut off from the sea. When in
1494 Charles VIII of France invaded the Italian states to claim
Naples, Pisa grabbed the opportunity to reclaim its independence as the Second Pisan Republic. But the new freedom did not last long. After fifteen years of battles and sieges, Pisa was reconquered by Florence in
1509. Its role of major port of
Tuscany went to
Livorno. Pisa acquired a mainly, though secondary, cultural role spurred by the presence of a renowned
University of Pisa University created in
1343. Its decline is clearly shown by its population, which has remained almost constant since the Middle Ages.
Pisa was the birthplace of the founder of modern
physics,
Galileo Galilei. It is still the seat of an archbishopric; it has become a light industrial centre and a railway hub. It suffered repeated destruction during
World War II World War II.
Landmarks
Image:leaning-tower-of-pisa.jpg thumb|Leaning Tower of Pisa
By far the best known sight in Pisa is the famous
leaning Tower of Pisa Leaning Tower which is but one of many architecturally and artistically important structures in the city's '''''
Campo dei Miracoli''''' or "Field of Miracles", to the north of the old town center. The ''Campo dei Miracoli'' is also the site of the beautiful
Duomo di Pisa Duomo (the Cathedral), the
Baptistry (Pisa) Baptistry and the Camposanto (the monumental cemetery).
Other interesting sights include:
*
Knights' Square (Pisa) Knights' Square (''Piazza dei Cavalieri''), where the '''Palazzo della Carovana''', with its awesome façade designed by
Giorgio Vasari may be seen.
*In the same place is the church of '''Santo Stefano dei Cavalieri''', also by Vasari. It had originally a single nave; two more were added in the
17th century. It houses a
bust by
Donatello a paintings by Vasari,
Jacopo Ligozzi,
Alessandro Fei (painter) Alessandro Fei and
Jacopo Chimenti Jacopo da Empoli.
*The church of '''
St. Francis''', designed by
Giovanni di Simone, built after
1276. In
1343 new chapels were added and the church was elevated. It has a single navev and a notable belfry, as well as a 15th‑century cloister. It houses works by Jacopo da Empoli,
Taddeo Gaddi and
Santi di Tito. In the Gherardesca Chapel are buried
Ugolino della Gherardesca and his sons.
*The church of '''San Frediano''', noted for the first time in
1061. It has a
basilica interior with three aisles, with a crucifix from the
12th century. The paintings are mostly from the
16th century restoration, with works by
Domenico Passignano,
Aurelio Lomi and
Rutilio Manetti.
*The church of
St. Nicholas San Nicola, whose existence is known as early as
1097. It was enlarged between
1297 and
1313 by the
Augustinians, perhaps by the design of
Giovanni Pisano. The octagonal belfry is from the second half of the
13th century. The paintings include the ''Madonna with Child'' by
Francesco Traini (
14th century) and ''St. Nicholas Saving Pisa from the Plague'' (
15th century). Noteworthy are also the wood sculptures by Giovanni and
Nino Pisano, and the
Annunciation by
Francesco di Valdambrino.
*The small church of '''
Santa Maria della Spina''', attributed to Giovanni Pisano (
1230), is another excellent Gothic building.
*The '''Palazzo della Carovana''' or '''dei Cavalieri''', built by Vasari.
*The church of '''San Paolo a Ripa d'Arno''', founded around 952. It was enlarged in the mid-
12th century along lines similar to those of the Cathedral. For the pale grey marble decoration ancient Roman marbles were used. The façade was completed in the 14th century by Giovanni Pisano. It houses frescoes by
Buffalmacco and
Turino Vanni (14th century). It is annexed to the
Romanesque '''Chapel of St. Agatha''', an octagonal-plan, brick construction of the 12th century, with an unusual pyramidal cusp or peak.
*The '''Borgo Stretto''', a neighborhood where one can stroll beneath medieval arcades and the ''Lungarno'', the avenues along the river Arno. It includes the Gothic-Romanesque church of '''San Michele in Borgo''' (
990). Remarkably, there are at least two other leaning towers in the city, one at the southern end of central ''Via Santa Maria'', the other halfway through the ''Piagge'' riverside promenade.
