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Romania
*** Shopping-Tip: Romania
{{otheruses}}
{{Infobox_Country
|native_name = ''România''
|conventional_long_name = Romania
|common_name = Romania
|image_flag = Flag of Romania.svg
|image_coat = Coa_romania.png
|image_map = LocationRomania.png
|national_motto = none
|national_anthem = ''
Deşteaptă-te, române!''
("Wake up, Romanian")
|official_languages =
Romanian language Romanian
|government_type =
Parliamentary democracy
|capital =
Bucharest
|latd=44|latm=25|latNS=N|longd=26|longm=06|longEW=E
|largest_city =
Bucharest
|leader_titles =
President of Romania President Prime Minister of Romania Prime Minister
|leader_names =
Traian Băsescu Călin Popescu-Tăriceanu
|area_rank = 78th
|area_magnitude = 1_E11
|area = 238,391
|areami²= 92,043
[3]
|percent_water = 3%
|population_estimate_year = July 2005
|population_estimate = 22,329,977
|population_estimate_rank = 49th
|population_census_year = 2002
|population_census = 21,698,181
|population_density = 91.3
|population_densitymi² = 236.5
|population_density_rank = 102nd
|GDP_PPP_year= 2006
|GDP_PPP = $186,4 billion
|GDP_PPP_rank = 43th
|GDP_PPP_per_capita = $10,625
|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 65th
|HDI_year = 2003
|HDI = 0.792
|HDI_rank = 64th
|HDI_category =
medium
|sovereignty_type =
Independence
|established_events = - Declared
- Recognised
|established_dates =
10 May,
1877 [1]13 July,
1878 [2]
|currency =
Romanian leu Leu
|currency_code = RON
|time_zone=
Eastern European Time EET
|utc_offset= +2
|time_zone_DST=
Eastern European Summer Time EEST |utc_offset_DST= +3
|cctld=
.ro
|calling_code = 40
|footnotes= 1.)
Romanian War of Independence2.)
Treaty of Berlin, 1878 Treaty of Berlin3.) {{tl|citation needed}} on Total area of 238,391 km²; 92,043 mi²
}}
'''Romania''' (
Romanian language Romanian: România {{IPA|/ro.mɨ'ni.a/}}) is a country in
Central Europe. It is bordered by
Ukraine and
Republic of Moldova Moldova in the northeast;
Hungary and
Serbia and Montenegro in the west and
Bulgaria to the south along the
Danube River. Romania has a stretch of sea coast on the
Black Sea and the eastern and southern
Carpathian mountains run through its centre. Romania has been an active member of
NATO since
2004, and is also an acceding country to the
European Union. The EU Accession Treaty was signed in early
2005, and Romania is due to join the Union on
January 1,
2007. Starting from
January 1,
2007, Romania is the 7th largest EU nation.
Name
''Main article:
Etymology of Romania''
The name of ''Romania'' (''România'') comes from ''Român'' (Romanian) which is a derivative of the word ''Romanus'' ("
Ancient Rome Roman") from
Latin.
The oldest surviving document written in the
Romanian language is a
1521 letter which notifies the mayor of
BraÅŸov about the imminent attack of the
Ottoman Turks. This document is also notable for having the first occurrence of "Rumanian",
Wallachia being here named The Rumanian Land - Ţeara Rumânească (Ţeara < Latin Terra = land). In the following centuries, Romanian documents use both forms: ''Român'' and ''Rumân''.
It was only in the
19th century, with the rise of
nationalism that the form ''Român'' was fixed as an official spelling in order to emphasise the linguistic connection to
ancient Rome.
Romanians take pride in being the easternmost
Romance languages Romance people, completely surrounded by non-Latin peoples ("a Latin island in a Slavic sea").
History
''Main article:
History of Romania''
In
513 BC, south of the
Danube, the tribal confederation of the
Dacia Getae were defeated by
Darius I of Persia Darius during his campaign against the
Scythians (Herodotus IV.93). Over half a millennium later, the
Dacia Getae (also named
Dacia Daci by Romans) were defeated by the
Roman Empire under Emperor
Trajan in two campaigns stretching from
101 to
106, and the core of their kingdom was turned into the
Roman province of
Dacia. The
Goths Gothic and
Carpians Carpic campaigns in the
Balkans during
238–
256 forced the Roman Empire to reorganize a new Roman province of
Dacia south of
Danube, inside former
Moesia Superior.
Image:Sibiu.jpg Sibiu.html" title="Meaning of thumb thumb|left|200 px|[[Sibiu (''Herrmannstadt'' in German) retains its historic mediaeval center.html" title="Meaning of left|200 px|[[Sibiu">thumb|left|200 px|[[Sibiu (''Herrmannstadt'' in German) retains its historic mediaeval center">left|200 px|[[Sibiu">thumb|left|200 px|[[Sibiu (''Herrmannstadt'' in German) retains its historic mediaeval center
In 271 or 275 the Roman army and administration left Dacia, which was invaded by the Goths, who lived with the local people until the fourth century, when another nomadic people arrived, the Huns. The
Gepids and the
Eurasian Avars Avars ruled
Transylvania until the
8th century, after which the
Bulgars included the southern part of Romania in their Empire until
1257. But from the destructions and the financial burdens, the local people were not influenced by the migrators in their culture and way of life. The
Pechenegs, the
Cumans and Uzes were also mentioned by historic chronicles on the territory of Romania (the Pechenegs in the south of Transilvania, the Cumans in the north-east of Wallachia) until the founding of the
Vlach Vlachian principalities of
Wallachia by
Basarab I, and
Moldavia by
DragoÅŸ during the
13th century 13th and
14th century 14th centuries respectively. In the
Middle Ages, Romanians lived in two distinct independent principalities:
Wallachia (Rom.:''Ţara Românească - Romanian Land''),
Moldavia (Rom.: ''Moldova''). Romanian people also lived in
Transylvania, which was, beginning with the eleventh century, under Hungarian rule.
In 1475,
Stephen the Great of Moldavia scored a decisive victory over the
Ottoman Empire at the
Battle of Vaslui. Wallachia and Moldavia would later come gradually under the
suzerainty of the
Ottoman Empire during the 15th and 16th centuries (1476 for Wallachia, 1514 for Moldavia), as vassal tributary states with complete internal autonomy and an external independence which was finally lost in the 18th century. 1812 the
Russian Empire annexed the eastern half side
Bessarabia of
Moldova (though partially regained it with the
Treaty of Paris in 1856), the
Austrian Empire annexed in 1775 its northern part
Bukovina and the
Ottoman Empire its south-eastern part
Budjak .
