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Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury
*** Shopping-Tip: Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury
{{Infobox PM
| name=The Marquess of Salisbury
| image=3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury.jpg
| country=the United Kingdom
| term=July, 1885 – February, 1886
August, 1886 – August, 1892
June, 1895 – July, 1902
| before=
William Ewart GladstoneArchibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery The Earl of Rosebery
| after=
William Ewart GladstoneArthur Balfour
| date_birth=
3 February 1830
| place_birth=
Hatfield, Hertfordshire Hatfield,
Hertfordshire
| date_death=
22 August 1903
| place_death=
Hatfield, Hertfordshire Hatfield,
Hertfordshire
| party=
Conservative Party (UK) Conservative
}}
'''Robert Arthur Talbot Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury''',
Order of the Garter KG,
Royal Victorian Order GCVO,
Privy Council of the United Kingdom PC (
3 February 1830–
22 August 1903), known as '''Lord Robert Cecil''' before 1865 and as '''Viscount Cranborne''' from 1865 until 1868, was a
United Kingdom British statesman and
Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Prime Minister.
Life
Lord Robert Cecil was the second son of the
James Gascoyne-Cecil, 2nd Marquess of Salisbury 2nd Marquess of Salisbury. After an unhappy childhood, in which he studied at
Eton College and
Christ Church, Oxford, he went into politics, entering the
British House of Commons House of Commons as a
Conservative Party (UK) Conservative in 1853.
In 1857, Cecil married
Georgina Alderson, a woman of low social standing, in spite of his father's objections. The marriage proved a happy one, producing five sons and two daughters. In 1866 Cecil, now called Viscount Cranborne (due to the death of his older brother), entered the third government of
Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby Lord Derby as
Secretary of State for India, but resigned the next year over the
Reform Act of 1867 Reform Bill, which he opposed.
In 1868, on the death of his father, he inherited the
Marquess of Salisbury Marquessate of Salisbury, thereby becoming a member of the
House of Lords. In 1900 Salisbury was worth
Pound sterling £6.56 million, about £374 million in 2005.
He returned to government in 1874, serving once again as India Secretary in the government of
Benjamin Disraeli. Gradually, Salisbury developed a good relationship with Disraeli, whom he had previously disliked and distrusted, at least partially due to the latter's Jewish origins. In 1878, Salisbury succeeded
Edward Henry Stanley, 15th Earl of Derby Lord Derby (son of the former Prime Minister) as Foreign Secretary, in time to help lead Britain to "peace with honour" at the
Congress of Berlin. For this he was rewarded with the
Order of the Garter.
Following Disraeli's death in 1881, the Conservatives entered a period of turmoil. Salisbury became the leader of the Conservative members of the House of Lords though the overall leadership of the party was not formally allocated and so he struggled with the Commons leader
Sir Stafford Northcote, a struggle in which Salisbury eventually emerged as the leading figure to become
Prime Minister of a minority administration from 1885 to 1886. Although he was unable to accomplish much in this administration, due to his tenuous command over the Commons, the split of the
Liberal Party (UK) Liberals over
Irish Home Rule in 1886 enabled him to return to power with a parliamentary majority, and, with a short break (1892–1895) to serve as Prime Minister throughout the period from 1886 to 1902.
Salisbury's expertise was in foreign affairs, and uncharacteristically, for most of his time as Prime Minister he served not as
First Lord of the Treasury, the traditional position held by the Prime Minister, but as
Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs Foreign Secretary. In that capacity, he skilfully managed Britain's foreign affairs, famously pursuing a policy of "
Splendid Isolation", while at home he staunchly opposed Irish Home Rule. Among the important events of his premierships was the
Scramble for Africa Partition of Africa, culminating in the
Fashoda Crisis and the
Second Boer War.
On
July 11,
1902, Salisbury resigned from office due to ill health and heart-broken over his wife's death. He was succeeded by his nephew,
Arthur James Balfour. Salisbury was the last peer to serve as Prime Minister, with the brief exception of the
Alec Douglas-Home 14th Earl of Home who renounced his peerage within a few days of being appointed.
When Salisbury died his estate was probated at 310,336 pounds sterling.