*The '''Medici Palace''', once a possession of the Appiano family, who ruled Pisa in
1392-
1398. In
1400 the Medici acquired it, and
Lorenzo de' Medici sojourned here.
*The '''Palazzo Reale''' ("Royal Palace"), once of the
Caetani patrician family. Here
Galileo Galilei showed to
Grand Duke of Tuscany the planets he had discovered with his telescope. The edifice was erected in
1559 by
Baccio Bandinelli for
Cosimo I de Medici, and was later enlarged including other palaces.
*'''Palazzo Gambacorti''', a Gothic building of the 14th century, is now the
Town hall. The interior shows frescoes boasting Pisa's sea victories.
Pisa boasts several museums:
*Museo dell' Opera del Duomo: exhibiting among others the original sculptures of
Nicola Pisano and
Giovanni Pisano and the treasures of the cathedral.
*Museo delle Sinopie: showing the
sinopias from the camposanto, the monumental cemetery. These are red ocher underdrawings for frescoes, made with reddish, greenish or brownish earth colour with water.
*Museo Nazionale di S. Matteo: exhibiting sculptures and painting from
12th century-
15th century, among them the masterworks of
Giovanni Pisano Giovanni and
Andrea Pisano, the
Master of San Martino,
Simone Martini,
Nino Pisano and
Masaccio.
Pisa hosts the
University of Pisa, especially renowed in the fields of
Physics,
Mathematics,
Engineering and
Computer Science, the
Pisa Sant'Anna Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna and the
Scuola Normale Superiore, the Italian
academic elite institution, mostly for
research and the education of
graduate students.
Construction of a new leaning tower of glass and steel 57 meters tall, containing offices and apartments was scheduled to start in summer
2004 and take 4 years. It was designed by
Dante Oscar Benini and raised criticism.
Notable people associated with Pisa
Image:Campo_dei_Miracoli_overview2.jpg Leaning tower of Pisa thumb|Overview of the Campo dei Miracoli from above. The [[Leaning tower of Pisa|leaning tower is on the left, the Duomo is in the center and the Baptistery is on the right..html" title="Meaning of leaning tower.html" title="Meaning of thumb|Overview of the Campo dei Miracoli from above. The [[Leaning tower of Pisa|leaning tower">thumb|Overview of the Campo dei Miracoli from above. The [[Leaning tower of Pisa|leaning tower is on the left, the Duomo is in the center and the Baptistery is on the right.">leaning tower.html" title="Meaning of thumb|Overview of the Campo dei Miracoli from above. The [[Leaning tower of Pisa|leaning tower">thumb|Overview of the Campo dei Miracoli from above. The [[Leaning tower of Pisa|leaning tower is on the left, the Duomo is in the center and the Baptistery is on the right.
For people born in Pisa, see *
:Category:Natives of Pisa Natives of Pisa; among notable non-natives long resident in the city:
*
Enrico Fermi, physicist & Nobel prize winner
*
Carlo Rubbia, physicist & Nobel prize winner
*
Giosuè Carducci, poet & Nobel prize winner
*
Carlo Azeglio Ciampi, politician, currently President of the Republic of Italy
*
Giovanni Gronchi, politician, former President of the Republic of Italy
*
Giovanni Gentile, philosopher & politician
Transportation
{{sect-stub}}
Pisa is home to the
Galileo Galilei Airport,.
Sources
*Yves Renouard, ''Les Villes d'Italie de la fin du Xe siècle au début du XIVe siècle'' (1969)
External links
{{commons|Pisa}}
-
Wikitravel: Guide to Pisa
-
Official site, including webcams
-
A virtual tour of Pisa and the Leaning Tower
-
Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna - School of Advanced Studies St.Anna, Pisa
-
Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa
-
Pisa Places of interest in Pisa
Category:Pisa Pisa
Category:Coastal cities
Category:Gothic sites of Tuscany
Category:romanesque sites of Tuscany
Category:Repubbliche Marinare of Italy
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see
Programme for International Student Assessment
Category: Towns in Tuscany
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