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Prague
*** Shopping-Tip: Prague
{{otheruses}}
{{Infobox Town|
name = Prague|
name_local=Praha|
country=Czech Republic|
image_coat_of_arms=Prague coat of arms.png|
region_type=Capital city|
region_type_local=|
region_name=Czech Republic|
region_link=Czech Republic|
region_name_local=Česká republika|
population=1,172,975|
population_as_of=31.3.2005|
area=496|
founded=9th century|
founded_type=|
elevation=180-400|
latitude=50°05'N|
longitude=14°26'E|
lat_deg=50|
lat_min=05|
lat_hem=N|
lon_deg=14|
lon_min=26|
lon_hem=E|
website=http://www.prague-city.cz|
image_location=Prague location.png|
}}
{{portal}}
'''Prague''' (
Czech language Czech: ''Praha'', see also
Names of European cities in different languages#P other names) is the capital and largest city of the
Czech Republic. Situated on the
Vltava river in central
Bohemia, it is home to approximately 1.2 million people. (It can be derived from jobs statistics, however, that an additional 300,000 work there without having registered as residents.) Prague is widely regarded as one of the most beautiful cities in the world.
Nicknames for Prague have included "city of a hundred spires", "the golden city", "the Left Bank of the Nineties", the "mother of cities", and "the heart of
Europe". Since
1992, the historic center of Prague has been included in the
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization UNESCO list of
World Heritage Sites.
History
The area on which Prague was founded has been settled since the
Paleolithic Age. Around
200 BC the
Celts had a settlement in the south called Závist, but later they were replaced (either expelled or assimilated) by
Germanics. The
Slavs conquered the site from the
4th century AD onwards, though for a period they were subdued by the Mongolian
Avars.
Image:Praha Bridges.JPG 260px|thumb|right|Bridges of Prague
Image:HradcanyPolWiki.jpg Prague_Castle.html" title="Meaning of 260px 260px|thumb|right|[[Prague Castle at night.html" title="Meaning of thumb|right|[[Prague Castle">260px|thumb|right|[[Prague Castle at night">thumb|right|[[Prague Castle">260px|thumb|right|[[Prague Castle at night
Image:St Vitus Cathedral from south.jpg 260px|thumb|right|St. Vitus Cathedral
According to legend, Prague was founded by the Princess Libuše and her husband, Přemysl, founder of the dynasty with the same name. Whether this legend is true or not, Prague's first nucleum was founded in the latter part of the
9th century as a castle on a hill commanding the right bank of the
Vltava: this is known as
VyÅ¡ehrad ("high castle") to differentiate from the castle which was later erected on the opposite bank, the future HradÄ?any. Soon the city became the seat of the
List of rulers of Bohemia Kings of Bohemia, some of whom also later reigned as emperors of the
Holy Roman Empire. It was an important seat for trading where merchants coming from all Europe settled, including many
Jews, as recalled by the Jewish merchant and traveler Ibrahim ibn Ya'qub in
965. The city became a bishopric in
973.
King
Wladislas II of Bohemia Vladislas II had the first bridge on the Vltava - the Judith Bridge - built in
1170, though it crumbled in
1342. The
Charles Bridge was later built on its foundations.
In
1257, under King
Otakar II, ''Malá Strana'' ("Small Quarter") was founded in Prague in the future HradÄ?any area as the district of the Germans, who had the right to administer the law autonomously, referring to the
Magdeburg legislation. The new district was on the opposite bank to the ''Staré Mesto'' ("Old Town"), which had then borough status and was defended by a line of walls on fortifications.
The city flourished during the
14th century reign of
Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor Charles IV, of the new
House of Luxembourg Luxembourg dynasty. He ordered the building of the
New Town, Prague New Town (''Nové Mesto'') adjacent to the Old Town. The Charles Bridge was erected to connect the new district to Malá Strana. Monuments by Charles include also
Saint Vitus Cathedral, the oldest
gothic architecture Gothic cathedral in
Central Europe central Europe inside the Castle, and the
Charles University of Prague Charles University. The latter is the oldest
university in central Europe. Prague was then the third-largest city in Europe. Under Charles Prague was the capital of the
Holy Roman Empire, and its rank was elevated to that of archbishopric. It had also a mint and German and Italian merchants, as well as bankers, in the city. The social order, however, became more turbulent owing to the rising power of the craftsmen's guild, themselves often torn by internal fights, and the presence of increasing number of poor people.