Family
Salisbury was the third son of
James Gascoyne-Cecil, 2nd Marquess of Salisbury, a minor
Conservative Party (UK) Tory politician. He went against his father's wishes and married Georgina Alderson, the daughter of
Edward Alderson Sir Edward Alderson, a moderately notable jurist. Robert and Georgina had eight children, all but one of whom survived infancy.
*
Lady Beatrix Cecil (†
27 April 1950)
*
Lady Gwendolen Cecil (†
28 September 1945)
*
Lady Fanny Cecil (†
24 April 1867)
*
James Gascoyne-Cecil, 4th Marquess of Salisbury (
23 October 1861–
4 April 1947)
*
Rupert Ernest William Gascoyne-Cecil (
9 March 1863–
23 June 1936)
*
Robert Cecil, 1st Viscount Cecil of Chelwood Edgar Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 1st Viscount Cecil of Chelwood (
14 September 1864–
24 November 1958)
*
Lord Edward Gascoyne-Cecil (
12 July 1867–
13 December 1918)
*
Hugh Gascoyne-Cecil, 1st Baron Quickswood (
14 October 1869–
10 December 1956)
The blatant favour Lord Salisbury showed towards his family in appointing them while he was in office, is immortalised in the phrase "Bob's your uncle".
Lord Salisbury's First Government, July 1885–February 1886
Image:Robert-Gascoyne-Cecil-arms.PNG thumb|right|150px|Arms of Robert Gascoyne-Cecil
*Lord Salisbury –
Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs and
Leader of the House of Lords
*
Stafford Henry Northcote, 1st Earl of Iddesleigh Lord Iddesleigh –
First Lord of the Treasury
*
Hardinge Giffard, 1st Earl of Halsbury Lord Halsbury –
Lord Chancellor
*
Gathorne Hardy, 1st Earl of Cranbrook Lord Cranbrook –
Lord President of the Council
*
Dudley Ryder, 3rd Earl of Harrowby Lord Harrowby –
Lord Privy Seal
*
Richard Assheton Cross, 1st Viscount Cross Sir Richard Assheton Cross –
Secretary of State for the Home Department
*
Frederick Stanley, 16th Earl of Derby Sir Frederick Arthur Stanley –
Secretary of State for the Colonies
*
William Henry Smith –
Secretary of State for War
*
Lord Randolph Churchill –
Secretary of State for India
*
Lord George Hamilton –
First Lord of the Admiralty
*Sir
Michael Edward Hicks Beach, 1st Earl St Aldwyn Michael Hicks Beach –
Chancellor of the Exchequer and
Leader of the House of Commons
*The
Charles Henry Gordon-Lennox, 6th Duke of Richmond Duke of Richmond –
President of the Board of Trade
*
John James Robert Manners, 7th Duke of Rutland Lord John Manners –
United Kingdom Postmaster General Postmaster-General
*
Henry Howard Molyneux Herbert, 4th Earl of Carnarvon Lord Carnarvon –
Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland
*
Edward Gibson, 1st Baron Ashbourne Lord Ashbourne –
Lord Chancellor of Ireland
*
Edward Stanhope –
Vice President of the Council
Changes
*August 1885 – The
Charles Gordon-Lennox, 6th Duke of Richmond Duke of Richmond becomes
Secretary for Scotland.
Edward Stanhope succeeds him at the Board of Trade. Stanhope's successor as Vice President of the Council is not in the Cabinet.
*January, 1886 – The Lord-Lieutenantship of Ireland is put into commission.
William Henry Smith becomes
Chief Secretary for Ireland.
Gathorne Hardy, 1st Earl of Cranbrook Lord Cranbrook succeeds him as Secretary for War, while remaining Lord President.
