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QUEBEC
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{{for|Quebec, the capital|Quebec City}} {{otheruses}}
{{Canadian province or territory |
Name = Québec |
AlternateName = |
Flag = Flag of Quebec.svg |
EntityAdjective = Provincial |
CoatOfArms = Qc-coat-thb.jpg |
Map = Quebec-map.png |
Motto = Je me souviens (
French language French: I remember) |
OfficialLang =
French language French |
Capital =
Quebec City |
LargestCity =
Montreal |
Language =
French |
Premier =
Jean Charest |
PremierParty =
Parti libéral du Québec PLQ |
Viceroy =
Lise Thibault |
ViceroyType = Lieutenant-Governor |
PostalAbbreviation = QC |
PostalCodePrefix =
List of G Postal Codes of Canada G,
List of H Postal Codes of Canada H,
List of J Postal Codes of Canada J |
AreaRank = 1
st |
TotalArea = 1,542,056 |
LandArea = 1,183,128 |
WaterArea = 176,928 |
PercentWater = 11.5 |
PopulationRank = 2
nd |
Population = 7,598,100 |
PopulationYear = 2005|
DensityRank = 5
th |
Density = 4.90 |
AdmittanceOrder = 1
st |
AdmittanceDate =
July 1,
1867 |
TimeZone =
UTC-5, -4 |
HouseSeats = 75 |
SenateSeats = 24 |
ISOCode = CA-QC |
Website = www.gouv.qc.ca
}}
{{portal}}
'''Quebec''' (
IPA for English pronounced {{IPA|[kwəˈbɛk]}} or {{IPA|[kəˈbɛk]}}) (
French language French: '''Québec''', pronounced {{IPA|[kebɛk]}}) is the largest
provinces and territories of Canada province in
Canada (in terms of
area) and the second most populous, after
Ontario, with a population of 7,598,100 (Statistics Canada, July 2005). This represents about 24% of the Canadian population. Quebec's
official language is French and is the only Canadian province where English is not an official language. Only one province – in addition to the
Politics of Canada federal government – has French as one of two official languages:
New Brunswick. The capital is
Quebec City (simply referred to as ''Québec'' in French) and the largest city is
Montreal.
A resident of Quebec is called a ''Quebecer'' (also spelled ''Quebecker''), and in French, ''un(e)
Québécois Québécois(e)'', the latter also sometimes used in English.
Geography
{{main|Geography of Quebec}}
The province occupies a vast territory (nearly three times the size of
France), most of which is very sparsely populated. More than 90 percent of Quebec's area lies within the
Canadian Shield and includes the greater part of the
Labrador peninsula. The addition of parts of the vast and scarcely populated
District of Ungava of the
Northwest Territories between 1898 and 1912 created the modern Province of Quebec. Quebec is bordered by the province of
Ontario,
James Bay and
Hudson Bay to the west, the provinces of
New Brunswick and
Newfoundland and Labrador to the east, the
United States (
Maine,
New Hampshire,
Vermont and
New York) to the south and
Hudson Strait and
Ungava Bay to the north.
The most populated region is the
St. Lawrence River valley in the south, where the capital,
Quebec City, and the largest city,
Montreal, are situated. North of Montreal are the
Laurentian mountains Laurentians, a range of ancient mountains, and to the east are the
Appalachian Mountains which extends into the
Eastern Townships and
Gaspésie regions. The
Gaspé Peninsula juts into the
Gulf of St. Lawrence to the east.
The northern region of
Nunavik is
subarctic or
arctic and is mostly inhabited by
Inuit. A major
hydroelectricity hydro-electric project is found on the La Grande and Eastmain rivers in the James Bay region (the
James Bay Project La Grande Complex) and on the
Manicouagan River, north of the Gulf of St. Lawrence.