Image:Brasov7.750pix.jpg thumb|right|300px|Brasov
Image:ConstantaCity.750px.jpg thumb|right|300px|Constanta
Image:CJROCluj-Napoca 19.jpg 300px|thumb|right|Cluj-Napoca Panorama from Transylvania Hotel
Image:Oradeacenter.750pix.jpg thumb|right|300px|Oradea
Image:IasiII.750pix.jpg thumb|right|300px|Iasi
Transylvania came under control of the
Kingdom of Hungary by the end of
13th century (from
1301, Hungary became possessions of the Houses of
Anjou and
Habsburg). One of the greatest Hungarian kings,
Matthias Corvinus (known in Romanian as
Matei Corvin - with
romanian origin, ruled
1458–
1490)— was born in Transylvania, and is claimed by the Romanians because of his half-Romanian father,
John Hunyadi Iancu de Hunedoara (Hunyadi János in Hungarian), and by the Hungarians because of his Hungarian mother. Later, in
1541,
Transylvania became a multi-ethnic principality under the suzerainty of the
Ottoman Empire following the
Battle of Mohács. At the end of the
18th century, the
Austrian Habsburgs incorporated Transylvania into the
Austrian Empire. During the time of the
Dual Monarchy of
Austria-Hungary (1867–1918), Romanians in Transylvania experienced one of the worst oppression in the form of the
Magyarization policies of the Hungarian government.
Image:pelescastle.jpg PeleÅŸ Castle.html" title="Meaning of thumb thumb|left|200 px|[[PeleÅŸ Castle,
Sinaia, retreat of the Romanian monarchs.html" title="Meaning of left|200 px|[[PeleÅŸ Castle">thumb|left|200 px|[[PeleÅŸ Castle,
Sinaia, retreat of the Romanian monarchs">left|200 px|[[PeleÅŸ Castle">thumb|left|200 px|[[PeleÅŸ Castle,
Sinaia, retreat of the Romanian monarchs
The modern state of Romania was formed by the merging of the principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia in
1859 under the Moldavian
domnitor Alexandru Ioan Cuza. He was replaced by Prince Karl of
Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen in
1866. During the
Russo-Turkish War, 1877-78 Russo-Turkish War, Romania fought on the Russian side; in the
Treaty of Berlin, 1878 Treaty of Berlin in
1878 Romania was recognized as an independent state by the Great Powers. In return for ceding to Russia the three southern districts of
Bessarabia which had been regained by Moldavia after the
Crimean War in
1852, the
Kingdom of Romania acquired
Dobruja. In 1881 the
principality was raised to a
monarchy kingdom and
Prince Carol I became
Monarch King Carol I.
In spite of its previous alliance with
German Empire Imperial Germany and
Austria-Hungary, Romania entered
World War I on the side of the
Triple Entente in a move aimed at acquiring Transylvania. By war's end Austria-Hungary and the Russian Empire had collapsed, allowing Bessarabia, Bukovina and Transylvania to unite with the Kingdom of Romania in
1918. Union of Transylvania with Romania was ratified in the
Treaty of Trianon in
1920.
In
1940 during
World War II,
Northern Bukovina and Bessarabia,
Northern Transylvania, and southern
Dobrudja were occupied by the
Soviet Union, Hungary and
Bulgaria respectively (see
Romania during World War II). The authoritarian
Carol II of Romania King Carol II abdicated in 1940 and the subsequent year Romania entered the war joining
Nazi Germany, Italy, Hungary and Bulgaria. Because Romania participated in the
Operation Barbarossa invasion of the Soviet Union, the country recovered Bessarabia and northern Bukovina under the leadership of general
Ion Antonescu. During the Second World War, the Antonescu regime, allied with Nazi Germany, played a role in the
Holocaust, following its policy of oppression and massacre of the
Jews, and, to a lesser extent,
Roma people Roma. According to a quite controversial report released on 2004 by a commission appointed by former Romanian president
Ion Iliescu and chaired by Nobel Laureate
Elie Wiesel, the Romanian authorities were the main perpetrators in the planning and implementation of the killing of between 280,000 to 380,000 Jews, primarily in the Eastern territories Romania recovered or occupied from the Soviet Union and in
Moldavia (historical region)[http://www.ushmm.org/research/center/presentations/programs/presentations/2005-03-10/pdf/english/executive_summary.pdf], though some estimates are even higher.
image:transilvania-fortifiedchurches2.750pix.jpg thumb|left|250px|Transylvanian fortified churches
In August
1944 the
Antonescu regime was toppled, and Romania joined the Red Army against Nazi Germany, but its role in the defeat of Germany was not recognized by the
Paris Peace Treaties, 1947 Paris Peace Conference of
1947.
With the
Red Army forces still stationed in the country and exerting defacto control,
communism communists and their allied parties claimed 80% of the vote in the 1946 Romanian elections, through a combination of vote manipulation, elimination and forced mergers of competing parties, establishing themselves as the dominant force; Western democracies left Romania in the hands of the
Soviet Union. In
1947,
Michael I of Romania King Michael I was forced by the communists to abdicate and leave the country.
Romania was proclaimed a
communist state, under direct military and economic control of the
Soviet Union USSR until
1958. During this period, Romania's scarce resources left after WWII were drained by the "
SovRom" agreements: mixed Soviet-Romanian companies established in the aftermath of World War II to mask the looting of Romania by the Soviet Union, in addition to excessive war reparations paid to the USSR. During this dark period, up to two millions persons were arbitrarily imprisoned for political, economical or for no reasons, there were hundreds thousands of abuses, deaths and incidents of torture against a large range of persons, from political opponents to ordinary citizens, bringing gloom over Romania. The estimated least figure of human life losses due to the communist terror in Romania between 1948 and 1964 is 200,000. (see the six volumes: CICERONE IONIŢOIU et al., Victimele terorii comuniste. Arestaţi, torturaţi, întemniţaţi, ucişi. Dicţionar. Editura Maşina de scris, Bucureşti, 2000)
Image:sighisoaramedieval2.JPG thumb|250px|right|Sighisoara, the medieval town
A short-lived period of relative economic well-being and openness followed in late
1960s and the beginning of the
1970s, still regarded by some as a "
golden era". This period gradually ended, first politically, and then economically. Some party leaders (such as
Ion Iliescu,
Corneliu Manescu, or
Gheorghe Apostol) who questioned the achievements of the regime during the latter portion of this era, were sent to lower positions. From an economic point of view, Romania's foreign debt sharply increased between 1977 and 1981 (from 3 to 10 billion US dollars). Thus, the influence of international financial organisms such as the
IMF or the
World Bank grew, conflicting with
CeauÅŸescu's
autarky autarchic policies. CeauÅŸescu eventually initiated a project of total reimbursement of the foreign debt (completed in 1989, shortly before his overthrow). To achieve this goal, he imposed policies that impoverished Romanians and exhausted the Romanian economy. He profoundly deepened Romania's police state (see
Securitate) and imposed a cult of personality.
