Dictionary of Meaning
<<Back
Please select a letter:
A |
B |
C |
D |
E |
F |
G |
H |
I |
J |
K |
L |
M |
N |
O |
P |
Q |
R |
S |
T |
U |
V |
W |
X |
Y |
Z |
0-9
Click here for Shopping
R
*** Shopping-Tip: R
: ''This article is about the letter. For the programming language, see
R programming language.''
{{AZ|uc=R|lc=r}}'''R''' is the eighteenth letter of the
Latin alphabet. Its name in
English language English is ''ar'' [É‘Ë?ɹ].
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse;text-align:center;"
|- bgcolor="#EEEEEE"
! Egyptian hieroglyph ''tp''
! Proto-Semitic R
! Phoenician R
! Etruscan R
! Greek R
! Later Etruscan R
|-----
|
D1
|
Image:Proto-semiticR-01.png
|
Image:PhoenicianR-01.png
|
Image:EtruscanR-01.png
|
Image:GreekR-01.png
|
Image:EtruscanR-02.png
|}
The original Semitic letter was probably inspired by an
Egyptian hieroglyph for "head", pronounced ''t-p'' in Egyptian, but it was used for R by Semites because in their language, the word for "head" was
Rêš (also the name of the letter). It developed into Greek
Rho (letter) Ρ {{polytonic|ῥῶ}} (Rhô) and Latin R. It is likely that some Etruscan forms of the letter added the extra stroke to distinguish it from a later form of the letter P, although the similarity of the proto-Semitic glyph to the modern form with the added stroke is striking.
See
rhotic consonant,
r-colored vowel, and
guttural R for discussion of the family of 'r' sounds.
In the
International Phonetic Alphabet, 'r' represents the
alveolar trill sound.
Minuscule
The minuscule (lower-case) form of r developed through several variations on the capital form. In handwriting it was common not to close the bottom of the loop but continue into the leg, saving an extra pen stroke. The loop-leg stroke shortened into the simple arc used today.
Another minuscule, the
r rotunda, kept the loop-leg stroke but dropped the vertical stroke. It fell out of use around the
18th century.
Codes for computing
{{Letter
|NATO=Romeo
|Morse=·–·
|B1=â—?
|B2=â—?
|B3=â—?
|B4=â—‹
|B5=â—?
|B6=â—‹
}}
In
Unicode the
majuscule capital R is codepoint U+0052 and the
minuscule lowercase r is U+0072.
The
ASCII code for capital R is 82 and for lowercase r is 114; or in
Binary numeral system binary 01010010 and 01110010, correspondingly.
The
EBCDIC code for capital R is 217 and for lowercase r is 153.
The
numeric character references in
HTML and
XML are "
R" and "
r" for upper and lower case respectively.
Meanings for R
* In
architecture,
R-value is a non-SI measure of
thermal resistance used in housing insulation.
* In
astronomy,
** R stands for
planetary ring, as in
R/2003 U 1 (the first ring sighted around Uranus in 2003).
** R stands for a September 1 through 15 discovery, in the provisional designation of a comet (e.g.
C/1882 R1, the Great September Comet of 1882) or asteroid (e.g.
(4211) 1987 RT).
* In
biochemistry, R is the symbol for
arginine
* In
calendars, R is often used as an abbreviation for
Thursday instead of T, to avoid confusion with
Tuesday
* In
chemistry,
** ''R'' denotes the
gas constant
** In
organic chemistry, R (from
German language German ''Rest'') is the symbol for an unspecified
hydrocarbon chain
**In
stereochemistry, R (rectus) signifies clockwise arrangement of substituents around a carbon atom using the
Cahn Ingold Prelog priority rules
* In
chess, R is a notation symbol for the
Rook (chess) rook piece
* In the
RGB colour model, R stands for the colour
red
* In
commerce, R with an enclosing circle, ®, denotes a
registered trademark
* In
complexity theory, R is a commonly-used name for two
complexity classes:
** The class of
recursive languages
** The class of languages solvable in probabilistic polynomial-time with one-sided error, also called '''
RP (complexity) RP'''
* In
computing,
** R is the name of a statistical programming language based on
S programming language S; see
R programming language
** r is sometimes used as the symbol for the
rune 16-bit unit
* In
driving a
motor vehicle, R designates the reverse gear of a
Transmission (mechanics) transmission
* In
electrical engineering, ''R ''is often the
variable for electrical
electrical resistance resistance
* In
film, R is a rating given for
films given by film classification boards (such as the
Motion Picture Association of America in the
United States US), meaning "restricted"; see
R (rating)
**
Q (James Bond) R is a character in the
James Bond film ''
The World Is Not Enough''
* In
finance, R is the U.S.
ticker symbol for
Ryder Systems Inc.
* In foreign exchange, R is the symbol for the currency of
South Africa, the
Rand (currency) rand.
* In
geometry, ''r'' is often a
variable for the
radius of a
circle
* In
law, the abbreviation '''R.''' or '''R''' stands for either ''Rex'' (King) or ''Regina'' (Queen) depending on who is sitting on the throne at the time. The title is mostly used by
Commonwealth of Nations Commonwealth countries in
Case citation citing a criminal case to represent the prosecuting party (i.e.
The Crown). In the United States, the term "United States" is usually used, or informally "the people" is sometimes used.
* In
mathematics,
** the symbol ℛ (script capital R,
Unicode $211B) represents the
Riemann integral
** the symbol ℜ (black-letter capital R, Unicode $211C) represents the
real part of a
complex number
**
blackboard bold or ℝ (double-struck capital R, Unicode $211D) represents the set of all
real numbers
** ''r'' is occasionally used as a variable to stand for a prime number that is somehow larger that two other prime numbers ''p'' and ''q''. For example, an arbitrary
sphenic number ''n'' can be expressed as
where
.
* In
music,
**''
R (album) R'', also known as
Rated R (album) is a
Queens of the Stone Age album.
**''
R. (R. Kelly album) R.'', is an a 1998 album by
R. Kelly
**''The R'' is the nickname of the rapper
Rakim.
* In
navigation, R denotes the relative
direction "right"; see
left and right
* In
physics,
** R is a
gas constant
** R is the symbol for the
roentgen, a unit of dosage of
ionising radiation
** °R or °Ra is the symbol for the
Rankine scale Rankine degree
** °R or °Ré is the symbol for the
Réaumur scale Réaumur degree
** °R or °Rø is the symbol for the
Rømer scale Rømer degree
** R is the symbol of the
rayleigh (unit) rayleigh, a unit of luminous flux used to measure air glow
** r stands for ''revolution'' in units of measure of
angular velocity such as the ''revolution per second (rps)''
* As the first letter of a
postal code,
** In
Canada, R stands for
Manitoba.
* In
radiocommunication, R is one of the
ITU prefixes allocated to
Russia
* In the
romanization of the
Japanese language, the letter R was selected instead of the letter L for the syllables in the tenth tier of the
kana, for both the
Hepburn system and the
Kunrei, amongst others.
* In
statistics,
**R is the name of a statistical programming language based on
S programming language S; see
R programming language
**''r'' is the
Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient
*In
chemical engineering, ''r'' denotes the molar
formation rate per volume (mol s
-1 m
-3)
* the 3 Rs (Reading, wRiting and aRithmetic)
Pronunciation of R
| Alveolar trill /r/ | Media:alveolar_trill.ogg Listen | Arabic language Arabic, Armenian language Armenian, Polish language Polish, Portuguese language Portuguese, Finnish language Finnish, Italian language Italian, Spanish language Spanish 'rr', British English (in emphatic speech), Scots language Scots |
| Alveolar approximant /ɹ/ | Media:alveolar_approximant.ogg Listen | English language English (most varieties) |
| Alveolar flap / Alveolar tap /ɾ/ | Media:alveolar_flap.ogg Listen | Greek language Greek, Portuguese language Portuguese, Spanish language Spanish 'r', Hindi language Hindi 'र' |
| Alveolar lateral flap /ɺ/ | Media:Con-80b.wav Listen | Japanese language Japanese |
| Retroflex flap /ɽ/ | Media:Retroflex flap.ogg Listen | Norwegian language Norwegian, Hindi language Hindi 'ड़', sometimes Scottish English |
| Voiced uvular fricative /Ê?/ | Media:voiced_uvular_fricative.ogg Listen | Danish language Danish, Dutch language Dutch, French language French, German language German, Hebrew language Hebrew |
| Voiced velar fricative /É£/ | Media:voiced_velar_fricative.ogg Listen | Armenian language Armenian |
See also
*
Raidô
*
Ya (Cyrillic) Я (Cyrillic ''Ya'')
{{AZsubnav}}
Category:Latin letters
bs:R
ca:R
cs:R
sn:R
da:R
de:R
el:R
es:R
eo:R
fr:R
gl:R
ko:R
hr:R
it:R
he:R
kw:R
la:R
nl:R
ja:R
no:R
nn:R
pl:R
pt:R
ro:R
ru:R (буква)
simple:R
sl:R
fi:R
sv:R
vi:R
yo:R
zh:R
*** Shopping-Tip: R