Lord Salisbury's Second Government, August 1886–August 1892
*Lord Salisbury –
First Lord of the Treasury and
Leader of the House of Lords
*
Hardinge Giffard, 1st Earl of Halsbury Lord Halsbury –
Lord Chancellor
*
Gathorne Gathorne-Hardy, 1st Earl of Cranbrook Lord Cranbrook –
Lord President of the Council
*
George Henry Cadogan, 5th Earl Cadogan Lord Cadogan –
Lord Privy Seal
*
Henry Matthews, 1st Viscount Llandaff Henry Matthews –
Secretary of State for the Home Department
*
Stafford Henry Northcote, 1st Earl of Iddesleigh Lord Iddesleigh –
Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs
*
Edward Stanhope –
Secretary of State for the Colonies
*
William Henry Smith –
Secretary of State for War
*
Richard Assheton Cross, 1st Viscount Cross Lord Cross –
Secretary of State for India
*
Lord George Hamilton –
First Lord of the Admiralty
*
Lord Randolph Churchill –
Chancellor of the Exchequer and
Leader of the House of Commons
*
Frederick Stanley, 16th Earl of Derby Lord Stanley of Preston –
President of the Board of Trade
*
John James Robert Manners, 7th Duke of Rutland Lord John Manners –
Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster
*
Michael Edward Hicks Beach, 1st Earl St Aldwyn Sir Michael Hicks Beach –
Chief Secretary for Ireland
*
Arthur James Balfour –
Secretary for Scotland
Cabinet after the reorganization of January, 1887
*Lord Salisbury –
Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs and
Leader of the House of Lords
*
William Henry Smith –
First Lord of the Treasury and
Leader of the House of Commons
*
Hardinge Giffard, 1st Earl of Halsbury Lord Halsbury –
Lord Chancellor
*
Gathorne Gathorne-Hardy, 1st Earl of Cranbrook Lord Cranbrook –
Lord President of the Council
*
George Henry Cadogan, 5th Earl Cadogan Lord Cadogan –
Lord Privy Seal
*
Henry Matthews, 1st Viscount Llandaff Henry Matthews –
Secretary of State for the Home Department
*
Henry Thurston Holland, 1st Viscount Knutsford Sir Henry Holland –
Secretary of State for the Colonies
*
Edward Stanhope –
Secretary of State for War
*
Richard Assheton Cross, 1st Viscount Cross Lord Cross –
Secretary of State for India
*
Lord George Hamilton –
First Lord of the Admiralty
*
George Joachim Goschen, 1st Viscount Goschen George Goschen –
Chancellor of the Exchequer
*
Frederick Stanley, 16th Earl of Derby Lord Stanley of Preston –
President of the Board of Trade
*
John James Robert Manners, 7th Duke of Rutland Lord John Manners –
Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster
*
Arthur James Balfour –
Chief Secretary for Ireland
*
Charles Thomson Ritchie –
President of the Local Government Board
*
Michael Edward Hicks Beach, 1st Earl St Aldwyn Sir Michael Hicks Beach –
Minister without Portfolio
Further Changes
*February 1888 –
Michael Edward Hicks Beach, 1st Earl St Aldwyn Sir Michael Hicks Beach succeeds Lord Stanley of Preston as President of the Board of Trade
*1889 –
Henry Chaplin, 1st Viscount Chaplin Henry Chaplin enters the Cabinet as President of the Board of Agriculture.
*October, 1891 –
Arthur James Balfour succeeds William Henry Smith (deceased) as First Lord of the Treasury and Leader of the House of Commons.
William Lawies Jackson, 1st Baron Allerton William Lawies Jackson succeeds him as Irish Secretary.