10 largest municipalities by population
{| class="wikitable"
!Municipality
!2001
!1996
|-
|
Montreal
|1 812 723
|1 774 846
|-
|
Quebec City
|532 329
|504 605
|-
|
Longueuil, Quebec Longueuil (Part of
Greater Montreal Area Greater Montreal)
|348 091
|373 009
|-
|
Laval, Quebec Laval (Part of
Greater Montreal Area Greater Montreal)
|343 005
|330 393
|-
|
Gatineau, Quebec Gatineau (Part of
National Capital Region (Canada) Ottawa-Gatineau)
|226 696
|217 591
|-
|
Saguenay, Quebec Saguenay
|148 050
|153 476
|-
|
Sherbrooke, Quebec Sherbrooke
|146 689
|135 501
|-
|
Trois-Rivières, Quebec Trois-Rivières
|122 395
|124 417
|-
|
Lévis, Quebec Lévis (Part of
Greater Quebec City Area Greater Quebec City)
|121 999
|118 344
|-
|
Terrebonne, Quebec Terrebonne
|80 531
|75 110
|}
History
{{main|History of Quebec}}
First Nations: Before 1500
Algonkian, Iroquoian, and Inuit groups were the first peoples to populate what is now Quebec. Their lifestyles and cultures reflected the land on which they lived. Seven Algonkian groups lived nomadic lives based on hunting, gathering, and fishing on the rugged terrain of the Canadian Shield (James Bay Cree, Innu, Algonquins) and Appalachian Mountains ( Mi'kmaq, Abenaki). Iroquoians lived more settled lives (Huron, Mohawk), planting squash and maize in the fertile soils of St. Lawrence Valley. The Inuit continue to fish, whale, and seal in the harsh Arctic climate along the coasts of Hudson and Ungava Bay. These peoples traded furs and foodstuff, and sometimes warred with each other.
The name Quebec, which comes from an Algonquin word meaning "strait" or "narrowing", originally meant the narrowing of the St. Lawrence River off what is currently Quebec City. There have been variations in spelling of the province:
* Quebecq — Levasseur, 1601
* Kébec — Lescarbot, 1609
* Quebec — Champlain, 1613
Early European exploration: 1000–1600
Viking longboats from Scandinavia carried the first Europeans to the Arctic shores of the Ungava Penninsula around 1000 CE. Basque whalers and fishermen traded furs with Sagueney natives throughout the 1400s.
The first French explorer to reach Quebec was
Jacques Cartier, who planted a cross either in the
Gaspé in 1534 or at
Old Fort Bay on the
Lower North Shore. He sailed into the
St. Lawrence River in 1535 and established an ill-fated colony near present-day Quebec City at the site of
Stadacona, a village populated by
Iroquoians
New France
Quebec City was founded by
Samuel de Champlain who established the ''Habitation de Quebec'' in 1608 as a permanent fur trading outpost, where he quickly forged a trading and military alliance with
Algonkian and
Huron nations against the
Iroquois and the
British. Natives traded their furs for many French goods such as metal objects, guns, alcohol, and clothing.
From Quebec,
Voyageurs,
Coureurs des bois, and Catholic missionaries used river
canoe canoes to explore the interior of the North American continent, establishing fur trading forts on the
Great Lakes (
Étienne Brûlé 1615),
Hudson Bay (
Pierre-Esprit Radisson Radisson and
Médard des Groseilliers Groseilliers 1659-60),
Ohio River Ohio and
Mississippi Rivers (
Robert Cavelier de La Salle La Salle 1682), as well as the
Prairies and
Missouri River (
Pierre_Gaultier_de_Varennes_et_de_la_Vérendrye de la Verendrye 1734-1738).
After 1627, King
Louis XIII of France introduced the
Seigneurial system of New France seigneurial system and forbade settlement in
New France by anyone other than
Roman Catholics.
Sulpician and
Jesuit clerics founded missions in
Trois Rivières (Laviolette) and Montreal or Ville-Marie (
de Maisonneuve and
Jeanne Mance) to convert
New France's
Huron and
Algonkian allies to
Catholicism.
New France became a Royal Province in 1663 under King
Louis XIV of France with a
Sovereign Council that included
intendant of New France intendant Jean Talon. This ushered in a golden era of
French colonization of the Americas settlement and colonization in New France, including the arrival of les "
Filles du Roi". The population would grow from about 3000 to 50 000 people between 1666 and 1760. They would build farms on the banks of St. Lawrence River and call themselves "
Canadiens" or "
Habitants".
