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Romanization
*** Shopping-Tip: Romanization
:''See
Romanization (cultural) for the spread of Roman culture, law and language''.
In
linguistics, '''romanization''' (or ''Latinization'', also spelled ''romanisation'' or ''Latinisation'') is the representation of a
word or
language with the
Latin alphabet Roman (Latin) alphabet, or a system for doing so, where the original word or language uses a different
writing system. Methods of romanization include
transliteration, representing written text, and
transcription (linguistics) transcription, representing the spoken word. The latter can be subdivided into ''
phonological transcription'', which records the
phonemes or units of
semantic meaning in speech, and more strict ''
phonetic transcription'', which records speech sounds with precision. Each romanization has its own set of rules for pronunciation of the romanized words.
To ''romanize'' a body of text, is to transliterate or transcribe it from another writing system into the Roman alphabet. This process is most commonly associated with the
Chinese language Chinese,
Japanese language Japanese and
Korean language Korean languages (
CJK).
Cyrillization is the similar process of representing a language using the
Cyrillic alphabet.
Methods of Romanization
Transliteration
If the romanization attempts to
transliteration transliterate the original script, the guiding principle is a one-to-one mapping of characters in the source language into the target script, with less emphasis on how the result sounds when pronounced according to the reader's language. For example, the
Nihon-shiki romanization of
Japanese language Japanese allows the informed reader to reconstruct the original Japanese
kana syllables with 100% accuracy, but is not readable without prior study.
Transcription
=Phonological
=
However, most romanizations are intended for the casual reader, who is unfamiliar with the intricacies of the original script and is more interested in pronouncing the source language. Such romanizations follow the principle of
phonological Transcription (linguistics) transcription and attempt to render the significant sounds (
phonemes) of the original as faithfully as possible in the target language. The popular
Hepburn romanization Hepburn romanization of Japanese is an example of a transcriptive romanization designed for English speakers.
=Phonetic
=
A
phonetic conversion goes one step further and attempts to depict all
phones in the source language, sacrificing legibility if necessary by using characters or conventions not found in the target script. The
International Phonetic Alphabet is the most common system of phonetic transcription.
Tradeoffs
For most language pairs, building a usable romanization involves tradeoffs between the two extremes. Pure transcriptions are generally not possible, as the source language usually contains sounds and distinctions not found in the target language, but which must be shown to for the romanized form to be comprehensible.
In general, outside a limited audience of scholars, romanizations tend to lean more towards transcription. As an example, consider the Japanese martial art 柔術: the Nihon-shiki romanization ''zyūzyutu'' may allow someone who knows Japanese to reconstruct the kana syllables �ゅ��ゅ�, but most people would find it easier to guess the pronunciation from the Hepburn version, ''
jujutsu jūjutsu''.
Romanization of specific writing systems
Arabic
''For more detail, see
Arabic transliteration''
The
Arabic alphabet is used to write
Arabic language Arabic,
Persian language Persian, and
Urdu language Urdu. Romanization standards include:
*
Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft (1936): [http://www.dmg-web.de/] Adopted by the International Convention of Orientalist Scholars in Rome. It is the basis for the very influential
Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic Hans Wehr dictionary (ISBN 0879500034).
*
BS 4280 (1968): Developed by the
British Standards Institute [http://www.bsi-global.com/index.xalter]
*
SATTS (1970s): Developed by US military
*
UNGEGN (1972): [http://www.eki.ee/wgrs/rom1_ar.pdf]
*
DIN-31635 (1982): Developed by the
Deutsches Institut für Normung (German Institute for Standardization)
*
ISO 233 (1984). Transliteration.
*
Qalam (1985): A system that focuses upon preserving the spelling, rather than the pronunciation, and uses mixed case [http://eserver.org/langs/qalam.txt]
*
ISO 233-2(1993). Simplified transliteration.
*
Buckwalter Transliteration (1990s): Developed at
Xerox by
Tim Buckwalter [http://www.qamus.org/transliteration.htm]; doesn't require unusual
diacritic diacritics [http://www.xrce.xerox.com/competencies/content-analysis/arabic/info/buckwalter-about.html]
*
ALA-LC (1997): [http://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/romanization/arabic.pdf]
*
Arabic Chat Alphabet
Hebrew
''For more details, see
Hebrew alphabet and
Romanization of Hebrew.''