Image:Brancastle.dracula.750pix.jpg Bran Castle.html" title="Meaning of thumb thumb|left|250px| [[Bran Castle in Transylvania, known (without much historical basis) as Dracula's castle.html" title="Meaning of left|250px| [[Bran Castle">thumb|left|250px| [[Bran Castle in Transylvania, known (without much historical basis) as Dracula's castle">left|250px| [[Bran Castle">thumb|left|250px| [[Bran Castle in Transylvania, known (without much historical basis) as Dracula's castle
One positive achievement of the Communist period was the spread of near-universal
literacy and the development of a very efficient education system. However, this educational transformation was not coupled with appropriate industrial development and urbanization policies, so that almost half of Romania's population is still rural (47.3%; see
Demography of Romania).
Another achievement is the negotiated retreat of Soviet troops from Romania, in 1958. This allowed the country to pursue independent policies, including the condemnation by the Communist Party of Romania of the Soviet-led 1968 invasion of
Czechoslovakia (Romania was the only country of the Warsaw pact not to take part into the invasion), the continuation of Romanian-
Israeli diplomatic relations after the
Six-Day War of 1967 (Romania was the only country in the Warsaw pact to do so), the establishment of economic (1963) and diplomatic (1967) relations with the
Federal Republic of Germany, and so forth.
Close ties between Romania and both Israel and the
Arab countries (and the
PLO) allowed Romania to play an essential role in the
Israel-
Egypt and Israel-PLO peace processes.
Image:Bucuresti_fantana.jpg Palace of the Parliament thumb|200 px|Unirii Boulevard and the [[Palace of the Parliament|Palatul Parlamentului,
Bucharest; legacies of the Communist era.html" title="Meaning of Palatul Parlamentului.html" title="Meaning of thumb|200 px|Unirii Boulevard and the [[Palace of the Parliament|Palatul Parlamentului">thumb|200 px|Unirii Boulevard and the [[Palace of the Parliament|Palatul Parlamentului,
Bucharest; legacies of the Communist era">Palatul Parlamentului.html" title="Meaning of thumb|200 px|Unirii Boulevard and the [[Palace of the Parliament|Palatul Parlamentului">thumb|200 px|Unirii Boulevard and the [[Palace of the Parliament|Palatul Parlamentului,
Bucharest; legacies of the Communist era
The Communist dictatorship ended
22 December 1989 (see
Romanian Revolution of 1989).
During the 1989 revolution, power was taken by a group called the
National Salvation Front (FSN), which grouped a number of dissidents with other personalities and (then-unknown) persons that participated in the uprising. The FSN assumed the missions of restoring civil order, taking immediate democratic measures, and organizing elections for a new legislative body.
image:rasnov_village.750px.jpg thumb|left|270px|Rasnov fortress
Given the slow pace of reconstruction of the social and democratic system after 45 years of Communism (as emphasized by events such as the
Ethnic clashes of Târgu Mureş in March 1990), the largest part of the FSN also constituted itself as a political party that participated in (and won by a large majority) the elections of summer 1990. The move was highly contested by the other emerging political parties, because the FSN controlled most media and therefore the election process was biased. The subsequent disintegration of the FSN, which did not have a clear political platform, produced several political parties including the
Democratic Party (Romania) Democratic Party (PD), which for a time retained the FSN name), the
Social Democratic Party (Romania) Social Democratic Party (PSD, formerly known as the
Romanian Party for Social Democracy (PDSR) or the
Democratic National Salvation Front-FDSN), and the
Alliance for Romania (APR). Throughout several elections, coalitions, and governments, parties that emerged from the
National Salvation Front FSN governed or participated in the government of Romania from 1990 to 1996, and then from 2000 until today.
In 1996, the CDR entered power on a "
Contract with Romania" platform which would have required the CDR to resign en masse after 200 days from a mixed coalition government. Some members had signed on to the contract programme, while others had not; once in power, the "Contract" was repudiated. The major CDR parties were electorally eviscerated in
2000, and the Social Democrats returned to power, with
Ion Iliescu once again president of Romania and
Adrian Năstase, the president of the Social-Democratic Party (PSD), as prime minister.
Image:Ateneul Roman b.jpg Romanian Athenaeum.html" title="Meaning of thumb thumb|right|180px|The [[Romanian Athenaeum.html" title="Meaning of right|180px|The [[Romanian Athenaeum">thumb|right|180px|The [[Romanian Athenaeum">right|180px|The [[Romanian Athenaeum">thumb|right|180px|The [[Romanian Athenaeum
On
December 12,
2004,
Traian Băsescu was elected president of Romania. He was supported during elections by a coalition, called Justice and Truth Alliance (DA), formed of his
Democratic Party (Romania) Democratic Party and of the
National-Liberal Party. The government was formed by a larger coalition which also included the
Romanian Humanist Party (now called
Conservative Party (Romania) Conservative Party) and the ethnic Hungarian party
UDMR.
Following the end of the Cold War in 1989, Romania developed closer ties with Western Europe, the country applied for membership in the EU in June 1995, joined
NATO in
2004 and became an acceding country to the
European Union, being at an advanced stage to join on
January 1,
2007. The
Treaty of Accession 2005 Treaty of Accession of Romania has been signed by EU member states' representatives in Luxembourg, Abbaye de Neumünster, on
April 25 2005. Ratification of the Romanian and
Bulgarian Accession Treaty is ongoing in the parliaments of all member states.
Romanian heads of state (from the Unification of 1859)
'''Principalty of Romania'''
{|
|
Alexandru Ioan Cuza || Prince of Romania || 1859,
24 January - 1866,
11 February
|-
|
Princely Lieutenancy || || 1866,
11 February - 1866,
May 10
|-
|
Carol I || Prince of Romania || 1866,
May 10 - 1881,
May 10
|}
'''Kingdom of Romania'''
{|
|
Carol I || King of Romania || 1881,
May 10 - 1914,
27 September
|-
|
Ferdinand of Romania Ferdinand I || King of Romania || 1914,
28 September - 1927,
20 July
|-
|
Mihai I || King of Romania (minor, Regency Council) || 1927,
20 July - 1930,
8 June
|-
|
Carol II || King of Romania || 1930,
8 June - 1940,
6 September
|-
|
Mihai I || King of Romania || 1940,
6 September - 1947,
30 December
|}
'''Romanian People's Republic'''
{|
|
Constantin Parhon Dr. Constantin I. Parhon || President of the Provisional Presidium || 1947,
30 December - 1948,
13 April
|-
| || President of the Presidium of the Grand National Assembly || 1948,
13 April - 1952,
12 June
|-
|
Petru Groza Dr. Petru Groza || President of the Presidium of the Grand National Assembly || 1952,
12 June - 1958,
7 January
|-
|
Ion Gheorghe Maurer || President of the Presidium of the Grand National Assembly || 1958,
11 January - 1961,
21 March
|-
|
Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej || President of the State Council || 1961,
21 March - 1965,
19 March
|-
|
Chivu Stoica || President of the State Council || 1965,
24 March - 1967,
9 December
|}
'''Socialist Republic Romania (from 1965,
21 August)'''
{|
|
Chivu Stoica || President of the State Council || 1965,
24 March - 1967,
9 December
|-
|
Nicolae CeauÅŸescu || President of the State Council || 1967,
9 December - 1974,
28 March
|-
| || President || 1974,
28 March - 1989,
22 December
|}
'''Romania'''
{|
|
Ion Iliescu || President of the National Salvation Front Council || 1989,
22 December - 1990,
6 February
|-
| || President of the Provisional National Unity Council || 1990,
6 February - 1992,
May 20
|-
| || President || 1992,
May 20 - 1996,
17 November
|-
|
Emil Constantinescu || President || 1996,
17 November - 2000, Dec
|-
|
Ion Iliescu || President || 2000,
20 December - 2004,
20 December
|-
|
Traian Băsescu || President || 2004,
21 December -
|}
''See also:''
Kings of Romania,
Bessarabia,
Moldavia,
Wallachia, and
Transylvania
Politics
''Main article:
Politics of Romania''
The legislative branch of the Romanian government consists of two chambers, ''Senatul'' (The
Senate), which has 137 members (as of 2004), and ''Camera Deputaţilor'' (The
Chamber of Deputies of Romania Chamber of Deputies), which has 332 members (as of 2004). The members of both chambers are elected every four years.