Fall of New France
By the mid 1700s, the population of New France's rival British colonies to the south had grown to a population 1 million. The stage was set for the Conquest of New France.
In 1754,
George Washington launched an attack on the French
Fort Duquesne (now
Pittsburgh) in the
Ohio Valley in an attempt to claim the territory for the British colony of
Virginia. This frontier battle launched the
French and Indian War in North America. By 1756, France and Britain were battling the
Seven Years' War worldwide. In 1758, the
United Kingdom British mounted an attack on
New France by sea and took the French fort at
Louisbourg. On 13 September 1759, General
James Wolfe defeated General
Montcalm on the
Plains of Abraham outside Quebec City. France ceded its
North American possessions to
United Kingdom Great Britain through the
Treaty of Paris (1763) Treaty of Paris (1763). By the
British Royal Proclamation of 1763, Canada (part of New France) was renamed the Province of Quebec.
The American Revolution
In 1774, fearful that the French-speaking population of Quebec would side with the rebels of the
13 colonies to the south, the British Parliament passed the
Quebec Act that paved the way to official recognition of the
French language and
French culture. The Act allowed ''
Canadiens'' to maintain French
civil law and sanctioned the freedom of religious choice, allowing the
Roman Catholic Church to remain. It also restored the
Ohio Valley to
Quebec, reserving the territory for the fur trade.
This was among the
Intolerable Acts that infuriated
13 colonies American colonists, who launched the
American Revolution. An
Invasion of Canada (1775) by the American
Continental Army met with early success, but later repelled at the
Battle of Quebec (1775). The revolution succeeded, however. With the
Treaty of Paris (1783), Quebec would cede its territory south of the
Great Lakes to the United States of America.
Loyalist (American Revolution) Loyalist, or ''Tory'', refugees from the
American Revolutionary War settled what is now
Ontario and the
Eastern Townships area of Quebec. This marks the beginning of an English Canadian presence in Quebec.
The Constitutional Act of 1791 saw the colony divided in two at the Ottawa River to accommodate the new arrivals; the western part became
Upper Canada (now
Ontario) and changed to the
Law of the United Kingdom British legal system. The eastern part became
Lower Canada. Both colonies were granted elected Legislative Assemblies.
The Patriotes Rebellion in Lower Canada
{{main|Lower Canada Rebellion}}
Like their counterparts in
Upper Canada, in 1837,
English language English and
French language French speaking residents of Lower Canada, led by
Louis-Joseph Papineau and
Robert Nelson, formed an armed resistance group to seek an end to British colonial rule. Their actions resulted in the
Lower Canada Rebellion. An unprepared
British Army had to raise a local
militia force and the rebel forces were soon defeated after having scored a victory in
Saint-Denis, Quebec, east of
Montreal.
Act of Union
After the rebellions,
John Lambton, 1st Earl of Durham Lord Durham was asked to undertake a study and prepare a
Report on the Affairs of British North America (1839) report on the matter and to offer a solution for the British Parliament to assess. Following Durham's
Report on the Affairs of British North America (1839) Report, the British government merged the two colonial provinces into one
Province of Canada in 1841. However, the union proved contentious.
Canadian Confederation
In the 1860s, the delegates from the colonies of British North America (Canada, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, and Newfoundland) met in a series of conferences in Charlottetown, Quebec City and London to discuss a broader union. As a result of those deliberations, in 1867 the Parliament of the United Kingdom passed the British North America Act, providing for the Confederation of most of these provinces. The former Province of Canada was divided into its two previous parts as the provinces of
Ontario (Upper Canada) and Quebec (Lower Canada).
New Brunswick and
Nova Scotia joined Ontario and Quebec in the new Dominion of Canada. (Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland entered Confederation later, in 1873 and 1949, respectively.)
The "Quiet Revolution"
{{main|Quiet Revolution}}
The
conservatism conservative government of
Maurice Duplessis and his
Union Nationale dominated Quebec politics from 1944 to 1960 with the support of the Catholic church.
