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Punjabi language
*** Shopping-Tip: Punjabi language
{{dablink|Punjabi redirects here. For other uses, see
Punjabi (disambiguation).}}
Image:Punjabi_gurmukhi_shahmukhi.png left
{{Infobox Language
|name=Punjabi
|nativename={{lang|pa|ਪੰਜਾਬੀ}},{{lang|ur|پنجابی}}
|states=
India,
Punjab (Pakistan) Pakistan and other countries with Punjabi migrants
|region=
Punjab region Punjab
|speakers=Western: 61-62 million
Eastern: 28 million
Siraiki: 14 million
Total: 104 million
|rank=
List_of_languages_by_total_speakers 10th
|script=
Gurmukhi,
Shahmukhi
|familycolor=Indo-European
|fam2=
Indo-Iranian languages Indo-Iranian
|fam3=
Indo-Aryan languages Indo-Aryan
|nation=
Punjab (India),
Chandigarh,
Delhi
|iso1=pa|iso2=pan
|lc1=pan|ld1=Punjabi (Generic)|ll1=none
|lc2=pnb|ld2=Punjabi (Western)|ll2=none
|lc3=pmu|ld3=Punjabi (Mirpuri)|ll3=none
|lc4=lah|ld4=Lahndi|ll4=none
|notice=Indic}}
'''Punjabi''' (also '''Panjabi'''; {{lang|pa|ਪੰਜਾਬੀ}} ''{{IAST|Paá¹?jÄ?bÄ«}}'' in
Gurmukhi script GurmukhÄ«, {{lang|ur|پنجابی}} ''PanjÄ?bÄ«'' in
Shahmukhi ShÄ?hmukhÄ«) is the language of the
Punjabis Punjabi people and the
Punjab regions of
India and
Pakistan.
It is an
Indo-European language of the
Indo-Iranian languages Indo-Iranian subfamily. Uniquely for an Indo-European language, Punjabi is a
tonal language tonal language where the tones arose as a reinterpretation of different consonant series in terms of pitch. In terms of morphological complexity, it is an
agglutinative language
[Bhatia, T. "Punjabi: A Cognitive-Descriptive Grammar", 1993. p 279. ISBN 0415003202] and words are usually ordered '
Subject Object Verb'.
The Punjabi people suffered a split between India and Pakistan during the
Partition_of_India Partition of
1947. However, Punjabi language and culture tend to be uniting factors in spite of national and religious affiliations.
Dialects and geographic distribution
Punjabi is the official language of the Indian state of Punjab and it is one of the second official languages of
Delhi.
[[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-43388,prtpage-1.cms The Times of India - "Punjabi, Urdu made official languages in Delhi"] 25 June 2003] It is also spoken in neighbouring areas such as
Haryana and
Himachal Pradesh. Punjabi is the predominant spoken language in the
Punjab (Pakistan) Punjab province of
Pakistan although it has no official status there, and both
Urdu and
English language English are preferred languages of the elite.
Punjabi is also spoken as a
minority language in several other countries where
Punjabis have emigrated in large numbers, such as
United Kingdom Britain, the
United States,
Australia and especially
Canada, where it is the fifth most commonly used language.
[[http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census01/products/standard/themes/RetrieveProductTable.cfm?Temporal=2001&PID=55536&APATH=3&GID=431515&METH=1&PTYPE=55440&THEME=41&FOCUS=0&AID=0&PLACENAME=0&PROVINCE=0&SEARCH=0&GC=0&GK=0&VID=0&FL=0&RL=0&FREE=0 Canadian Census Data (2001)]] Punjabi is the preferred language of the
Sikhism Sikhs, in which some of their
Guru_Granth_Sahib religious literature is written. It is the usual language of
Bhangra music, which has recently gained wide popularity both in
South Asia and abroad.
There are many dialects of Punjabi and they all form part of a
dialect continuum, merging with
Sindhi and related languages in Pakistan, and
Hindustani in India. The main dialects of Punjabi are Majhi, Doabi, Malwai and Powadhi in India, and Pothohari, Lahndi and Multani in Pakistan. Majhi is the standard written form of Punjabi and is the dialect used in both
Amritsar and
Lahore.