The
Presidents of Romania President is also elected by popular vote, every five years (until
2004, four years).
The President appoints the
Prime ministers of Romania Prime Minister, who heads the Government, and the members of the Government, who are chosen by the Prime Minister. In fact the Prime Minister is a member of the party or of the coallition that holds the majority in The Parliament. The President can choose the Prime minister only if none of the parties hold 50% + 1 of the total number of the members of the Parliament. The Government is subject to a parliamentary vote of approval.
The judicial power belongs to a hierarchical system of courts culminating with the supreme court-''Înalta Curte de Justiţie şi Casaţie'' (The High Court of Justice and Casation). The Romanian judicial system is an
inquisitorial system, of strong French influence.
The ''Curtea Constituţională'' (The Constitutional Court) judges the exceptions of non-constitutionality when invoked in any judicial court and judges the compliance of laws or other state regulations to the
Romanian Constitution , if these are brought before it. It follows the tradition of the
Constitutional Council of France French Constitutional Council in requiring 9 judges to hold a 9 year-old, non-renewable term. Following the 2003 revision of the Constitution, its decisions cannot be defeated by any majority of the Parliament.
Administrative divisions
Image:Romania counties.png Transylvania.html" title="Meaning of thumb thumb|300px|Administrative map of Romania
[[Transylvania is green,
Wallachia blue, the
Moldavian region red, and
Dobrogea yellow.html" title="Meaning of 300px|Administrative map of Romania
[[Transylvania">thumb|300px|Administrative map of Romania
[[Transylvania is green,
Wallachia blue, the
Moldavian region red, and
Dobrogea yellow">300px|Administrative map of Romania
[[Transylvania">thumb|300px|Administrative map of Romania
[[Transylvania is green,
Wallachia blue, the
Moldavian region red, and
Dobrogea yellow
''Main article:
Counties of Romania''
Romania is divided into 41 ''judeţe'', or
county counties, and the municipality of
Bucharest (''BucureÅŸti'') - the capital. See also
Administrative divisions of Romania.
The counties are (in alphabetical order):
{|
|
*
Alba (county) Alba
*
Arad County Arad
*
ArgeÅŸ County ArgeÅŸ
*
Bacău County Bacău
*
Bihor County Bihor
*
Bistriţa-Năsăud County Bistriţa-Năsăud
*
BotoÅŸani County BotoÅŸani
*
BraÅŸov County BraÅŸov
*
Brăila County Brăila
|
*
Buzău County Buzău
*
CaraÅŸ-Severin County CaraÅŸ-Severin
*
Călăraşi County Călăraşi
*
Cluj County Cluj
*
Constanţa County Constanţa
*
Covasna County Covasna
*
Dâmboviţa County Dâmboviţa
*
Dolj County Dolj
|
*
Galaţi County Galaţi
*
Giurgiu County Giurgiu
*
Gorj County Gorj
*
Harghita County Harghita
*
Hunedoara County Hunedoara
*
Ialomiţa County Ialomiţa
*
IaÅŸi County IaÅŸi
*
Ilfov County Ilfov
|
*
MaramureÅŸ County MaramureÅŸ
*
Mehedinţi County Mehedinţi
*
MureÅŸ County MureÅŸ
*
Neamţ County Neamţ
*
Olt County Olt
*
Prahova County Prahova
*
Satu Mare County Satu Mare
*
Sălaj County Sălaj
|
*
Sibiu County Sibiu
*
Suceava County Suceava
*
Teleorman County Teleorman
*
TimiÅŸ County TimiÅŸ
*
Tulcea County Tulcea
*
Vaslui County Vaslui
*
Vâlcea County Vâlcea
*
Vrancea County Vrancea
|}
Geography
''Main article:
Geography of Romania''
image:Danube-delta. 07.750pix.jpg thumb|left|250px|The Danube Delta, one of UNESCO World Heritage Sites
A large part of Romania's borders with
Serbia and
Bulgaria is formed by the
Danube. The
Danube is joined by the
Prut River, which forms the border with
Moldova. The Danube flows into the
Black Sea forming the
Danube Delta which is a reservation of the Biosphere.
Because many of Romania's borders are defined by natural, sometimes shifting rivers, and because the
Danube Delta is constantly expanding towards the sea, about 2-5 linear metres (6–16 ft) yearly, Romania's surface area has changed over the past few decades, generally increasing. The number has increased from about 237,500 square kilometres (91,699
square mile sq mi) in 1969 to 238,391 square kilometres (92,043 sq mi) in 2005
{{tl|citation needed}}.
Image:Ro-map.png thumb|right|Map of Romania with cities
Romania's terrain is distributed roughly equally among between mountainous, hilly and lowland territories.
The
Carpathian Mountains dominate the centre of Romania surrounding the Transylvanian Plateau, 14 peaks reaching above the altitude of 2,000 metres (6,560
foot (unit of length) ft), the highest being ''
Moldoveanu Peak''. In the south, the Carpathians sweeten into hills, towards the
Bărăgan Plains.
The three highest mountains in Romania are:
{|
|----- bgcolor=#DDDDDD
!