*
ANSI Z39.25 (1975):
*
UNGEGN (1977): [http://www.eki.ee/wgrs/rom1_he.pdf]
*
ISO 259 (1984): Transliteration.
*
ISO 259-2 (1994): Simplified transliteration.
*
ISO/DIS 259-3: Phonemic transcription.
*
ALA-LC: [http://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/romanization/hebrew.pdf]
Brahmic scripts
The
Brahmic family of
abugidas is used for languages of the Indian subcontinent and south-east Asia. There is a long tradition in the west to study
Sanskrit and other Indic texts in Latin transliteration. Various transliteration conventions have been used for Indic scripts since the time of Sir William Jones. A comparison of some of them is provided here: [http://www.sanskrit-sanscrito.com.ar/english/sanskrit/sanskrit3part2.html]
*
ISO 15919 (2001): A standard
transliteration convention was codified in the ISO 15919 standard. It uses
diacritics to map the much larger set of Brahmic
consonants and
vowels to the Latin script. See also [http://homepage.ntlworld.com/stone-catend/trind.htm Transliteration of Indic scripts: how to use ISO 15919]. The Devanagari-specific portion is identical to the academic standard,
IAST: "International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration", and to the United States Library of Congress standard,
ALA-LC: [http://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/romanization/hindi.pdf]
*
Harvard-Kyoto: Uses upper and lower case and doubling of letters, to avoid the use of diacritics, and to restrict the range to 7-bit ASCII.
*
ITRANS: a transliteration scheme into 7-bit ASCII created by
Avinash Chopde that used to be prevalent on
Usenet.
*
ASTHA: "Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration for HTML", made in Argentina, also into 7-bit ASCII [http://www.sanskrit-sanscrito.com.ar/english/sanskrit/sanskrit3.html]
*
ISCII (1988)
*
National Library at Calcutta romanization (?)
See also:
Romanization of Sanskrit.
Chinese
Romanization of
Chinese language Chinese, in particular, has proved a very difficult problem, although the issue is further complicated by political considerations. Another complication is the fact that Mandarin is perceived to be written non-phonetically, and this myth has retarded acceptance of romanisation efforts. See [http://www.edepot.com/taoroman.html chinese romanization] for further info. Because of this, many romanization tables contain Chinese characters plus one or more romanizations or
Zhuyin. See also: [http://www.pinyin.info] [http://www.romanization.com/]
=Standard Mandarin
=
*
ALA-LC: Used to be similar to Wade-Giles [http://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/romanization/chinese.pdf], but converted to
Hanyu Pinyin since
2000 [http://www.loc.gov/catdir/pinyin/romcover.html]
*
EFEO. Developed by
Ecole française d'Extrême-Orient in 19th century, used mainly in
France.
*
Latinxua Sinwenz (1926): Omitted tone sounds. Used mainly in the
Soviet Union and
Xinjiang in the 30s. Predecessor of
Hanyu Pinyin.
*
Lessing-Othmer: Used mainly in
Germany.
*
Postal System Pinyin (1906): Early standard for international addresses
*
Wade-Giles (1912): Transliteration. Very popular from 19th century until recently and continues to be used by some Western academics.
*
Yale Romanization#Mandarin Yale (1942): Created by the U.S. for battlefield communication and used in the influential Yale textbooks.
==Mainland China
==
*
Hanyu Pinyin (1958): In
Mainland China, Hanyu Pinyin has been used officially to romanize
Mandarin Chinese Mandarin for decades, primarily as a linguistic tool for teaching
Standard Mandarin (the standardized Chinese spoken language) to students whose
mother tongue is not Standard Mandarin, and has been adopted by much of the international community as a standard for writing Chinese words and names in the Roman alphabet. The value of Hanyu Pinyin in education in China lies in the fact that China, like any other populated area with comparable area and population, has literally thousands of distinct
Chinese dialect dialects, though there is just one common written language and one common standardized spoken form. (These comments apply to Romanization in general)
*
ISO 7098 (1991): Very similar to Hanyu Pinyin.
==Taiwan
==
*
Gwoyeu Romatzyh: (1926): Used in
mainland China before the communist
Chinese civil war takeover in
1949. Primarily used in
Taiwan. Replaced by
Mandarin Phonetic Symbols II MPS II and no longer commonly used.
*
Mandarin Phonetic Symbols II (1984): Primarily used in
Taiwan. Not to be confused with MPS I which is
Zhuyin. Replaced by Tongyong Pinyin and no longer commonly used.