Pierre Trudeau and other liberals formed an intellectual opposition to Duplessis's repressive regime, setting the groundwork for the
Quiet Revolution under
Jean Lesage's
Parti libéral du Québec Liberals. The Quiet Revolution was a period of dramatic social and political change that saw the decline of the
Roman Catholic Church's influence, the
nationalization of hydro-electric companies under
Hydro-Québec and the emergence of a separatist movement under former Liberal minister
René Lévesque.
Image:Qcuds.jpg license plate thumb|right|The slogan on the current Quebec [[license plate|licence plate, first introduced in 1978, is "Je me souviens", French for "I remember"..html" title="Meaning of licence plate.html" title="Meaning of thumb|right|The slogan on the current Quebec [[license plate|licence plate">thumb|right|The slogan on the current Quebec [[license plate|licence plate, first introduced in 1978, is "Je me souviens", French for "I remember".">licence plate.html" title="Meaning of thumb|right|The slogan on the current Quebec [[license plate|licence plate">thumb|right|The slogan on the current Quebec [[license plate|licence plate, first introduced in 1978, is "Je me souviens", French for "I remember". Beginning in 1963, a
terrorism terrorist group that became known as the
Front de libération du Québec (FLQ) launched a decade of bombings, robberies and attacks on government offices, resulting in at least five deaths. Their activities culminated in events referred to as the
October Crisis [http://www.mcgill.ca/maritimelaw/history/crisis/] when
James Cross, the British trade commissioner to Canada, was kidnapped along with
Pierre Laporte, a provincial minister and Vice-Premier, who was murdered a few days later. In their published Manifesto, the terrorists stated: "In the coming year Bourassa (Quebec Premier) will have to face reality; 100,000 revolutionary workers, armed and organized."
At the request of Premier
Robert Bourassa, Prime Minister
Pierre Trudeau invoked the
War Measures Act. Once the War Measures Act was in place, arrangements were made for all detainees to see legal counsel. In addition, the
Quebec Ombudsman [http://www.protecteurducitoyen.qc.ca/en/index.asp], Louis Marceau, was instructed to hear complaints of detainees and the Quebec government agreed to pay damages to any person unjustly arrested. On February 3, 1971,
John Turner, the
Minister of Justice (Canada) Minister of Justice of Canada, reported that 497 persons had been arrested under the War Measures Act, of whom 435 had been released. The other 62 were charged, of which 32 were crimes of such seriousness that a Quebec Superior Court judge refused them bail. A federal government inquiry later revealed that some
Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) agents infiltrated the group to gain evidence of the group's willingness to commit terrorist acts.
In 1977, the newly elected
Parti Québécois government of
René Lévesque introduced the
Charter of the French Language. Often known as
Bill 101, it defined French as the only official language of Quebec.
Quebec independence and the Canadian constitution
Lévesque and his party had run in the 1970 and 1973 Quebec elections under a platform of separating Quebec from the rest of Canada. His party was defeated both times, with 23% and 30% of the vote respectively, and Lévesque himself was defeated in his own riding (electoral district). In the 1976 election, he softened his message by promising a referendum (plebiscite) on
sovereignty-association rather than outright separation, by which Quebec would have independence in most government functions but share some other ones, such as a common currency, with Canada. Though many Quebecers, especially English-speaking Quebecers, viewed
sovereignty-association as thinly-veiled separation, Lévesque and the Parti Québécois were swept into power with 41% of the popular vote on November 15, 1976. The question of
sovereignty-association was placed before the voters in the
1980 Quebec referendum. During the campaign,
Pierre Trudeau promised that a vote for the NO side was a vote for reforming Canada. Trudeau advocated the
patriation of Canada's Constitution from the
United Kingdom, as the existing constitutional document, the
British North America Act, could only be amended by the
United Kingdom Parliament.