! Name
! colspan=2 align="center"| Height
! Range
|----- bgcolor=#EEEEEE
| 1 ||
Moldoveanu Peak
| 2,544 m || 8,346 ft ||
Făgăraş Mountains
|----- bgcolor=#EEEEEE
| 2 ||
Negoiu || 2,535 m || 8,317 ft ||
Făgăraş Mountains
|----- bgcolor=#EEEEEE
| 3 ||
ViÅŸtea Mare || 2,527 m || 8,291 ft ||
Făgăraş Mountains
|----- bgcolor=#EEEEEE
|}
Major cities are the capital
Bucharest,
IaÅŸi,
TimiÅŸoara,
Cluj-Napoca,
Constanţa,
Craiova,
BraÅŸov, and
Galaţi.
''See also:''
*
List of Romanian Cities
*
Rivers of Romania
*
Lakes of Romania
*
Mountains of Romania
Largest cities
{| border=1 align=left cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0 style="border-collapse:collapse;border:1px solid black;font-size:100%; text-align:right;"
|- style="background:#efefef;"
! # !! align=center |City !! Population !! County
|-
| 1. ||align=left |
Bucharest Bucharest / BucureÅŸti ||2,082,334 ||
Bucharest
|-
| 2. ||align=left |
IaÅŸi || 320,888 ||
IaÅŸi County
|-
| 3. ||align=left |
Cluj-Napoca || 317,953 ||
Cluj County
|-
| 4. ||align=left |
TimiÅŸoara || 317,660 ||
TimiÅŸ County
|-
| 5. ||align=left |
Constanţa || 310,471 ||
Constanţa County
|-
| 6. ||align=left |
Craiova .html">Dolj
Dolj County
|-
| 7. ||align=left |
Galaţi || 298,861 ||
Galaţi County
|-
| 8. ||align=left |
BraÅŸov || 284,595 ||
BraÅŸov County
|-
| 9. ||align=left |
Ploiesti || 232,527 ||
Prahova County
|-
|10. ||align=left |
Braila || 216,292 ||
Braila County
|-
|11. ||align=left |
Oradea || 206,616 ||
Bihor County
|-
|12. ||align=left |
Arad, Romania Arad || 183,939 ||
Arad County
|-
|13. ||align=left |
Bacau || 175,500 ||
Bacau County
|-
|}
Source: [http://www.insse.ro/rpl2002rezgen/5.pdf National Institute of Statistics, 2002 Census]
Unofficially, sociologists say that in its 228 square kilometres (88 sq mi), Bucharest has more than 3.5 million people, coming from every corner of the country.
Economy
''Main article:
Economy of Romania''
Image:Sofitel WTC Bucharest.jpg Bucharest.html" title="Meaning of thumb thumb|right|200px|The World Trade Center in [[Bucharest.html" title="Meaning of right|200px|The World Trade Center in [[Bucharest">thumb|right|200px|The World Trade Center in [[Bucharest">right|200px|The World Trade Center in [[Bucharest">thumb|right|200px|The World Trade Center in [[Bucharest
After Romania's
Communist Romania Communist regime was
Romanian Revolution of 1989 overthrown in late 1989, the country experienced a decade of economic instability and decline, led in part by an obsolete industrial base as well as a lack of structural reform. Starting from
2000, however, the economy was transformed into one of relative macreconomic stability, high growth, low unemployment and increasing foreign investment, and is currently among the most developed in
Southeastern Europe. Economic growth since 2000 has averaged 4-5%, rising to 8.3% in 2004. This has characterised Romania as a
Economic boom boom economy and one of the fastest growing in Europe. Romania was granted in
October 2004 the much desired 'functional
market economy' status by EU officials, and is expected to join the EU in January
2007. Romania's per-capita
Gross domestic product GDP, calculated by
purchasing power parity is estimated to be $10,900 at end of 2005. The national budget is
Euro €38.1 billion euro (for year
2006), which represents 33.1% of GDP, estimated to be
Romanian leu RON 322.5 billion (
Euro €90,8 billions) according to the Prime-Minister
Călin Popescu-Tăriceanu Tăriceanu.
Strong aspects of Romania are the technologically advanced market economy with substantial government participation. Having its own natural resources, Romania has intensively developed its agricultural and industrial sectors over the past 20 years. Romania is largely self-sufficient in food production. Clothing and textiles, industrial machinery, electrical and electronic equipment, metallurgic products, raw materials, cars, military equipment, software, pharmaceuticals, fine chemicals, and agricultural products (fruits, vegetables, and flowers) are leading exports. Romania possesses extensive facilities for oil refining and semiconductor fabrication.
Inflation in 2004 was registered at 9.2%, and in 2005 it dropped to 8.6%. It is expected to fall further to 6.5% at the end of 2006, and 4% for 2007. Unemployment in Romania is at 5.2% (
January 2006), which is very low compared to other large European countries such as
Poland,
France, or
Germany.
Since the late 1990s, there have been several economic reforms, spurred on by the country's bid to join the EU, including the liquidation of large energy-intensive industries and major reforms in the agricultural and financial sectors. As of 2005, a significant amount of Romania's major companies have been privatised, including the majority of banks, the largest oil companies
Petrom and
Rompetrol, energy distributors and telecommunications companies. The country continues to privatise remaining state enterprises, including
Poşta Română Romanian Post and the
Romanian Commercial Bank. In comparison to its neighbours, Romania has a high number of small to medium sized enterprises (
SME SMEes). Foreign investment has increased significantly since
2003, reaching
Euro € 5.1 billion in 2004. ERSTE BANK A.G. will be the new majority shareholder of
Romanian Commercial Bank following the acquisition of a 61.88 percent stake at a price of Euro 7.65 per share, resulting in a total price for the 490,399,321 shares sold of Euro 3,751,554,805 (3.75 Billion €). This is considered the biggest Austrian foreign investment abroad. This is also considered the biggest FDI in Romania. Total FDI in Romania for 2005 was 6.3 Billion €. In the top of investor's country, Austria is leading with more then 6,7 Billion € from 1990 until 2005.
Romania's economy grew 4.1% in 2005, less then half the growth of the previous year, according to the National Statistics Office. The construction sector increased by 9.9% while the service sector showed an increase of 8.1%
[[http://www.insse.ro/statistici/comunicate/lunar_indicatori/a06/sic01r06.pdf Monthly Statistical Indicators, January 2006], National Institute of Statistics]. Currently GDP growth is forecast at 5.9% per annum. Romania's economy is characterized by a huge potential of
Tourism in Romania tourism.
Tourism in Romania Tourism of Romania has attracted
880 millions € investments in 2005 and doubled the amount of money invested in Romanian resorts.
[{{ro icon}} [http://www.gandul.info/2005-12-29/social/turismul Turismul a atras în 2005 investiţii de 400 milioane de euro], ''Gândul'', January 11, 2006]
Trade
The majority of Romania's trade is oriented towards the countries of the
European Union. For the first 6 months of
2005, Romania's
exports rose 17.2%, while
imports rose 22%, in part due to a rise in real wages. In November 2005, Romanian exports grew to a record value of €2.6 billion/month. The trade deficit was about €3.2 billion (US$3.8 billion) in the first five months of the year, well within the target for 2005. In present, at a series of economical indicators, Romania has a similar situation of the new member states of EU, the export of highly technological products being of 3.2% from total exports, comparatively higher than
Poland which has only 2.7% from exports. In December 2005 the National Strategy for Export for 2005-2009 was adopted. Foreign trade is estimated to top 78 Billion € for 2006, compared with 57 Billion € in 2005.