*
Tongyong Pinyin (2000): Primarily used in
Taiwan. Literally means "Universal Spell Sound". Very similar to Hanyu Pinyin. Differences between the two are noted [http://research.chtsai.org/papers/pinyin-xref.html here].
=Standard Cantonese
=
*
Barnett-Chao
*
Guangdong Romanization#Cantonese Guangdong (1960)
*
Hong Kong Government Cantonese Romanisation Hong Kong Government
*
Jyutping
*
Meyer-Wempe
*
Sidney Lau
*
Yale Romanization#Cantonese Yale (1942)
=Min Nan
=
*
Guangdong Romanization#Teochew Guangdong (1960)
*
Taiwanese language#Scripts and orthographies Presbyterian Church in Taiwan
Japanese
Romanization (or, more strictly,
Roman letters) in
Japanese language Japanese is called "
rÅ?maji". The most common systems are:
*
Hepburn romanization Hepburn (1867): transcription
*
Nihon-shiki (1885): transliteration. Also adopted as (
ISO 3602 Strict) in 1989.
*
Kunrei-shiki (1937): transliteration. Also adopted as (
ISO 3602).
*
JSL (1987)
*
ALA-LC: Similar to Hepburn [http://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/romanization/japanese.pdf]
*
WÄ?puro rÅ?maji WÄ?puro
Korean
''Main article:
Korean romanization''
While romanization is often been carried out irrespective of any system, there are some rulesets available to choose from:
*
McCune-Reischauer (MR; 1937?), the first transcription to gain some acceptance. A slightly changed version of MR was the official system for
Korean language Korean in
South Korea from 1984 to 2000, and yet a different modification is still the official system in
North Korea. Uses
breves,
apostrophes and
diaeresis diereses, the latter two indicating orthographic syllable boundaries in cases that would otherwise be ambiguous.
What is called MR may in many cases be any of a number of systems that differ from each other and from the original MR mostly in whether word endings are separated from the stem by a space, a hyphen or – according to McCune's and Reischauer's system – not at all; and if a hyphen or space is used, whether sound change is reflected in a stem's last and an ending's first consonant letter (e.g. ''pur-i'' vs. ''pul-i''). Although mostly irrelevant when transcribing uninflected words, these aberrations are so widespread that any mention of "McCune-Reischauer romanization" may not necessarily refer to the original system as published in the 1930s.
** The
ALA-LC / U.S. Library of Congress system is an example of these systems that are based on MR, from which it deviates it in some aspects. Word division is addressed in detail, with generous use of spaces to separate word endings from stems that is not seen in MR. Syllables of given names are always separated with a hyphen, which is expressly never done by MR. Sound changes are ignored more often than in MR. Distinguishes between '''‘''' and '''’'''. [http://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/romanization/korean.pdf]
Several problems with MR led to the development of the newer systems:
*
Yale Romanization#Korean Yale (1942): This system has become the established standard romanization for Korean among
linguistics linguists. Vowel length in old or dialectal pronunciation is indicated by a
macron. In cases that would otherwise be ambiguous, orthographic syllable boundaries are indicated with a period. Indicates disappearance of consonants.
*
Revised Romanization of Korean (RR; 2000): Includes rules both for transcription and for transliteration. South Korea now officially uses this system which was approved in 2000. Road signs and textbooks were required to follow these rules as soon as possible, at a cost estimated by the government to be at least US$20 million. All road signs, names of railway and subway stations on line maps and signs etc. have been changed. Romanization of surnames and existing companies' names has been left untouched; the government encourages using the new system for given names and new companies. Basically similar to MR, but uses no diacritics or apostrophes. In cases of ambiguity, orthographic syllable boundaries may be indicated with a
hyphen, although state institutions never seem to make use of this option e.g. on street signs or linemaps.
*
ISO/TR 11941 (1996): This actually is two different standards under one name: one for North Korea (DPRK) and the other for South Korea (ROK). The initial submission to the ISO was based heavily on Yale and was a joint effort between both states, but they could not agree on the final draft. A superficial comparison between the two is available here: [http://www.sori.org/hangul/romanizations.html#Roman_Intro]
*
Fred Lukoff Lukoff romanization, developed 1945-47 for his ''Spoken Korean'' coursebooks [http://www.glossika.com/en/dict/korpin.html]
*
Joseon Gwahagwon (ì¡°ì„ ë¯¼ì£¼ì£¼ì?˜ì?¸ë¯¼ê³µí™”êµ ê³¼í•™ì›?) romanization
Thai
Thai language Thai, spoken in
Thailand, is written with its own script, probably descended from
Old Khmer, in the
Brahmic family. Also see
Thai alphabet.