Under King
Wenceslas IV (
1378-
1419)
Jan Hus, a theologian and lector at the University, held his sermons in Prague. From
1402 he summoned his
hussite followers to the Bethlehem Chapel, speaking in
Czech language Czech to enlarge as much as possible the diffusion of his ideas about the reformation of the church. Having become too dangerous for the political and religious establishment, Hus was burned in
Constance in
1415. Four years later Prague experienced its first
First Defenestration of Prague defenestration, when the people rebelled under the command of the Prague priest
Jan Želivský and threw the city's counselors from the New Town Hall. Hus's death had spurred the so-called
Hussite revolt. In
1420 peasant rebels, led by the famous general
Jan Žižka, along with Hussite troops from Prague, defeated the Bohemian King
Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund, in the
Battle of VÃtkov Mountain.
In the following two centuries Prague strengthened its role as a merchant city. Many noteworthy
Gothic art Gothic buildings were erected, including the Vladislav Hall in the
HradÄ?any.
In
1526 the Kingdom of Bohemia was handed over to the
Habsburg House of Habsburg. The fervent
Catholicism of its members was to have grevious consequences in Bohemia, and then in Prague, where
Protestant ideas instead had increasing popularity. These problems were not preeminent under Emperor
Rudolf II, elected King of Bohemia in
1576, who chose Prague as his home. He lived in the Castle where he held his bizarre courts of astrologers, magicians and other strange figures. This was a prosperous period for the city: famous people living there in that age included the astronomers
Tycho Brahe and
Johann Kepler, the painter
Giuseppe Arcimboldo Arcimboldo and others.
In
1618 the famous
Defenestration of Prague provoked the
Thirty Years' War.
Ferdinand II of Habsburg was deposed, and his place as King of Bohemia taken by
Frederick V of Pfalz. But the Czech army was crushed in the
Battle of the White Mountain (
1620), not far from the city, and thenceforth Prague and Bohemia encountered a harsh period in which religious tolerance was abolished and the Catholic
Counter-Reformation became dominant in every aspect of life. The city suffered also under
Saxony Saxon (
1631) and
Sweden Swedish (
1648) occupation. Moreover, after the
Peace of Westphalia of the latter year, Ferdinand moved the court to
Vienna, and Prague began a steady decline which reduced the population from the 60,000 it had had in the years before the war to 20,000.
In
1689 a great fire devastated Prague, but this spurred a renovation and a rebuilding of the city. The economic rise continued through the following century, and the city in
1771 had 80,000 inhabitants. Many of these were rich merchants who, together with noblemen of German, Spanish and even Italian origin, enriched the city with a host of palaces, churches and gardens, creating a
Baroque style renowned throughout the world. In
1784, under
Joseph II of Habsburg Joseph II, the four municipalities of Malá Strana, Nové Mesto, Staré Mesto and Hradcany were merged into a single entity. The Jewish district, called Josefov, was included only in
1850. The
Industrial Revolution had a strong effect in Prague, as factories could take advantage of the coalmines and ironworks of the nearby region. A first suburb, KarlÃn, was created in
1817, and twenty years later the population exceeded 100,000. The first railway connection was built in
1842.
The revolutions that shocked all Europe around
1848 touched Prague too, but they were fiercely suppressed. In the following years the Czech nationalist movement (opposed to another nationalist party, the German one) began its rise, until it gained the majority in the Town Council in
1861. In the centuries before the majority of the city population was German.
World War I ended with the defeat of
Austria-Hungary and the creation of
Czechoslovakia. Prague was chosen as its capital. At this time Prague was a true European capital with a very developed industrial base. In
1930 the population had risen to a startling 850,000.
For most of its history Prague had been a multiethnic city with important
Czech people Czech,
Germans German, and (a mostly
Yiddish- and/or German-speaking)
Jewish populations. From
1939, when the country was occupied by
Nazi Germany, and during
World War II, most Jews either fled the city or were killed in the
Holocaust. The German population, which had formed the majority of the city's inhabitants until the
19th century, was expelled in the aftermath of the war. Prague's people had revolted against the Nazi occupants as early as
May 5,
1945, and four days later the Soviet army entered the city. Prague was thenceforth the capital of a Communist Republic under the military and political control of
Soviet Union, and in
1955 it entered the
Warsaw Pact.