'''Main indicators of the exports and imports of Romania's economy:'''
{| border=1 align=left cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0 style="border-collapse:collapse;border:1px solid gray;font-size:100%; text-align:right;"
|- style="background:#efefef;";
! # !! align=center | !! 2004 !! 2005 !! 2006 !! 2007 !! 2008
|-
| 1. ||align=left |
Exports || 20 Bn€|| 31 Bn€ ||37.5 Bn€ (est.)|| 45 Bn€ (est.)|| 53 Bn€(est.)
|-
| 2. ||align=left |
Imports || 28 Bn€|| 38 Bn€ ||48 Bn€ (est.)|| 59 Bn€ (est.)|| 74 Bn€(est.)
|-
| 3. ||align=left | Average gross wage (RON)/€|| 950RON/ 275 €|| 1000RON/285 € ||1100RON/ 315€ ||1200RON/ 355€ || 1350 RON/ 385€ (est.)
|-
|}
Taxation
In January
2005, Romania's new
Călin Popescu-Tăriceanu Tăriceanu government imposed major fiscal reforms, replacing Romania's progressive tax system with a 16%
flat tax on both personal income and company profit. Romania now has one of the most liberal taxation systems in Europe, and it is expected that this, along with increased foreign investment, will boost economic growth in the coming years, as well as lower corruption and bring to light the
grey economy. The tax cuts have led a 12 percent jump in household consumption, which was also boosted by a 13 percent rise in wages.
Debt
Romania's level of international debt is estimated at $24.59 billion in
2004, or 23.6% of GDP which is considered very low. However, as Romania is currently going through an economic boom and is undertaking several major infrastructure projects, especially in the context of its EU accession, debt is expected to rise in absolute terms.
During the latter part of the CeauÅŸescu period, Romania earned significant credits from several Arab countries, notably
Iraq, for work related to the oil industry. In August 2005, Romania forgave US$2 billion of the US$2.5 billion debt owed it by an Iraq still largely occupied by the military forces of the U.S.-led "
Coalition of the Willing", making Romania the first country outside of the
Paris Club of wealthy creditor nations to forgive Iraqi debts. Romania has the largest international reserves in the region, estimated at
Euro € 19 billion, covering more than 7 months of imports.
[[http://www.arabnews.com/?page=4§ion=0&article=68683&d=19&m=8&y=2005 Romania Forgives $2 Billion of Iraq Debt], ''Arab News'', August 19, 2005]
{{ro icon}} [http://www.gandul.info/2005-08-24/actual/aurul_petrolul_si_regatenii Aurul, petrolul şi regăţenii], ''Gândul'', August 24, 2005
Wages
The average gross wage per month in Romania is 1121 new lei
As of 2005 as of December 2005, an increase of 9,6% over the previous month. This equates to €311.38, based on international exchange rates; the
purchasing power parity (PPP) would be about €690. The average net salary per month in December
2005 was 848 new lei (€235.55, about €522 PPP). The
Comisia Nationala de Prognoza (CNP) calculates that the average gross wage per month will reach €339 (€762 PPP) in 2007 and €414 (931€ PPP) in 2009.
Currency
Image:Bgiusca Banca Nationala a Romaniei.jpg thumb|right|200px|The National Bank of Romania
Romania's legal tender is the
Romanian leu leu (plural ''lei''). On
1 July 2005, the leu was subjected to revaluation so that 10,000 old lei, in circulation on that date, was exchanged for 1 new leu. The existing banknotes and coins, i.e. the old lei, will be legal tender until the end of December 2006. The official exchange rate for
10 August 2005 for 1€=3.39 lei (
National Bank of Romania). By
31 December 2006, the existing banknotes and coins, i.e. the old lei, are to be replaced gradually by the new banknotes and coins. The process will prepare Romania for the adoption of the euro, which is expected to take place several years after EU accession. The Romanian government has said that it expects the country will adopt the euro between 2011 and 2012.
'''Main indicators of Romania's economy:'''
Romania's GDP over 2005-2007 will go up by 10 billion euros per year, and will stand in 2007 at 96.138 billion euros.
{| border=1 align=left cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0 style="border-collapse:collapse;border:1px solid gray;font-size:100%; text-align:right;"
|- style="background:#efefef;"
! # !! align=center | !! 2003 !! 2004 !! 2005 !! 2006!! 2007!!2008
|-
| 1. ||align=left |
GDP || 70 Bn€|| 77Bn€ ||86Bn€ || 90Bn€ (est.)||96.138 (est.)||110(est.)
|-
| 2. ||align=left |
GDP ( %real change pa) ||+5.3%|| +8.3% ||+4.1% || +6% (est.)||+6(est.)||+6(est.)
|-
| 3. ||align=left |
GDP per capita GDP per capita (€) || 2350 €|| 2600 € ||3100€ || 4000€ (est.)|| NA||NA
|-
| 4. ||align=left |
GDP per capita GDP per capita (€ at PPP) || 7700 €|| 8000 € ||8500€ || 9000€ (est.)||NA||NA
|-
| 5. ||align=left |
Inflation || 14% || 9.2% || 8.5% || 5% (est.)||3% ||2.5%
|-
| 6. ||align=left |
Minimum wage || 285 RON=82€ || 310 RON=89€ || 330RON=95€ || 360RON=105€ (est.)|| NA|| NA
|-
| 7. ||align=left |
Medium gross wage || 765 RON=220€ || 870 RON=250€ || 995RON=285€ || 1145RON=335€ (est.) ||1300RON||1800RON
|-
| 8. ||align=left |
Unemployment || 6.4% || 6.3% || 5.6% || 5% (est.) ||NA||NA
|-
| 9. ||align=left |
FDI || 3.9bn€ || 5.1bn€ || 6bn€ || 8bn€ (est.) ||NA||NA
|-
| 10. ||align=left |
Foreign-exchange reserves (bn€) || 14bn€ || 16bn€ || 20bn€ || 30bn€ (est.) ||NA||NA
|-
| 11. ||align=left |
Mobile phone users || 9,000,000|| 10,000,000 || 13,370,000 || 16,000,000 (est.) ||NA||NA
|-
| 12. ||align=left | Cars production (units) || 160,000 || 240,000 || 320,000 || 500,000(est.) ||NA||NA
|-
| 13. ||align=left |
Internet users || 5,180,000 || 7,800,000 || 10,400,000 || 13,600,000(est.) ||NA||NA
|-
|}
National Budget
National budget, about
€ 35 billion euro, represents about 31,2% of GDP of
RON 389,5 billion (EURO 94,8 billion), declared the Prime-Minister Tariceanu, 1 Euro=3,4 RON. National budget is increasing rapidly at about 6 billion EURO each year between 2005-2009. About 2 billion EURO/year are spend on national defense.