*
Royal Thai General System of Transcription:
*
ALA-LC: [http://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/romanization/thai.pdf]
*
ISO 11940 (1998): Transliteration
Cyrillic
In linguistics,
scientific transliteration is used for both
Cyrillic alphabet Cyrillic and
Glagolitic alphabets. This applies to
Old Church Slavonic, as well as modern
Slavic languages which use these alphabets.
=Belarusian
=
{{main |Romanization of Belarusian}}
The
Belarusian language has been written with both Cyrillic and Latin scripts. Today the Latin script (''
Lacinka Å?acinka,'' or ''Å?acinica'') is rarely used, although it has its advocates. Despite the existence of a native Latin alphabet, Belarusian names are usually transcribed similarly to the Russian language.
{|
|+ Examples
|-
! align=left | Lacinka
! align=left | Transliterated
|-
| Homiel
| Homyel'
|-
| MahiloÅ
| Mahilyow
|-
| Viciebsk
| Vitsebsk
|-
| BaranaviÄ?y
| Baranavichy
|-
| ŽytkaviÄ?y
| Zhytkavichy
|}
* Belarusian National System of Romanization
*
ALA-LC: [http://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/romanization/beloruss.pdf]
* BGN/PCGN
*
ISO 9
External link: [http://transliteration.eki.ee/pdf/Belarusian.pdf Thomas T. Pederson's chart] (PDF).
=Bulgarian
=
The official Bulgarian scheme for the Roman transliteration of Bulgarian Cyrillic is the English-oriented [http://apc.mfa.government.bg/topo.htm#lang_spell Streamlined System] proposed by L.L. Ivanov and introduced by the [http://apc.mfa.government.bg/gazet.htm Antarctic Place-names Commission of Bulgaria] on 2 March 1995. The Streamlined System was subsequently adopted by the Bulgarian Government (Ordinances #61 of 2 April 1999 and #10 of 11 February 2000) for the purposes of introducing new [http://www.mvr.bg/Guide/transliteration.htm identity documents]. Presently the system is being promulgated by the [http://www.mdaar.government.bg/project.php Ministry of Public Administration and and Administrative Reform] for further usage in road signs, street names, official information systems, databases, local authorities’ websites etc.
In the USA and Britain, the US Board on Geographic Names ([http://geonames.usgs.gov/ BGN]) and the UK Permanent Committee on Geographical Names for British Official Use ([http://www.pcgn.org.uk/ PCGN]) still retain their 1952 [http://transliteration.eki.ee/pdf/Bulgarian.pdf BGN/PCGN System] for the Romanization of Bulgarian, used primarily in the English spelling of Bulgarian geographical names. That system differs from the [http://apc.mfa.government.bg/topo.htm#lang_spell Streamlined System] in the case of three Cyrillic letters. See also
Romanization of Bulgarian.
-
L.L. Ivanov, On the Romanization of Bulgarian and English, ''Contrastive Linguistics,'' XXVIII (Sofia, 2003), 2, 109-118.
=Russian
=
There is no single universally accepted system of writing
Russian language Russian using the
Latin script — in fact there are a huge number of such systems: some are adjusted for a particular target language (e.g. German or French), some are designed as a librarian's transliteration, some are prescribed for Russian traveller's passports; the transcription of some names is purely traditional. All this has resulted in great reduplication of names. E.g. the name of the great Russian composer
Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky Tchaikovsky may also be written as ''Tchaykovsky'', ''Tchajkovskij'', ''Tchaikowski'', ''Tschaikowski'', ''Czajkowski'', ''ÄŒajkovskij'', ''ÄŒajkovski'', ''Chajkovskij'', ''Chaykovsky'', ''Chaykovskiy'', ''Chaikovski'', ''Tshaikovski'', ''TÅ¡aikovski'' etc. Systems include:
*
BGN/PCGN (1947): Transliteration system (United States Board on Geographic Names & Permanent Committee on Geographical Names for British Official Use). [http://dspace.dial.pipex.com/town/avenue/vy75/cyrillic.htm]
*
GOST 16876-71 (1983): From the Main Administration of Geodesy and Cartography of the former Soviet Union. Russian abbreviation of ''GOsudarstvenny STandart'', "the State Standard". [http://www.ccl.net/cca/software/SOURCES/C/translit/phg-koi8.shtml]
*
United Nations standard (1987): Based on GOST. Used in the
Russian Federation and increasingly in international cartographic products.