The
Punjabi University,
Patiala, lists the following as dialects of Punjabi:
[[http://www.advancedcentrepunjabi.org/intro1.asp Advanced Centre for Technical Development of Punjabi Language, Literature and Culture]]
{| valign=top
|
*Bhattiani
*
Rathi
*Malwai
*Powadhi
*
Pahari
*Doabi
*
Kangri
*Chambiali
*
Dogri
*Wajeerawadi
*Baar di Boli
*
Jhangochi Jangli
*Jatki
*Chenavri
|
*
Siraiki Multani
*Bhawalpuri
*Thalochri
*Thali
*Bherochi
*Kachi
*Awankari
*Dhani
*Ghebi
*
Hindko Hindki
*Swaen
*Chacchi
*
Pothohari
*Punchi
|}
As classified in Ethnologue:
Indo-European
â””Indo-Iranian
â””Indo-Aryan
│
├Northern zone
│└Western Pahari
│ └Dogri [dgo]
│
├Northwestern zone
│└Lahnda [lah]
│ ├Jakati [jat]
│ ├Khetrani [xhe]
│ ├Mirpur Punjabi [pmu]
│ ├Northern Hindko [hno]
│ ├Pahari-Potwari [phr]
│ ├Siraiki [skr]
│ ├Southern Hindko [hnd]
│ └Western Punjabi [pnb]
│
â””Central zone
â””Eastern Punjabi [pan]
Some of these dialects, such as
Dogri,
Siraiki and
Hindko are sometimes considered separate languages.
Western and eastern Punjabi
Many sources subdivide the Punjabi language into Western Punjabi or Lahndi ({{lang|pa|ਲਹਿੰਦੀ}}), and Eastern Punjabi. They tend to do so based on GA Grierson's Linguistic Survey of India. The decision to divide the language has been controversial. The exact division of the language and even the legitimacy of such a division is disputed.
The dialect spoken in central Punjab — on both the Indian and Pakistani side — is Majhi. Grierson defined Western Punjabi as being west of a line running north-south from
Sahiwal Montgomery and
Gujranwala districts. This is well within present day Pakistan.
[Masica, CP, "The Indo-Aryan Languages", ISBN 0521299446, p 20] Contrary to this,
Ethnologue has come to classify Lahndi as the dialect of Punjabi spoken in all of Pakistan.
Vocabulary
Modern Punjabi vocabulary has been influenced by other languages, including
Hindustani_language Hindustani,
Persian_language Persian and
English_language English. Like other North Indian languages, it is derived from
Sanskrit and is therefore
Indo-European languages Indo-European.
Much like English, Punjabi has moved around the world and developed local forms by integrating local vocabulary. While most loanwords come from Hindustani, Persian and English, Punjabi emigrants around the world have integrated terms from such languages as
Spanish language Spanish and
Dutch language Dutch. A distinctive "Diaspora Punjabi" is thus emerging. As there is no formal consensus over vocabulary and spelling in Punjabi, it is likely that Diaspora Punjabi will increasingly deviate from the forms found on the
Indian Subcontinent in the future.
Writing system
There are several different scripts used for writing the Punjabi language, depending on the region and the dialect spoken, as well as the religion of the speaker. The script used for writing Punjabi in the Punjab province of Pakistan is known as
Shahmukhi (''from the mouth of the Kings'') which is a modified version of
Nasta'liq Persian-Nasta'liq script. Sikhs and others in the Indian state of Punjab tend to use the
Gurmukhī (''from the mouth of the Gurus'') script.
Hindus, and those living in neighbouring states such as
Haryana and
Himachal Pradesh sometimes use the
DevanÄ?garÄ« script. GurmukhÄ« and Shahmukhi scripts are the most commonly used for writing Punjabi and are considered the official scripts of the language.