'''National budget of Romania:'''
{| border=1 align=left cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0 style="border-collapse:collapse;border:1px solid gray;font-size:100%; text-align:right;"
|- style="background:#efefef;"
! # !! align=center | !! 2005 !! 2006 !! 2007 !! 2008 !! 2009
|-
| 1. ||align=left |
National Budget || 25 Bn€|| 30 Bn€ ||38 Bn€ (est.)|| 47 Bn€ (est.)|| 64 Bn€(est.)
|-
| 2. ||align=left | Percentage of
GDP% || 29%|| 31 % || 34%(est.) || 36%(est.)|| 39 %(est.)
|-
|}
Romania's development in period 2007-2013 will cost 58,7 billions euro of which 43% represents European Union financial contribution.
National Holidays
The
Christianity Christian holidays of
Christmas and (Orthodox)
Easter are celebrated (they are official, non-working, holidays). Unlike some other
Eastern Orthodoxy Eastern Orthodox Churches, the Romanian Orthodox Church celebrates Christmas on
25 December; however, they follow the usual Eastern Orthodox practice for the date of Easter. Other official holidays (non-working) are
New Year's Day (
January 1),
Labour Day (
May 1), and the National Day of Romania (
December 1, the
Union Day (Romania) Union Day). For
Christmas and for Labour Day, it is common for businesses to shut down more than a single day.
Minor, but widely observed, holidays include
Mărţişor (
March 1), marking the start of spring, and
International Women's Day (
March 8). Many businesses give women employees the day off for International Women's Day. Some holidays celebrated in the
United States or in other parts of Europe have recently been gaining some currency in Romania, for example
Valentine's Day (
February 14).
Also see
Holidays in Romania.
Sport in Romania
Romania is internationally successful in a number of sports. See
List of prominent Romanians#Sports List of Romanians (sport section).
The gymnast
Nadia Comaneci was the first gymnast to score a perfect "ten" in the (
1976 Montreal Olympics. She also won three gold medals, one silver and one bronze - all at the age of fourteen. Her success continued in the
1980 Moscow Olympics when she was awarded two gold medals and two silver medals.
Ilie Năstase, the tennis player, is another internationally known Romanian sports star. He won several Grand Slam titles, dozens of other tournaments and also was a successful doubles player. Romania has also reached the
Davis Cup finals three times.
Football (soccer) is popular in Romania with international footballers such as
Gheorghe Hagi who played for
Steaua Bucuresti (Romania),
Real Madrid,
Barcelona (Spain) and
Galatasaray (Turkey) among others. The Romanian soccer club
Steaua Bucuresti Steaua BucureÅŸti was the first Eastern European club to ever win the prestigious
European Champions Cup title (1986).
The Romanian soccer club
Steaua Bucuresti Steaua BucureÅŸti qualified to
UEFA Cup in
2006.
Demographics
''Main article:
Demographics of Romania''
Ethnicity
Ethnic groups (Census 2002):
*
Romanians 89.5%
*
Hungarians Hungarian 6.6%
*
Roma (people) Roma 2.5%
*
Ukrainians Ukrainian 0.3%
*
German people German 0.3%
*
Italian people Italian 0.3%
*
Russians Russian 0.2%
*
Turkish peoples Turkish and
Tatars Tatar 0.2%
* Other 0.4%
Other ethnic groups include natives of Romania's neighbouring countries and some smaller groups like the
Polish minority in Romania Polish minority (numbering a few thousand people) living in
Suceava (county) Suceava County.
image:Maramuerslandscape1.750px.jpg thumb|right|250px|A country landscape from Maramures region
According to official declarations, ethnic minorities can use their native language in education. Ethnic minorities are offered native language access to public administration in towns and villages where they make up for more than 20% of the population. In towns and villages where they make up for more than 30% of the population, local council meetings can be held in the minority language, provided that translation into Romanian is provided, and that official minutes are kept in Romanian (cf. the Public Administration Law, link below).
On the other hand, some members and observers of minor ethnic minorities (e.g.)
Roma people Roma claim that their numbers are undercounted in national censuses [http://www.per-usa.org/reports/PERStrasbourg.pdf],
[http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2002/18387.htm], [http://www.uur.itcnet.ro/history02_eng.htm#demography_real].
Language
The official language is
Romanian language Romanian, a
Romance language of the
Italic languages Italic subfamily of the
Indo-European family of languages, which are also called Romanic, Romantic or Romance languages. This language family includes French, Spanish, Catalan, Italian and Portuguese; its languages are spoken by about 670 million people in many parts of the world, but mainly in Europe and the Western Hemisphere. About 25 million people worldwide speak Romanian, mostly in Romania and Moldova (4,500,000).
A sizeable
Hungarian minority in Romania Hungarian minority in Transylvania speaks
Hungarian language Hungarian as well as Romanian; until the 1990s, there were also a substantial number of
German language German-speaking
Transylvanian Saxons, but in exchange for payments to the Communist regime many left to West Germany and most of the remainder have left the country since the fall of communism and the accompanying opening of borders.
The Romanian educational system puts a strong emphasis on foreign languages, and
Radio România Internaţional broadcasts in
Arabic language Arabic,
Aromanian language Aromanian,
Chinese language Chinese,
English language English,
French language French,
German language German,
Italian language Italian,
Russian language Russian,
Serbian language Serbian,
Spanish language Spanish, and
Ukrainian language Ukrainian (broadcasts in
Bulgarian language Bulgarian,
Greek language Greek,
Hungarian language Hungarian,
Portuguese language Portuguese and
Turkish language Turkish ended in late March 2004).
According to the Eurobarometer Report "Europeans and Languages" (Sept. 2005) more than a quarter of Romanians understand and speak
English language English and 17%
French language French. Besides, Romania is a member of the
Organisation de la Francophonie, with Bucharest being the host of the Summit of Francophony in 2006.
In terms of foreign languages, 5 million Romanians speak
English language English, 4-5 million speak
French language French, 1.5 million speak
German language German, 2 million speak
Italian language Italian, and 1 million speak
Spanish language Spanish. [http://www.anis.ro/index.php?page=afaceri&sec=afaceri_avantaje&lang=ro]
Historically, French was the leading foreign language for Romanians to study; now it is English, so that, as a group, Romanian English-speakers are generally younger than Romanian French-speakers.