*
ISO 9 (1995): Transliteration. From the
International Organization for Standardization.
*
ALA-LC (1997): [http://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/romanization/russian.pdf]
*
Volapuk encoding "Volapuk" encoding (1990s): Slang term (it's not really
Volapük language Volapük) for a writing method that's not truly a transliteration, but used for similar goals (see article).
* Conventional English transliteration is based to BGN/PCGN, but doesn't follow a particular standard. Described in detail at
transliteration of Russian into English.
=Ukrainian
=
{{main|Romanization of Ukrainian}}
Ukrainian personal names are usually transcribed phonetically; see the main article section
Romanization of Ukrainian#Conventional romanization of proper names Conventional romanization of proper names. The Ukrainian National system is used for geographic names in Ukraine.
*
ALA-LC: [http://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/romanization/ukrainia.pdf (PDF)].
*
ISO 9
* Ukrainian National transliteration: [http://www.hostmaster.net.ua/docs/translit/tab_01.jpg (JPEG, in Ukrainian)].
* Ukrainian National and BGN/PCGN systems, at the UN Working Group on Romanization Systems: [http://www.eki.ee/wgrs/rom2_uk.pdf (PDF)].
* Thomas T. Pederson's comparison of five systems: [http://transliteration.eki.ee/pdf/Ukrainian.pdf (PDF)].
Greek
Greek language includes the modern language spoken in
Greece, as well as ancient
Polytonic orthography. See also
Greeklish.
*
ISO 843 (1997): [http://www.biology.uoc.gr/gvd/contents/databases/01c.htm]
*
ALA-LC: [http://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/romanization/greek.pdf]
English
-
Re-Romanization of English
Overview and summary
The chart below shows the most common phonemic transcription romanization used for several different alphabets. While it is sufficient for many casual users, there are multiple alternatives used for each alphabet, and many exceptions. For details, consult each of the language sections below. (Because the number of Hangul characters are prohibitively large, only the first characters are provided in the following table.)
| ROMANIZED | Greek language Greek | Russian language Russian (Cyrillic) | Hebrew language Hebrew | Arabic language Arabic | Katakana | Hangul
| | A | A | Ð? | Ö·, Ö², Ö¸ | دَ, دَ, ïº? — ﺎ, دَىا | ã‚¢ |
|
| AI | | | ×™ Ö· | | |
|
| B | ΜΠ| Б | בּ | � ﺑ ﺒ � | | ㅂ
|
| CH | Χ | Ч | | | | ㅊ
|
| CHI | | | | | � |
|
| D | Î?Τ | Д | ד | ﺩ — ﺪ, ﺽ ﺿ ﻀ ﺾ | | ã„·
|
| DH | Δ | | | ﺫ — ﺬ | |
|
| E | Ε, ΑΙ | Р| , ֱ, י ֵֶ, ֵ, י ֶ | | エ |
|
| F | Φ | Ф | פ (final ף ) | ﻑ ﻓ ﻔ ﻒ | |
|
| FU | | | | | フ |
|
| G | ΓΓ, ΓΚ | Г | ג | | | ㄱ
|
| GH | Γ | | | � � � ﻎ | |
|
| H | | | ח, ה | ﻩ ﻫ ﻬ ﻪ, ﺡ ﺣ ﺤ ﺢ | | ㅎ
|
| HA | | | | | � |
|
| HE | | | | | ヘ |
|
| HI | | | | | ヒ |
|
| HO | | | | | ホ |
|
| I | Η, Ι, Î¥, ΕΙ, ΟΙ | И | Ö´, ×™ Ö´ | دÙ? | イ |
|
| IY | | | | دÙ?ÙŠ | |
|
| J | | Ж | | ïº? ﺟ ïº ïºž | | ã…ˆ
|
| JJ | | | | | | ã…‰
|
| K | Κ | К | כּ (final ךּ ), ק | ﻙ ﻛ ﻜ ﻚ | | ㅋ
|
| KA | | | | | ã‚« |
|
| KE | | | | | ケ |
|
| KH | | Х | כ (final ך ) | ﺥ ﺧ ﺨ ﺦ | |
|
| KI | | | | | ã‚ |
|
| KK | | | | | | ㄲ
|
| KO | | | | | コ |
|
| KU | | | | | ク |
|
| L | Λ | Л | ל | ï»? ﻟ ï» ï»ž | |
|
| M | Îœ | Ðœ | מ (final ×? ) | ﻡ ﻣ ﻤ ﻢ | | ã…?