The always lively intellectual world of Prague, however, suffered under the totalitarian regime, in spite of the rather careful program of rebuilding of and caring for the damaged monuments after World War II. At the 4th Czechoslovakian Writers' Congress held in the city in
1967 a strong position against the regime was taken. This spurred the new secretary of Communist Party,
Alexander DubÄ?ek to proclaim a new deal in his city's and country's life, starting the short-lived season of the "socialism with a human face". It was the
Prague Spring, which aimed at democratic reform of institutions. The Soviet Union and the rest of the Warsaw Pact reacted, occupying Czechoslovakia and the capital in
August 1968, suppressing under tanks' tracks any attempt of renovation.
In
1989, after the
Berlin Wall had fallen, and the
Velvet Revolution crowded the streets of Prague, Czechoslovakia could finally restart this program, and Prague benefited deeply from the new mood. In
1993, after the split of
Czechoslovakia, Prague became capital city of the new
Czech Republic.
----
'''Most important moments of Prague history in chronological sequence:'''
Image:ZPraha-07.JPG 250px|thumb|right|Týn Church - a view from east.
*''' 870'''
Prague Castle founded
*'''1085''' Prague became the seat of kings - 1st king
Vratislaus II of Bohemia Vratislaus II.
*'''1344''' the Prague Bishopric became an Archdiocese
*'''1346''' the rule of
Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor Charles IV. - Prague capital of
Holy Roman Empire
*'''1348''' University of Prague (
Charles University) founded
*'''1378'''
Jan Hus´s reformations
*'''1419''' 1st
Defenestrations of Prague Prague defenestration
*'''1420''' battle on VÃtkov Mountain - Hussites win over
crusaders
*'''1583''' rule of
Rudolf II - city for the 2nd time the capital of Holy Roman Empire and cultural center of
Europe
*'''1618''' 2nd
Defenestrations of Prague Prague defenestration sparked off the
Thirty Years' War
*'''1621''' execution of 27 Czech lords on the Old Town Square as a consequence of the
Battle of White Mountain
*'''1648''' west bank of Prague (including the
Prague Castle)
Battle of Prague (1648) occupied and looted by Swedish armies
*'''1741''' occupation by French-Bavarian armies
*'''1744''' occupation by Prussian armies
*'''1848''' revolutionary uprising crushed by imperial army
*'''1890''' big flood caused extreme damage
*'''1918''' after
World War I Prague became the capital of
Czechoslovakia
*'''1938''' after political
Western betrayal betrayal of allies (
France and
Britain at
Munich Agreement Munich) Germany occupied Sudetenland and in 1939 the whole country
*'''1942''' Czechoslovak paratroopers kill
Reinhard Heydrich, Nazis respond with wave of terror
*'''1945'''
United States Air Force U.S. Air Force bombing raid kills hundreds of Praguers by mistake. (Target was
Dresden, 134 km away).
*'''1945''' uprising against the Nazis during the last days of
World War II, ended with the arrival of the
Red Army.
*'''1948'''
communism communist takeover of power
*'''1968'''
Soviet army invasion to repress the
Prague Spring
*'''1989''' Prague is the main center of
Velvet Revolution (the fall of communist regime)
*'''2000'''
Anti-globalization Protests in Prague (some 15,000 protesters) turned violent during the
IMF and
World Bank summits
*'''2002''' Prague suffers from
2002 European flood flooding, parts of the city evacuated but no major landmarks destroyed
----
The four independent boroughs that had formerly constituted Prague were eventually proclaimed a single city in
1784. Those four cities were
HradÄ?any (the Castle District, west and north of the Castle),
Malá Strana Lesser Quarter (Malá Strana, south of the Castle),
Old Town, Prague Old Town (Staré Město, on the east bank opposite the Castle) and
New Town, Prague New Town (Nové Město, further south and east). The city underwent further expansion with the annexation of
Josefov in 1850 and
Vyšehrad in 1883, and at the beginning of 1922, another 37 municipalities were incorporated, raising the city's population to 676,000. In 1938 population reached 1,000,000.