Sixty percent of the Quebec electorate voted against the proposition. Polls showed that the overwhelming majority of English and immigrant Quebecers voted against, and that French Quebecers were almost equally divided, with older voters less in favour, and younger voters more in favour. After his loss in the referendum, Lévesque went back to Ottawa to start negotiating a new constitution with Trudeau, his minister of Justice
Jean Chrétien and the nine other provincial premiers. Lévesque insisted Quebec be able to veto any future constitutional amendments. The negotiations quickly reached a stand-still.
Then on the night on November 4 to November 5 1981 (called by separatists the 'Night of the Long Knives' or 'La nuit des longs couteaux' after a bloody Hitler putsch in the 1930's)
Jean Chrétien met all the provincial premiers except
René Lévesque to sign the document that would eventually become the new Canadian constitution. The next morning, they put Lévesque in front of the "fait accompli." Lévesque refused to sign the document, and returned to Quebec. In 1982, Trudeau had the new constitution approved by the British Parliament, with Quebec's signature still missing (a situation that persists to this day). The Supreme Court of Canada confirmed Trudeau's assertion that every province's approval is not required to amend the constitution.
In subsequent years, two attempts were made to gain Quebec's approval of the constitution. The first was the
Meech Lake Accord of 1987, which was finally abandoned in 1990 when the provinces of
Manitoba and
Newfoundland and Labrador Newfoundland refused to support it. This led to the formation of the
Bloc Québécois party in
Ottawa under the leadership of
Lucien Bouchard, who had resigned from the federal cabinet. The second attempt, the
Charlottetown Accord of 1992, was rejected by 56.7% of all Canadians and 57% of Quebecers. This result caused a split in the
Parti libéral du Québec Quebec Liberal Party that led to the formation of the new
Action Démocratique (Democratic Action) party led by
Mario Dumont and Jean Allaire.
On October 30, 1995, with the
Parti Québécois back in power since 1994, a
1995 Quebec referendum second referendum on sovereignty took place. This time, it was rejected by a slim majority (50.6% NO to 49.4% YES); a clear majority of French-speaking Quebecers voted in favour of sovereignty.
The referendum was tainted by several controversies. Lucien Bouchard declared in a speech that Quebec is the "white society" with the lowest birthrate in the world. Federalists complained that an unusually high number of ballots had been rejected in pro-federalist ridings, notably in the largely Jewish and Greek riding of Chomedey (11.7 % or 5,500 of ballots were spoiled vs. 750 or 1.7% in the general election of 1994) although Quebec's chief electoral officer found no evidence of outright fraud as ballots that were slightly different were not accepted this time even though they were in the past. The Government of Canada was accused of not respecting provincial laws with regard to spending during referendums (which was achieved through corruption and became public in 2005, leading to the Canadian Liberal government's demise), and to having accelerated the naturalization of immigrant people living in the province of Québec (43,850 immigrants were naturalized during 1995, whereas the average number between 1988 and 1998 was 21,733).
The same night of the referendum, an angry
Jacques Parizeau, then premier and leader of the "Yes" side, declared that the loss was due to "money and the ethnic vote". Parizeau resigned over public outrage and as per his commitment to do so in case of a loss.
Lucien Bouchard became Quebec's new premier in 1996.
Federalists also accused the separatist side of asking a vague and misleading question. The question read:
"Do you agree that Quebec should become sovereign after having made a formal offer to Canada for a new economic and political partnership within the scope of the bill respecting the future of Quebec and of the agreement signed on June 12, 1995?"
After winning the next election, Bouchard retired from politics in 2001.
Bernard Landry was then appointed leader of the
Parti Québécois and premier of Quebec. In 2003, Landry lost the election to the
Parti Libéral du Québec Quebec Liberal Party and
Jean Charest. Landry stepped down as PQ leader, and in a crowded race for the party leadership,
André Boisclair was elected to succeed him. The PQ has promised to hold another referendum should it return to government.
Government
Image:Map of Quebec (English).png thumbnail|250px|Map of Quebec
{{main|Politics of Quebec}}
The
List of Lieutenant Governors of Quebec Lieutenant Governor represents
Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom Queen Elizabeth II as
head of state. The head of government is the
List of Quebec premiers Premier (called ''premier ministre'' in French) who leads the largest party in the
unicameral National Assembly of Quebec National Assembly or ''Assemblée Nationale'', from which the Council of Ministers is appointed.