|
| MA | | | | | マ |
|
| ME | | | | | メ |
|
| MI | | | | | ミ |
|
| MO | | | | | モ |
|
| MU | | | | | ム|
|
| N | Î? | Ð? | × (final ן ) | ﻥ ﻧ ﻨ ﻦ | | ã„´
|
| NA | | | | | ナ |
|
| NE | | | | | � |
|
| NI | | | | | ニ |
|
| NO | | | | | ノ |
|
| NU | | | | | ヌ |
|
| O | Ο, Ω | О | , ֳ, וֹֹ | | オ |
|
| P | Π| П | פּ (final ףּ ) | | | �
|
| PP | | | | | | ã…ƒ
|
| PS | Ψ | | | | |
|
| Q | | | | ﻕ ﻗ ﻘ ﻖ | |
|
| R | Ρ | Ð | ר | ïº â€” ﺮ | | ㄹ
|
| RA | | | | | ラ |
|
| RE | | | | | レ |
|
| RI | | | | | リ |
|
| RO | | | | | ム|
|
| RU | | | | | ル |
|
| S | Σ | С | ס, שֹ | ﺱ ﺳ ﺴ ﺲ, ﺹ ﺻ ﺼ ﺺ | | ㅅ
|
| SA | | | | | サ |
|
| SE | | | | | ã‚» |
|
| SH | | Ш | ש | ﺵ ﺷ ﺸ ﺶ | |
|
| SHCH | | Щ | | | |
|
| SHI | | | | | ã‚· |
|
| SO | | | | | ソ |
|
| SS | | | | | | ã…†
|
| SU | | | | | ス |
|
| T | Τ | Т | ט, תּ, ת | ﺕ ﺗ ﺘ ﺖ, � ﻃ ﻄ ﻂ | | ㅌ
|
| TA | | | | | ã‚¿ |
|
| TE | | | | | テ |
|
| TH | Θ | | | ﺙ ﺛ ﺜ ﺚ | |
|
| TO | | | | | ト |
|
| TS | | Ц | צ (final ץ ) | | |
|
| TSU | | | | | ツ |
|
| TT | | | | | | ㄸ
|
| U | ΟΥ | У | , וֻּ | دÙ? | ウ |
|
| UW | | | | دÙ?Ùˆ | |
|
| V | B | В | ב, ו, וו | | |
|
| W | | | | ï» â€” ï»® | |
|
| WA | | | | | ワ |
|
| WE | | | | | ヱ |
|
| WI | | | | | ヰ |
|
| WO | | | | | ヲ |
|
| X | Ξ | | | | |
|
| Y | | Й, Ы | י | ﻱ ﻳ ﻴ ﻲ | |
|
| YA | | Я | | | ヤ |
|
| YE | | Е | | | |
|
| YO | | Ð? | | | ヨ |
|
| YU | | Ю | | | ユ |
|
| Z | Ζ | З | ז | ﺯ — ﺰ, ﻅ ﻇ ﻈ ﻆ | |
|
| ZH | | Ж | | | |
|
See also
*
Anglicisation
*
Francization
External links
-
UNGEGN Working Group on Romanization Systems
-
U.S. Library of Congress Romanization Tables in PDF format
-
Java romanization app
* One of the few printed books with lists of romanizations is ''ALA-LC Romanization Tables'', Randall Barry (ed.), U.S. Library of Congress, 1997, ISBN 0844409405.
Category:Romanization Romanization
ca:Romanització
de:Romanisierung
es:Romanización
fr:Romanisation
ko:로마� 표기법
nl:Romanisatie
pt:Romanização (linguÃstica)
ro:Romanizare
fi:Latinisaatio
zh:罗马化
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Category:Transliteration
Category:Latin alphabet
Category:Neologisms
Category:Types of words
Category:Word coinage
Category:Linguistics
fr:Catégorie:Romanisation
ko:분류:로마� 표기법
*** Shopping-Tip: Romanization