Examples
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! English
! Gurmukhi
! Shahmukhi
! Transliteration
! Notes
|-
|Hello
|{{lang|pa|ਸਤਿ ਸ�ਰੀ ਅਕਾਲ}}
{{lang|pa|ਨਮਸਤੇ/ਨਮਸਕਾਰ}}
{{lang|pa|ਅੱਸਲਾਮ ਅਲੈਕਮ}}
|{{lang|ur|سات سری اکال}}
{{lang|ur|نمستے/نمسکار}}
{{lang|ur|السلام علیکم}}
|Sat SrÄ« AkÄ?l (Sikh)
NamastÄ“/NamaskÄ?r (Hindu)
As'salÄ?m Alaikam (Muslim)
|The greeting used depends on the religion of the speaker.
|-
|Yes (Informal)
|{{lang|pa|ਹਾਂ}}
|{{lang|ur|Û?اں}}
|HÄ?á¹?
|
|-
|Yes (Formal)
|{{lang|pa|ਹਾਂ ਜੀ}}
|{{lang|ur|Û?اں جی}}
|HÄ?á¹? JÄ«
|
|-
|No (Informal)
|{{lang|pa|ਨਹੀਂ}}
|{{lang|ur|Ù†Û?یں}}
|NÄ?
|
|-
|No (Formal)
|{{lang|pa|ਨਹੀਂ ਜੀ}}
|{{lang|ur|Ù†Û?یں جی}}
|Nahī�/Nahī� Jī
|
|-
|My name is ___.
|{{lang|pa|ਮੇਰਾ ਨਾਂ ___ ਹੈ ।}}
|{{lang|ur|میرا نام ___ Û?Û’Û”}}
|MÄ“rÄ? NÄ?á¹? ___ Hai
|
|}
Notable authors
*
Waris Shah
*
Jaka Shah
*
Bulleh Shah
*
Hashim (Poet) Hashim
*
Sultan Bahu
*
Navjit Ghuman
*
Shiv Kumar Batalvi
*
Amrita Pritam
*
Kartar Singh Duggal
*
Mohan Singh
*
Pash
*
Sahin Nashin Jahui
*
Gurbaksh Singh Preetlari
*
Nanak Singh
*
Ilyas Ghumman
*
Surjit Patar
*
Bhai Veer Singh
*
Dhani Ram Chatrik
*
Akbar Khan
*
Gurdial Singh
*
Sohan Singh Seetal
*
Sant Singh Sekhon
*
Jaswant Singh Kanwal
*
Bhai Gurdas
See also
* ''
List of Punjabi authors''
* ''
List of Punjabi poets''
* ''
List of Punjabi prose writers''
* ''
List of Punjabi musicians''
* ''
List of Punjabi television channels''
*
Languages of India
*
List of national languages of India
*
List of Indian languages by total speakers
References
External links
{{InterWiki|code=pa}}
-
Punjabi Dictionary (Gurmukhi)
-
Punjabi Computing Resource Centre
-
Academy of the Punjab In North America (APNA)
-
Free online Punjabi (Gurmukhi) lessons
-
Learn Gurmukhi - Sound and Graphics
-
Punjabi Network
-
Peoples and Languages in Pre-Islamic Indus Valley
-
Ethnologue - Languages of India
-
Ethnologue - Languages of Pakistan
-
Panjabi Language
-
Punjabi Literature (ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਸਾਹਿਤ)
Category:Indo-Aryan languages
Category:Languages of India
Category:Languages of Pakistan
Category:Tonal languages
br:Pandjabeg
da:Punjabisk (sprog)
de:Punjabi
es:Idioma panyabÃ
eo:PanÄ?aba lingvo
fr:Panjâbî
gl:PunxabÃ
hi:पंजाबी à¤à¤¾à¤·à¤¾
id:Bahasa Punjabi
ia:Lingua punjabi
kn:ಪಂಜಾಬಿ
ka:პენჯ�ბური ენ�
ms:Bahasa Panjabi
nl:Punjabi
no:Punjabi
nn:Panjabi
pl:Język pendżabski
pa:ਪੰਜਾਬੀ
ru:ПенджабÑ?кий Ñ?зык
simple:Punjabi
fi:Pandžabi
sv:Punjabi
zh:��普語
*** Shopping-Tip: Punjabi language