Lord Salisbury's Third Government, June 1895–July 1902
*Lord Salisbury –
Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs and
Leader of the House of Lords
*
Arthur James Balfour –
First Lord of the Treasury and
Leader of the House of Commons
*
Hardinge Giffard, 1st Earl of Halsbury Lord Halsbury –
Lord Chancellor
*The
Spencer Compton Cavendish, 8th Duke of Devonshire Duke of Devonshire –
Lord President of the Council
*
Richard Assheton Cross, 1st Viscount Cross Lord Cross –
Lord Privy Seal
*
Matthew White Ridley, 1st Viscount Ridley Sir Matthew White Ridley –
Secretary of State for the Home Department
*
Joseph Chamberlain –
Secretary of State for the Colonies
*
Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne Lord Lansdowne –
Secretary of State for War
*
Lord George Hamilton –
Secretary of State for India
*
George Joachim Goschen, 1st Viscount Goschen George Joachim Goschen –
First Lord of the Admiralty
*
Michael Edward Hicks Beach, 1st Earl St Aldwyn Sir Michael Hicks Beach –
Chancellor of the Exchequer
*
Charles Thomson Ritchie –
President of the Board of Trade
*
Henry Chaplin, 1st Viscount Chaplin Henry Chaplin –
President of the Local Government Board
*
Henry James, 1st Baron James of Hereford Lord James of Hereford –
Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster
*
Aretas Akers-Douglas, 1st Viscount Chilston Aretas Akers-Douglas –
First Commissioner of Works
*
George Henry Cadogan, 5th Earl Cadogan Lord Cadogan –
Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland
*
Edward Gibson, 1st Baron Ashbourne Lord Ashbourne –
Lord Chancellor of Ireland
*
Alexander Bruce, 6th Lord Balfour of Burleigh Lord Balfour of Burleigh –
Secretary for Scotland
*
Walter Hume Long –
President of the Board of Agriculture
Changes
November, 1900 – Complete reorganization of the ministry:
*Lord Salisbury –
Lord Privy Seal and
Leader of the House of Lords
*
Arthur James Balfour –
First Lord of the Treasury and
Leader of the House of Commons
*
Hardinge Giffard, 1st Earl of Halsbury Lord Halsbury –
Lord Chancellor
*The
Spencer Compton Cavendish, 8th Duke of Devonshire Duke of Devonshire –
Lord President of the Council
*
Charles Thomson Ritchie –
Secretary of State for the Home Department
*
Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne Lord Lansdowne –
Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs
*
Joseph Chamberlain –
Secretary of State for the Colonies
*
William St John Fremantle Brodrick, 1st Earl of Midleton William St John Brodrick –
Secretary of State for War
*
Lord George Hamilton –
Secretary of State for India
*
William Waldegrave Palmer, 2nd Earl of Selborne Lord Selborne –
First Lord of the Admiralty
*
Michael Edward Hicks Beach, 1st Earl St Aldwyn Sir Michael Hicks Beach –
Chancellor of the Exchequer
*
Gerald William Balfour –
President of the Board of Trade
*
Walter Hume Long –
President of the Local Government Board
*
Henry James, 1st Baron James of Hereford Lord James of Hereford –
Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster
*
Aretas Akers-Douglas, 1st Viscount Chilston Aretas Akers-Douglas –
First Commissioner of Works
*
George Henry Cadogan, 5th Earl Cadogan Lord Cadogan –
Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland
*
Edward Gibson, 1st Baron Ashbourne Lord Ashbourne –
Lord Chancellor of Ireland
*
Alexander Bruce, 6th Lord Balfour of Burleigh Lord Balfour of Burleigh –
Secretary for Scotland
*
Robert William Hanbury –
President of the Board of Agriculture
{{start box}}
{{succession box | before=
George Robinson, 1st Marquess of Ripon The Earl of Ripon | title=
Secretary of State for India .html">Stafford Henry Northcote, 1st Earl of Iddesleigh
Sir Stafford Northcote, Bt}}
{{succession box | before=
George Douglas Campbell, 8th Duke of Argyll The Duke of Argyll | title=
Secretary of State for India .html">Gathorne Hardy, 1st Earl of Cranbrook
The Viscount Cranbrook}}
{{succession box | before=
Edward Henry Stanley, 15th Earl of Derby The Earl of Derby | title=
Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs Foreign Secretary | years=1878–1880 | after=
Granville George Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville The Earl Granville}}
{{succession box one to two | before=
Benjamin Disraeli, 1st Earl of Beaconsfield The Earl of Beaconsfield | title1=
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Spencer Cavendish, 8th Duke of Devonshire The Duke of Devonshire | title2=
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with '''
Stafford Henry Northcote, 1st Earl of Iddesleigh Sir Stafford Northcote, Bt''' to 1885 | after2=
Arthur James Balfour}}
{{succession box|before=
Benjamin Disraeli, 1st Earl of Beaconsfield The Earl of Beaconsfield|after=
William Ewart Gladstone.html">Leader of the Opposition (UK)
Leader of the Opposition}}
{{succession box | before=
William Ewart Gladstone .html">Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
years=1885–1886 | after=William Ewart Gladstone}}