Until 1968, the Quebec
legislature was
bicameral, consisting of the
Legislative Council of Quebec Legislative Council and the
Legislative Assembly of Quebec Legislative Assembly. In that year the Legislative Council was abolished, and the Legislative Assembly was renamed the National Assembly. Quebec was the last province to abolish its legislative council.
The government of Quebec awards an order of merit called the
National Order of Quebec. It is inspired in part by the
France French Légion d'honneur Legion of Honour. It is conferred upon men and women born or living in Quebec (but non-Quebecers can be inducted as well) for outstanding achievements.
Economy
{{main|Economy of Quebec}}
The St. Lawrence River Valley is a fertile agricultural region, producing
dairy products,
fruit,
vegetables,
foie gras,
maple syrup (Quebec is the world's largest producer), and
livestock.
North of the St. Lawrence River Valley, the territory of Quebec is extremely rich in resources in its coniferous forests, lakes, and rivers—pulp and
paper,
lumber, and
hydroelectricity are still some of the province's most important industries.
High-tech industries are very important around Montreal. It includes the aerospace companies like jet manufacturer
Bombardier, the jet engine company
Pratt & Whitney, the flight simulator builder
CAE (company) CAE and defence contractor
Lockheed Martin Lockheed Martin, Canada. Those companies and other major subcontractors make Quebec the fourth biggest player worldwide in the aviation industry. Quebec's separatist debate has influenced many corporations to move their Canadian headquarters from Montreal to Toronto.
Culture
{{main|Culture of Quebec}}
Quebecers comprise the largest French-speaking society in the
Americas. Most
French Canadians live in Quebec, though there are other concentrations of French-speakers throughout Canada with varying degrees of ties to Quebec.
Montreal is the vibrant cosmopolitan cultural heart of Quebec. History made Quebec a place where cultures meet, where people from all over the world experience America, but from a little distance and through a different eye. Often described as a crossroads between Europe and America, Quebec is home to a people that has the privilege of being connected to the strong cultural currents of the
United States,
France, and the
British Isles all at the same time.
Quebec is also home to 11 aboriginal nations and to a large
English-speaking minority of approximately 600,000 people.
Demographics
{{main|Demographics of Quebec}}
Quebec's
fertility rate is now among the lowest in Canada. At 1.48, it is well below the replacement fertility rate of 2.1. This contrasts with the fertility rate before 1960 which was among the highest of the industrialized countries.
Although Quebec represents only 24% of the population of Canada, the number of international adoptions in Quebec is the highest of all provinces of Canada. In 2001, 42% of international adoptions in Canada were carried out in Quebec.
Ethnicity
The majority of the population are of
France French descent, approximately 80% of the population. There are also significant numbers of
Ireland Irish,
England English,
Italy Italians, and
Portugal Portuguese.
Ethnic origins
*Canadian — 68.7%
*French — 29.6%
*Irish — 4.1%
*Italian — 3.5%
*English — 3.1%
*Scottish — 2.2%
*
North American Indian — 1.8%
*
Québécois — 1.3%
*German — 1.2%
*Jewish — 1.2%
*Haitian — 1.0%
Source: [http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census01/products/highlight/ETO/Table1.cfm?T=501&Lang=E&GV=1&GID=24&S=1&O=D|1]
''Note: Ethnic Origins with less than 1.0% are not listed here.''
''Note: Multiple responses are allowed, so results will not necessarily add up to 100%.''
Religious groups
* 83.3%
Roman Catholic
* 4.7%
Protestant
* 1.5%
Muslim
* 1.4%
Eastern Orthodoxy Orthodox
* 1.2%
Jewish
* 0.8% other
Christian
* 7.1% other, non-professing
Language
{{main|Demolinguistics of Quebec}}
Quebec is the only Canadian province where French is the only official language. In 2001 the population was:
* French speakers: 80.2%
* English speakers: 8.0%
* French and English: 0.8%
* Others: 10.0% (Italian 5.2%, Spanish 2.3%, Arabic 1.9%, and others)
Note:The most common third language among Angolphone and Francophone populations is today Spanish.
Symbols and emblems
The motto of Quebec is
je me souviens ''Je me souviens'' (I remember), which is carved into the Parliament Building façade in Quebec City and is seen on the coat of arms and licence plates.
Image:Quebecois flag.jpg thumbnail|250px|The '''fleur-de-lis''' leads a ship to harbour near Quebec City
The graphic emblem of Quebec is the
fleur-de-lis, usually white on a blue background, as on the
flag of Quebec, the ''Fleurdelisé''. As indicated on the government of Quebec's Web site, the flag recalls the French
French monarchs Royal banner said to have accompanied the army of
Louis-Joseph de Montcalm General Montcalm, Marquis de Saint-Véran during the victorious battle of Carillon in 1758. The fleur-de-lis as a symbol of the now deposed House of Bourbon is regarded as "counter revolutionary" in France, but is prominent in the
coat of arms of Quebec.
The floral emblem of Quebec is the ''
Iris versicolor''. It was formerly the
Madonna lily, to recall the fleur-de-lis, but has been changed to the iris, which is native to Quebec.
The avian emblem of Quebec is the
Snowy Owl snowy owl.
The patron saints of French Canada are
Saint Anne and
John the Baptist. ''La Saint-Jean'',
June 24, is Quebec's national day and has been officially called the
Fête nationale du Québec since 1977. The song "
Gens du pays" by
Gilles Vigneault is often regarded as Quebec's unofficial anthem.
See also
*
New France
*
A few acres of snow
*
Alliance Quebec
*
Anglo-Quebecer
*
Autoroute (Quebec) Quebec's Autoroute system
*
Canada
*
Charter of the French Language
*
Civil Code of Quebec
*
État québécois
*
Education in Quebec
*
Jews in Canada
*
Irish Quebecer
*
List of Canadian provincial and territorial symbols
*
List of cathedrals in Canada#Quebec List of Quebec cathedrals
*
List of cities in Canada
*
List of communities in Quebec
*
List of county seats in Quebec
*
List of Lieutenant Governors of Quebec
*
List of Premiers of Quebec
*
List of Quebec authors
*
List of Quebec counties (historic)
*
List of Quebec county regional municipalities (current)
*
List of Quebec premiers
*
List of Quebec regions
*
List of Quebec universities
*
List of Quebecers
*
Lists of Quebec-related topics List of Quebec-related topics
*
Musicians of Quebec
*
National Assembly of Quebec
*
National Order of Quebec
*
Office québécois de la langue française
*
Politics of Canada
*
Quebec French
*
Quebec general elections
*
Scots-Quebecer
*
Timeline of Quebec history
External links
* {{en icon}} [http://www.gouv.qc.ca/wps/portal/pgs/commun?lang=en Government of Quebec]
* {{en icon}} [http://www.premier.gouv.qc.ca/secteur/bienvenue_quebec/symboles_emblemes_en.htm Symbols and emblems of Quebec]
* {{en icon}} [http://www.bonjourquebec.com/ Bonjour Québec], Quebec government official tourist site
* {{en icon}} [http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/bill101/ Laws to protect the endangered French languages]
* {{fr icon}} [http://www.agora.qc.ca/ Agora], online encyclopaedia from Quebec
* {{en icon}} {{wikitravel}}
'''History:'''
* {{en icon}} [http://www2.marianopolis.edu/quebechistory/ Quebec History], online encyclopaedia made by Marianapolis College
* {{en icon}} [http://www.republiquelibre.org/cousture/1759B.HTM History of the 1759 British invasion of Quebec]
* {{en icon}} [http://www.mccord-museum.qc.ca/en/collections/theme/2 The 1837-1838 Rebellion in Lower Canada], Images from the McCord Museum's collections
* {{fr icon}} [http://www4.bnquebec.ca/cargeo/accueil.htm Bibliothèque nationales du Québec Map Collection], 5,000 digitized maps
{{Quebec}}
{{Canada}}
Category:Quebec *
{{Link FA|fr}}
af:Québec (provinsie)
zh-min-nan:Québec
bg:Квебек
ca:Quebec
cs:Québec (provincie)
da:Quebec
de:Québec (Provinz)
et:Québeci provints
el:ΚεμπÎκ (επαÏ?χία)
es:Quebec
eo:Kebekio
fa:کبک (استان)
fr:Québec
ga:Québec
gd:Quebec
gl:Quebec - Québec
ko:퀘벡 주
io:Quebec
id:Quebec
iu:ᑯ��ᒃ
is:Quebec
it:Québec (provincia)
he:קוויבק
ka:კვებეკი
kw:Kebek
la:Quebec
nl:Québec (provincie)
ja:ケベック州
no:Québec
pl:Quebec (prowincja Kanady)
pt:Quebec
ro:Provincia Québec
ru:Квебек
scn:Québec
simple:Quebec
sk:Quebec
sl:Quebec
sr:Квебек
fi:Québec
sv:Quebec
vi:Québec
tr:Quebec
uk:Квебек
zh:é?北克
{| class="toccolours" style="clear: both; width:90%; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; border-spacing: 5px;"
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Image:Flag of Quebec.svg 62px|Flag of Quebec
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Quebec
|- style="vertical-align:top; font-size:90%;"
! style="font-weight:normal;text-align:right; font-style:italic;" |
List of Quebec regions Regions
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Abitibi-Témiscamingue -
Bas-Saint-Laurent -
Capitale-Nationale -
Centre-du-Québec -
Chaudière-Appalaches -
Côte-Nord -
Estrie -
Gaspésie-ÃŽles-de-la-Madeleine Gaspésie–ÃŽles-de-la-Madeleine -
Lanaudière -
Laurentides (region) Laurentides -
Laval (region) Laval -
Mauricie -
Montérégie -
Montréal (region) Montréal -
Nord-du-Québec -
Outaouais -
Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean
|- style="vertical-align:top;font-size:90%; font-style:italic;"
! style="font-weight:normal;text-align:right;" |
|
List of Quebec Regional County Municipalities
|- style="vertical-align:top;font-size:90%;"
! style="font-weight:normal;text-align:right; font-style:italic;" | Territories
|
Basse-Côte-Nord Territory, Quebec Basse-Côte-Nord -
Jamésie Territory, Quebec Jamésie -
Kativik Regional Government Kativik
|- style="vertical-align:top;font-size:90%;"
! style="font-weight:normal;text-align:right; font-style:italic;" | Separated cities
|
Gatineau, Quebec Gatineau -
Lévis, Quebec Lévis -
Notre-Dame-des-Anges, Quebec Notre-Dame-des-Anges -
Rouyn-Noranda, Quebec Rouyn-Noranda -
Saguenay, Quebec Saguenay -
Saint-Augustin, Quebec Saint-Augustin -
Shawinigan, Quebec Shawinigan -
Sherbrooke, Quebec Sherbrooke -
Trois-Rivières, Quebec Trois-Rivières -
|- style="vertical-align:top;font-size:90%;"
! style="font-weight:normal;text-align:right; font-style:italic;" | Agglomeration areas
|
La Tuque, Quebec La Tuque -
Les ÃŽles-de-la-Madeleine, Quebec Les ÃŽles-de-la-Madeleine -
Longueuil, Quebec Longueuil -
Montreal -
Quebec City, Quebec Quebec City
|}
{{commonscat|Québec}}
This is a collection of articles regarding
Quebec and its
Québécois people.
Category:Francophonie
Category:French Canada
Category:Provinces and territories of Canada
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nl:Categorie:Québec
pt:Categoria:Quebec
ru:КатегориÑ?:Квебек
sv:Kategori:Quebec
{{/box-header|Quebec portal| :Wikiportal/Quebec/Intro|}}
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{{/box-header|Did you know| :Wikiportal/Quebec/Did you know|}}
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