Sights
Since the fall of the Iron Curtian, Prague is fastly becoming one of the Europe's (and the world's) most popular tourist destinations. Prague was one of the few European cities relatively untouched during the World Wars, allowing its historic architecture to stay true to form. There are lots of old buildings, many with beautiful
murals on them. It contains one of the world's most pristine and varied collections of architecture, from
Art Nouveau to
Baroque,
Renaissance,
Cubism Cubist,
Gothic architecture Gothic,
Neoclassicism Neo-Classical and
ultra-modern. Some of its many tourist attractions are:
Image:Prague crowd Malá Strana.jpg right|thumb|250px|Packed with tourists on a busy summer day in Malá Strana (Lesser Quarter), Prague
*
Old Town, Prague Old Town (Staré Město)
*
Lesser Quarter (Malá Strana)
*
Prague Castle (the largest castle in the world) with its
St. Vitus Cathedral
* The
Charles Bridge
* The
Lennon Wall
*
Old town square (Prague) Old Town Square and the
Prague Orloj Astronomical Clock
*
Josefov (the old Jewish quarter)
*
Wenceslas Square
*
National Museum (Prague) National Museum
*
Vyšehrad castle
*
PetÅ™Ãnská rozhledna, an observation tower, which is nearly a 1:5 copy of the
Eiffel Tower
*
Žižkov Television Tower with observation deck
*
Žižkov cemetery, location of
Franz Kafka's grave
* The
Prague Metronome Metronome, a giant, functional metronome that looms over the city
*
Fred and Ginger The Dancing Building (Fred and Ginger)
* Places connected to writers living in the city.
Image:PragueCityscape.JPG right|thumb|250px|A postcard image of Prague from the top of the Petrinska Rozhledna.
Image:Prague Apr04 015a.jpg thumb|250px|The astronomical clock in the Old-Town Square of Prague
Culture
Prague is a traditional cultural centre of
Europe, hosting many cultural events.
'''Most Important Cultural Institutions:'''
*
National Theatre (Prague) National Theatre
*
The Rudolfinum (home to the
Czech Philharmonic Orchestra)
*
National opera (Prague) National Opera
*
National Museum (Prague) National Museum
*
Clementinum National Library
*
National Gallery in Prague National Gallery
There are hundreds of concert halls, galleries, cinemas and music clubs in the city. Prague also hosts
Film Festivals,
List of music festivals Music Festivals, a
Prague Writers Festival Writers Festival, hundreds of
Vernissage Vernissages and
Fashion Show Mall Fashion Shows.
'''See also'''
*
Prague Spring International Music Festival
*
Prague Autumn International Music Festival
*
Febiofest
*
One World Film Festival
* Echoes of the
Karlovy Vary International Film Festival
*
Barrandov Studios
*
Prague Writers Festival
*
Prague International Organ Festival
*
Prague Fringe Festival
*
World Roma Festival
*
Mozart´s
Don Giovanni premier
*
Michael Flatley Celtic Tiger European premiere
Economy
Prague is the wealthiest city in Eastern Europe. The GDP per capita of Prague is more than double that of the Czech Republic as a whole, with a per-capita GDP (PPP) of EUR 32,357 in 2002, which is at 153% of the
European Union average. The city is becoming a site of European headquarters of many international companies.
Since the late 1990s, Prague has become a popular filming location for international productions and
Hollywood motion pictures. Unlike many other European cities, Prague did not suffer great destruction during
World War II, and the city is often used as a "stand in" for other pre-WW2 European cities, such as
Amsterdam or
London. [http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117799914?categoryid=8&cs=1] [http://www.indiadaily.com/breaking_news/46945.asp] A combination of architecture, low costs, tax breaks, and the existing motion picture infrastructure have proved attractive to international film production companies.
Colleges and universities
The city contains eight universities and colleges including the oldest
university in Central and Eastern Europe:
Image:Prague - Jerusalemer Synagoge.jpg thumb|right|250px|Jubilee Synagogue
*
Charles University (UK) founded in
1348
*
Czech Technical University (ÄŒVUT) founded in
1707
*
Academy of Fine Arts (AVU) founded in
1800
*
Academy of Arts, Architecture and Design (VÅ UP) founded in
1885
*
Institute of Chemical Technology in Prague Institute of Chemical Technology (VÅ CHT) founded in
1920
*
Academy of Performing Arts (AMU) founded in
1945
*
Czech University of Agriculture (ÄŒZU) founded in
1952
*
University of Economics, Prague University of Economics (VÅ E) founded in
1953
Transportation
Public transport infrastructure consists of
Prague Metro three metro lines,
trams (including nostalgic tram no. 91), buses and a
funicular to
PetÅ™Ãn Hill. The city is a railroad hub.
Prague is served by
RuzynÄ› International Airport, which is the hub of the flag carrier,
CSA Czech Airlines. There are several cheap flights per day from the UK (Easyjet) and from other cities (Smartwings and SkyEurope).