{{succession box one to two | before=
Granville George Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville The Earl Granville | title1=
Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs Foreign Secretary | years1=1885–1886 | after1=
Archibald Philip Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery The Earl of Rosebery | title2=
Leader of the House of Lords .html">Granville George Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville
The Earl Granville}}
{{succession box|title=
Leader of the Opposition (UK) Leader of the Opposition|before=
William Ewart Gladstone|after=
William Ewart Gladstone|years=1886}}
{{succession box one to two | before=
William Ewart Gladstone .html">Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
years1=1886–1892 | after1=William Ewart Gladstone | title2=
First Lord of the Treasury .html">William Henry Smith (politician)
William Henry Smith}}
{{succession box | before=
Granville George Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville The Earl Granville | title=
Leader of the House of Lords .html">John Wodehouse, 1st Earl of Kimberley
The Earl of Kimberley}}
{{succession box | before=
Stafford Henry Northcote, 1st Earl of Iddesleigh The Earl of Iddesleigh | title=
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Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery The Earl of Rosebery}}
{{succession box|title=
Leader of the Opposition (UK) Leader of the Opposition|before=
William Ewart Gladstone.html">Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery
The Earl of Rosebery|years=1892–1895}}
{{succession box one to two | before=
Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery The Earl of Rosebery | title1=
Prime Minister of the United Kingdom .html">Arthur James Balfour
title2=Leader of the House of Lords | years2=1895–1902 | after2=
Spencer Cavendish, 8th Duke of Devonshire The Duke of Devonshire}}
{{succession box | before=
John Wodehouse, 1st Earl of Kimberley The Earl of Kimberley | title=
Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs Foreign Secretary | years=1895–1900 | after=
Henry Charles Keith Petty-Fitzmaurice, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne The Marquess of Lansdowne}}
{{succession box | before=
Frederick Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, 1st Marquess of Dufferin and Ava The Marquess of Dufferin and Ava | title=
Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports .html">George Nathaniel Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston
The Lord Curzon of Kedleston}}
{{succession box | before=
Richard Assheton Cross, 1st Viscount Cross The Viscount Cross | title=
Lord Privy Seal | years=1900–1902 | after=
Arthur Balfour}}
{{end box}}
{{start box}}
{{succession box | before=
James Gascoyne-Cecil, 2nd Marquess of Salisbury James Gascoyne-Cecil | title=
Marquess of Salisbury .html">James Gascoyne-Cecil, 4th Marquess of Salisbury
James Gascoyne-Cecil | years=1868–1903}}
{{end box}}
Further reading
Andrew Roberts Salisbury: Victorian Titan (1999)
{{UKPrimeMinisters}}
{{ConservativePartyLeader}}
Category:1830 births Salisbury, Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of
Category:1903 deaths Salisbury, Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of
Category:British MPs Salisbury, Robert Arthur Talbot Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of
Category:British Secretaries of State Salisbury, Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of
Category:Former students of Christ Church, Oxford Salisbury, Robert Arthur Talbot Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of
Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order Salisbury, Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of
Category:Knights of the Garter Salisbury, Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of
Category:Leaders of the British Conservative Party Salisbury, Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of
Category:Lords Privy Seal Salisbury, Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of
Category:Lords Warden of the Cinque Ports Salisbury, Robert Arthur Talbot Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of
Category:Marquesses in the Peerage of Great Britain Salisbury, Robert Arthur Talbot Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of
Category:Old Etonians Salisbury, Robert Arthur Talbot Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of
Category:Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom Salisbury, Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of
Category:Members of the Privy Council Salisbury, Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of
de:Robert Arthur Talbot Gascoyne-Cecil, 3. Marquess of Salisbury
it:Robert Gascoyne-Cecil
pl:Robert Arthur Talbot Gascoyne-Cecil
sv:Robert Arthur Talbot Gascoyne-Cecil
zh:罗伯特·盖斯科因-塞西尔 (索尔兹伯里侯爵)
*** Shopping-Tip: Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury
