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Religious cosmology
*** Shopping-Tip: Religious cosmology
:''See:
Cosmology (disambiguation)''.
'''Religious cosmologies''' are ways of explaining the history and evolution of the
universe based, at least in part, on the acceptance of principles that cannot be justified by accepted scientific arguments (those are otherwise generally considered via
physical cosmology). Most frequently, such theories begin by positing the existence of a
god (or gods) who created and/or maintain(s) the
universe. Some religious cosmologies have their basis in the teachings of particular
religions or
religious texts, whereas others are more general reactions to perceived difficulties in explaining the entire universe without the actions of a planning / coordinating intelligence.
Judeo-Christian Cosmology
The main Judeo-Christian religous text, the
Bible, details the story of creation. The first chapter, known as
Genesis, describes the creation of light and darkness, the establishment of Heaven and Earth, and the creation of all creatures, including the first man and woman, by God. The Bible indicates that each act of creation occurred on 6 successive days, and that on the 7th day God rested.
This is extensively covered in the article
Creation according to Genesis.
=See also
=
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Biblical cosmology
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Intelligent design
*
Creationist cosmologies
Islamic cosmology
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=See also
=
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Hindu Cosmology
Image:HinduMeasurements.svg thumb|right|[[Hindu units of measurement|Hindu units of time on a
logarithmic scale. Units are
seconds.]]
The
Rig Veda questions the origin of the cosmos in:
''Neither being (sat) nor non-being was as yet. What was concealed? And where? And in whose protection?…Who really knows? Who can declare it? Whence was it born, and whence came this creation? The
Deva (Hinduism) devas were born later than this world's creation, so who knows from where it came into existence? None can know from where creation has arisen, and whether he has or has not produced it. He who surveys it in the highest heavens, he alone knows-or perhaps does not know.'' (''Rig Veda'' 10. 129)
But the Rig Veda's view of the cosmos also sees one true divine principle self-projecting as the divine word, Vaak, 'birthing' the cosmos that we know, from the
monistic ''
Hiranyagarbha'' or Golden Womb. The Hiranyagarbha is alternatively viewed as
Brahma, the creator who was in turn created by
God, or as God (Brahman) himself.
The later
purana puranic view asserts that the universe is created, destroyed, and re-created in an eternally repetitive series of cycles. In Hindu cosmology, a universe endures for about 4,320,000,000 years (one day of
Brahma, the creator or
kalpa) and is then destroyed by fire or water elements. At this point, Brahma rests for one night, just as long as the day. This process, named
pralaya (''Cataclysm''), repeats for 100 Brahma years (311 trillion human years) that represents Brahma's lifespan. It must be noted that Brahma is the creator but not necessarily regarded as God in Hinduism. He is mostly regarded as a creation of God /
Brahman.
We are currently believed to be in the 51st year of the present Brahma and so about 155 trillion years have elapsed since He was born as Brahma. After Brahma's "death", it is necessary that another 100 Brahma years pass until he is reborn and the whole creation begins anew. This process is repeated again and again, forever.
Brahma's life is divided in one thousand cycles (Maha
Yuga, or the Great Year). Maha Yuga, during which life, including the human race appears and then disappears, has 71 divisions, each made of 14 Manvantara (1000) years. Each Maha Yuga lasts for 4,320,000 years. Manvantara is
Manu (Hinduism) Manu's cycle, the one who gives birth and governs the human race.
Each Maha Yuga consists of a series of four shorter yugas, or ages. The yugas get progressively worse from a moral point of view as one proceeds from one yuga to another. As a result each yuga is of shorter duration than the age that preceded it. The current Kali Yuga (Iron Age) began at midnight 17 February / 18 February in 3102 BC in the proleptic Julian calendar.
Views on Hindu cosmology
{{cleanup-date|November 2005}}
Professor '''Arthur Holmes''' (1895-1965) geologist, professor at the University of Durham. He writes regarding the age of the earth in his great book, The Age of Earth (1913) as follows:
"Long before it became a scientific aspiration to estimate the age of the earth, many elaborate systems of the world chronology had been devised by the sages of antiquity. The most remarkable of these occult time-scales is that of the ancient Hindus, whose astonishing concept of the Earth's duration has been traced back to Manusmriti, a sacred book."
When the Hindu calculation of the present age of the earth and the expanding universe could make Professor Holmes so astonished, the precision with which the Hindu calculation regarding the age of the entire Universe was made would make any man spellbound.
'''Alan Watts''', a professor, graduate school dean and research fellow of Harvard University, drew heavily on the insights of Vedanta. Watts became well known in the 1960s as a pioneer in bringing Eastern philosophy to the West. He wrote:
"To the philosophers of India, however, Relativity is no new discovery, just as the concept of light years is no matter for astonishment to people used to thinking of time in millions of kalpas, ( A kalpa is about 4,320,000 years). The fact that the wise men of India have not been concerned with technological applications of this knowledge arises from the circumstance that technology is but one of innumerable ways of applying it."
It is, indeed, a remarkable circumstance that when Western civilization discovers Relativity it applies it to the manufacture of atom-bombs, whereas Oriental civilization applies it to the development of new states of consciousness."
'''Count Maurice Maeterlinck''' (1862-1949) was a Belgian writer of poetry, a wide variety of essays. He won the 1911 Nobel Prize for literature. In his book Mountain Paths, says:
"he falls back upon the earliest and greatest of Revelations, those of the Sacred Books of India with a Cosmogony which no European conception has ever surpassed."
'''Huston Smith''' ( ? ) born in China to Methodist missionaries, a philosopher, most eloquent writer, world-famous religion scholar who practices Hatha Yoga. He has said in Hinduism:
“The invisible excludes nothing, the invisible that excludes nothing is the infinite – the soul of India is the infinite.�
“Philosophers tell us that the Indians were the first ones to conceive of a true infinite from which nothing is excluded. The West shied away from this notion. The West likes form, boundaries that distinguish and demarcate. The trouble is that boundaries also imprison – they restrict and confine.�
“India saw this clearly and turned her face to that which has no boundary or whatever.� “India anchored her soul in the infinite seeing the things of the world as masks of the infinite assumes – there can be no end to these masks, of course. If they express a true infinity.� And It is here that India’s mind boggling variety links up to her infinite soul.�
“India includes so much because her soul being infinite excludes nothing.� It goes without saying that the universe that India saw emerging from the infinite was stupendous.�
While the West was still thinking, perhaps, of 6,000 years old universe – India was already envisioning ages and eons and galaxies as numerous as the sands of the Ganges. The Universe so vast that modern astronomy slips into its folds without a ripple.�
'''Dick Teresi''' ,author and coauthor of several books about science and technology, including "The God partical"
"Indian cosmologists, the first to estimate the age of the earth at more than 4 billion years. They came closest to modern ideas of atomism, quantum physics, and other current theories. India developed very early, enduring atomist theories of matter. Possibly Greek atomistic thought was influenced by India, via the Persian civilization."
According to '''Guy Sorman''', visiting scholar at Hoover Institution at Stanford and the leader of new liberalism in France:
"Temporal notions in Europe were overturned by an India rooted in eternity. The Bible had been the yardstick for measuring time, but the infinitely vast time cycles of India suggested that the world was much older than anything the Bible spoke of. It seem as if the Indian mind was better prepared for the chronological mutations of Darwinian evolution and astrophysics."
'''Carl Sagan''' was a distinguished Cornell University
astronomer and Pulitzer Prize-winning author.
"The main reason that we oriented this episode of Cosmos towards India is because of that wonderful aspect of Hindu cosmology which first of all gives a time-scale for the Earth and the universe -- a time-scale which is consonant with that of modern scientific cosmology. We know that the Earth is about 4.6 billion years old, and the cosmos, or at least its present incarnation, is something like 10 or 20 billion years old. The Hindu tradition has a day and night of Brahma in this range, somewhere in the region of 8.4 billion years."
'''Roger Bertschausen'''
"We in the West have long had trouble with time. Early Judaism, Christianity and Islam had no inkling of the long age of the universe. Cosmologies from these religions were based on the notion that the universe started at a finite point in the recent past. St. Augustine set the beginning of the universe at 5000 bce. For centuries, this figure was embraced by most Westerners. Additionally, the early Christians also believed that the end of time as we know it was close at hand.
This view of time contrasts sharply with other religious perspectives on the age of the universe. In the Hindu tradition, for example, one day in the life of Brahma lasts 4,300,000,000 years. And Brahma lives for the equivalent of 311,040,000,000,000 human years."
See also
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Hindu cosmology
External links
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Intellectuals, Scientists and Philosphers on Hindu Cosmology
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Cosmology in Vedanta
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'Hindu cosmology's time-scale for the universe is in consonance with modern science'
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http://www.csuohio.edu/hindu/hindusimmeaning.htm
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http://www.hinduism-today.com/archives/1999/8/1999-8-07.shtml
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Hindu planetarium
Buddhist Cosmology
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See also
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Jain Cosmology
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According to Jain beliefs, the universe was never created, nor will it ever cease to exist. It is eternal but not unchangeable, because it passes through an endless series of cycles. Each of these upward or downward cycles is divided into six world ages (
yugas). The present world age is the fifth age of one of these "cycles", which is in a downward movement. Each age is known as an "Aaro". There are no specific names assigned to each age. Instead they are refered to numerically as in "''Pehelo Aaro''" or First Age, "''Beejo Aaro''" or Second Age, "''Treejo Aaro''" or Third Age, "''Chotho Aaro''" or Fourth Age, "''Paanchmo Aaro''" or Fifth Age and "''Chhatho Aaro''" or Sixth Age. All these ages have fixed time durations of thousands of years.
When this reaches its lowest level, even Jainism itself will be lost in its entirety. Then, in the course of the next upswing, the Jain religion will be rediscovered and reintroduced by new leaders called ''Tirthankaras'' (literally "Crossing Makers" or "Ford Finders"), only to be lost again at the end of the next downswing, and so on.
In Jain thought, the shape of the inhabited universe has been described as that of the figure 8 or a man standing akimbo. The dimension from the top to bottom has been described as 14
Rajjus. At the top and at the middle point it is 1 Rajju wide but the width of the bulges varies from 5 to 8 Rajjus. Thus the distance between the two ends of the middle world is approximately 5.2 billion
light_years.
See also
*
Jain cosmology
Zoroastrian Cosmology
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See also
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Category:Cosmology
Category:Religious philosophy and doctrine Cosmology
Category:Religious cosmologies
lt:Kosmologija (mitologija)
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