Taxis
The
Taxicab taxi service in Prague has had a somewhat chequered history. During the rule of Communist Party in
Czechoslovakia (1948–1989), the taxi service was nationalised into one umbrella company, and, with a short exception during liberalization related to the
Prague Spring, no independent taxi drivers were allowed. The quality and availability of the service was low. This caused many enterprising people to run illegal taxi services. Their earnings were far above income of typical citizens and became a source of envy. After the
Velvet Revolution fall of the Communist regime, the service was liberalized and anyone could become a taxi driver. Unfortunately, the chaos of transition from planned to market economy did not leave any time to implement sufficient regulations. The lack of planning and controls has led to a number of serious taxi
scams operating in the city; some of which have been linked with
organised crime. Many of the victims of overpricing are tourists.
Taxi services in Prague can currently be divided into three sectors. There are major taxicab companies, operating call-for-taxi services (radio-taxi) or from regulated taxi stands, where overpricing is rare and regulation mostly in place. There are independent drivers, who make pick-ups on the street; cheating is mostly associated with these cars. Lastly, there are fake taxi drivers, who operate as "contractual transport services" in order to avoid government regulation.
Sport
Prague is the site of many sports events, national
stadiums and
teams
*
Prague International Marathon
*
Sparta Prague ->
UEFA Champions League
*
Slavia Prague ->
UEFA Cup
*
Sazka Arena ->
2004 Men's World Ice Hockey Championships and
Euroleague Final Four 2006
*
Strahov Stadium - the largest stadium in the world
*
World Cup Skateboarding Mystic SK8 Cup - World cup of skateboarding
* and more
Miscellaneous
Image:Žižkov tv tower.jpg Žižkov Television Tower right|thumb|250px|Prague [[Žižkov Television Tower|TV tower with crawling "babies".html" title="Meaning of TV tower.html" title="Meaning of right|thumb|250px|Prague [[Žižkov Television Tower|TV tower">right|thumb|250px|Prague [[Žižkov Television Tower|TV tower with crawling "babies"">TV tower.html" title="Meaning of right|thumb|250px|Prague [[Žižkov Television Tower|TV tower">right|thumb|250px|Prague [[Žižkov Television Tower|TV tower with crawling "babies"
Prague is also the site of the most important offices and institutions of the Czech Republic and Central Europe.
*
President of the Czech Republic President of Czech Republic
* The
Government and both houses of the
Parliament
* Czech Television and other major TV stations
*
Radio Free Europe -
Radio Liberty
*
Prague Institute Prague Institute for Global Urban Development
* and more
Prague - Venue
'''Major events of recent years:'''
*
NATO NATO Summit 2002
*
International Monetary Fund and
World Bank Summit 2000
*
International Olympic Committee Session 2004
*
International Astronomical Union International Astronomical Union General Assembly 2006
* and thousands of smaller events
Famous people connected with Prague
: ''See main article
Famous people connected with Prague for a detailed list.''
Being the cultural and economical center of Bohemia, Prague attracted many famous people. Some of the best known are:
*
Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor Charles IV
*
Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor Rudolf II
*
Jan Hus
*
Bohumil Hrabal
*
Franz Kafka
*
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
*
AntonÃn Dvořák
*
Václav Havel
*
Albert Einstein
Historical population
{{Demography 12col|830px|1230.html">1370 1600|1804.html">1837 1850|1880.html">1900 1925|1950.html">1980 2004
|4,000|40,000|60,000|76,000|105,500|118,000|162,000|201,600|718,300|931,500|1,182,800|1,170,571}}
*The record of 1230 includes Staré Město only
*The records of 1370 and 1600 includes Staré mÄ›sto, Nové mÄ›sto, Malá Strana and HradÄ?any quarters
*Numbers beside other years denote the population of Prague within the administrative border of the city at that time (and population including present suburbs in parentheses).
Image:Mikulas.jpg right|250px|thumb|The Church of St. Nicolas.
{{commons|Praha|Praha}}
See also
*
Infant Jesus of Prague
*
Golem Golem of Prague
*
Prague specifics
*
Prague city districts
*
Prague uprising
*
Prague Zoo
External links
-
Official Website
* Metro, trams, and buses operated by [http://www.dp-praha.cz/en/index.htm Dopravni podnik hl.m Prahy, a.s.]
-
National Theatre
-
State Opera
-
Prague Daily Monitor - Czech news in English
* {{wikitravel}}
-
Prague Information Service - tourist information
-
Prague.tv - travel guide
-
Average weather conditions
-
Current weather parameters
-
Emergency numbers in Prague
{{wiktionary}}
{{Czech Regions}}
Category:Prague
Category:Capitals in Europe
Category:NUTS 2 Statistical Regions of Europe
Category:World Heritage Sites in the Czech Republic
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