Religion
Religions (2002 Census):
*
Romanian Orthodox Church Romanian Orthodox - 86.8%
*
Roman Catholic - 4.5%
*
Protestant - 3.7%
*
Pentecostal - 1.5%
*
Romanian Greek-Catholic Uniate Church Greek-Catholic Uniate - 0.9%
Most Romanians are members of the
Romanian Orthodox Church, which is one of the churches of
Eastern Orthodox Christianity.
Catholicism (both
Roman Catholic and
Romanian Catholic Church Greek Catholic) and
Protestantism are also represented, mostly in the areas inhabited by a population closer to Western influence.
In
Dobruja Dobrogea, the region lying on the shore of the Black Sea, there is a small
Muslim minority (of
Turkish peoples Turkish and
Crimean Tatars Tatar ethnicity), which is a remnant of the
Ottoman Empire Ottoman rule and migrations from
Crimea, respectively.
Culture
Image:Old wodden church in Maramures, Romania.jpg thumb|250px|Romanian old wooden church in Maramures
''Main article:
Culture of Romania''
*
Culture of Moldova
*
Romanian culture
Image:Romanianvillchurch.750pix.jpg thumb|rigth|250px|An old Romanian church in Transylvaian Mountains
The 12th Summit Meeting of the Francophonie
Romania will host, on November
2006, the 12th '''Sommet de la Francophonie / Summit of the Francophone World''' in
Bucharest.
''See also:''
*
Art of Romania
*
Christmas customs in Romania
*
List of Romanians
*
Literature of Romania
*
Music of Romania
*
Romanian-American
*
Romanian-Canadian
*
Romanian-Australian
*
Romanian poets
*
Tourism in Romania
Media and Television
''Main article:
Romanian media''
''See also:''
*
List of Romanian newspapers
*
List of Romanian language television channels
There are many TV stations in Romania like:
TVR 1,
TVR 2,
TVR Cultural,
TVR International,
PRO TV,
PRO Cinema,
Acasa ,
Antena 1,
Antena 3 (Romania), Euforia TV - Antena 4, Prima TV, Realitatea TV,
National TV,
N24,
B1 TV,
Telesport,
TV Sport,
OTV.
Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2006
Romania will host, on
2 December 2006, the international
Junior Eurovision Song Contest. The Romanian broadcaster has been chosen by the
European Broadcasting Union (
EBU) for being the organizator of the 4th edition of the contest. For the first time, Romania will be the host of such an event and a show produced by TVR will be broadcasted live all over
Europe, in the countries member of
EBU.
Gallery
image:Iasi cultural palace.jpg|Palace of Culture, IaÅŸi
image:palaceofpeopleromania.jpg|Palace of the Parliament Palatul Parlamentului, Bucharest
image:Ateneul_Roman.jpg|Ateneul Român Romanian Athenaeum, Bucharest
image:The_University.JPG|University of Bucharest
image:CJROothodox.JPG|Orthodox Cathedral, Cluj-Napoca
image:CJROcatholic.JPG|Catholic Church, Cluj-Napoca
image:CJROtheatre.jpg|National Theatre, Cluj-Napoca
image:Baritiu.jpg|Bariţiu Street, Cluj-Napoca
image:CJROLupoaica.jpg|Eroilor Ave, Cluj-Napoca
Image:Constanta-cazino.jpg|Casino, Constanţa
Image:Borzesti Side view.jpg|BorzeÅŸti Church, BorzeÅŸti
Image:Poarta01.jpg|Sculptural Ensemble of Constantin Brancusi from Târgu Jiu The Kiss Gate, Târgu Jiu
Miscellaneous topics
{{portal}}
{{InterWiki|code=ro}}
*'''
List of Romania-related topics'''
International rankings
*
A.T. Kearney/
Foreign Policy Foreign Policy Magazine: [http://www.atkearney.com/main.taf?p=5,4,1,116 Globalization Index 2005], ranked 35 out of 62 countries
*
Bertelsmann: [http://www.bertelsmann-transformation-index.de/37.0.html?&L=1 Bertelsmann Transformation Index 2006], ranked 19th out of 119 countries
*
IMD International: [http://www01.imd.ch/wcy/ World Competitiveness Yearbook 2005], ranked 55 out of 60 economies (countries and regions)
*
Reporters without borders: [http://www.rsf.org/rubrique.php3?id_rubrique=554 Annual worldwide press freedom index (2005)], ranked 70 out of 167 countries
*
The Wall Street Journal: [http://www.heritage.org/research/features/index/country.cfm?id=Romania 2006]
Index of Economic Freedom, ranked 92 out of 157 countries
*
The Economist: [http://www.economist.com/theworldin/international/displayStory.cfm?story_id=3372495&d=2005 The World in 2005 - Worldwide quality-of-life index, 2005], ranked 58 out of 111 countries
*
Transparency International: [http://ww1.transparency.org/cpi/2005/cpi2005_infocus.html Corruption Perceptions Index 2005], ranked 85 out of 158 countries (tied with Mongolia and Dominican Republic)
*
World Economic Forum: [http://www.weforum.org/site/homepublic.nsf/Content/Growth+Competitiveness+Index+rankings+2005+and+2004+comparisons Global Competitiveness Report 2005-2006 - Growth Competitiveness Index Ranking], ranked 67 out of 117 countries
*
World Bank: [http://www.doingbusiness.org/ExploreEconomies/Default.aspx?economyid=158 Doing Business 2006], ranked 78th out of 155
*
World Bank: [http://www.doingbusiness.org/ExploreEconomies/Default.aspx?economyid=158 Ease of Starting a Business 2006], ranked 8th out of 155
*
United Nations United Nations Conference on Trade and Development: [http://www.unctad.org/sections/dite_dir/docs/wir05_fs_ro_en.pdf Foreign Direct Investment Performance Index 2004], ranked 35th out of 140
Notes
External links
Official links
{{sisterlinks|Romania}}
-
Official site of the Romanian government
-
Presidency of Romania
-
The Romanian Senate
-
The House of Deputies
-
The Romanian Senate
-
Tourism Ministry
-
Ministry of Foreign Affairs
-
2002 Census
-
CIA World Factbook–Romania
Travel guides
*{{wikitravel}}
-
Lonely Planet Guide - Romania
-
Romania Travel
-
www.turism.ro
-
Sibiu/Hermanstadt, European Cultural Capital in 2007
Maps of Romania
-
Romania Maps at dmoz.org
-
Public Domain maps of Romania
Economy links
-
Exchange Rates - from the
National Bank of Romania
-
Information about redenomination
-
Business informations from The Romanian Chamber of Commerce
{{Romania tie}}
{{EU_countries_and_candidates}}
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it:Romania
he:×¨×•×ž× ×™×”
ka:რუმინეთი
ks:रोमानिया
kw:Roumani
ht:Woumani
ku:Romanya
la:Romania
lv:RumÄ?nija
lt:Rumunija
li:Roemenië
jbo:roMAni,as.
hu:Románia
mk:Романија
mt:Rumanija
ms:Romania
mo:România
n 
