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ROSE

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see Rose {{alternateuses}} {{Taxobox | color = lightgreen | name = Rose | image = Wild rose flower.jpg | image_width = 250px | image_caption = ''Rosa canina'' (Dog Rose) flower | regnum = Plantae | divisio = Flowering plant Magnoliophyta | classis = Magnoliopsida | ordo = Rosales | familia = Rosaceae | subfamilia = Rosoideae | genus = '''''Rosa''''' Carolus Linnaeus L. | subdivision_ranks = Species | subdivision = About 100, see text }} A '''rose''' is a flowering shrub of the genus '''''Rosa''''', and the flower of this shrub. There are more than a hundred species of wild roses, all from the northern hemisphere and mostly from temperate regions. The species form a group of generally thorny shrubs or liana climbers, and sometimes trailing plants, reaching 2–5 m tall, rarely reaching as high as 20 m by climbing over other plants. The leaf leaves of most species are 5–15 cm long, pinnate, with (3–) 5–9 (–13) leaflets and basal stipules; the leaflets usually have a serrated margin, and often a few small thorns on the underside of the stem. The vast majority of roses are deciduous, but a few (particularly in southeast Asia) are evergreen or nearly so. The flowers have five petals (with the exception of ''Rosa sericea'' which often has only four), usually white or pink, in a few species yellow or red. The ovary is inferior, developing below the petals and sepals. Image:Rosa canina hips.jpg left|thumb|''Rosa canina'' hips The Fruit#Aggregate_fruit aggregate fruit of the rose is a berry-like structure called a rose hip. Rose species that produce open-faced flowers are attractive to pollination pollinating bees and other insects, thus more apt to produce hips. Many of the domestic cultivars are so tightly petalled that they do not provide access for pollination. The hips of most species are red, but a few (e.g. ''Rosa pimpinellifolia'') have dark purple to black hips. Each hip comprises an outer fleshy layer, the hypanthium, which contains 5–25 "seeds" (technically dry single-seeded fruits called achenes) embedded in a matrix of fine, but stiff, hairs. Rose hips of some species, especially the Dog Rose (''Rosa canina'') and Rugosa Rose (''Rosa rugosa''), are very rich in vitamin C, among the richest sources of any plant. The hips are eaten by fruit-eating birds such as Thrush (bird) thrushes and waxwings, which then disperse the seeds in their droppings. Some birds, particularly finches, also eat the seeds. Most roses have spine (biology) thorns or prickles. The thorns are typically sickle-shaped hooks, which aid the rose in hanging onto other vegetation when growing over it. Some species such as ''Rosa rugosa'' and ''R. pimpinellifolia'' instead have densely packed straight spines, probably an adaptation to reduce browsing by animals, but also possibly an adaptation to trap wind-blown sand and so reduce erosion and protect their roots (both of these two species grow naturally on coastal dune sand dunes). Despite the presence of the thorns, roses are frequently browsed by deer. A few species of roses only have vestigial thorns that have no points. Roses are subject to several diseases. The most serious is rose rust (''Phragmidium mucronatum''), a species of rust (fungus) rust fungus, which can defoliate the plant. More common, though less debilitating, are rose black spot, caused by the fungus ''Diplocarpon rosae'', which makes circular black spots on the leaves in summer, and rose mildew, caused by ''Sphaerotheca pannosa''. Roses are also used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species; see list of Lepidoptera which feed on Roses. The name originates from Persian language Persian *''vrda'', via Greek ''rhodon'' "rose" (Aeolic ''wrodon'').

Species
Image:Rosa-multiflora01.jpg thumb|right|''Rosa multiflora'' {{further|List of Rosa species}} Some representative rose species *''Rosa canina'' - Dog Rose, Briar Bush *''Rosa dumalis'' - Glaucous Dog Rose *''Rosa eglanteria'' (syn. ''R. rubiginosa'') - Eglantine, Sweet Brier *''Rosa gallica'' - Gallic Rose, French Rose *''Rosa gigantea'' (syn. ''R. x odorata gigantea'') *''Rosa glauca'' (syn. ''R. rubrifolia'') - Redleaf Rose *''Rosa laevigata'' (syn. ''R. sinica'') - Cherokee Rose, Camellia Rose, Mardan Rose *''Rosa multiflora'' - Multiflora Rose *''Rosa persica'' (syn. ''Hulthemia persica'', ''R. simplicifolia'') *''Rosa roxburghii'' - Chestnut Rose, Burr Rose *''Rosa rugosa'' - Rugosa Rose, Japanese Rose *''Rosa stellata'' - Gooseberry Rose, Sacramento Rose *''Rosa virginiana'' (syn. ''R. lucida'') - Virginia Rose

Roses in cultivation
{| border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="right" | Image:Rosa alba semi-plena img 2175.jpg thumb|right|''R. alba'' 'Semi-plena' |- | Image:Rosa alba2.jpg thumb|right|''Rosa alba'' 'Maiden's Blush' |- | Image:Rose zepherine drouhin img 1838.jpg thumb|right|Rose 'ZÃ©pherine Drouhin' |- | Image:Rosa sp.163.jpg thumb|right|'KÃ¶nigin der Rosen', a modern Hybrid Tea rose |- | image:Rosa sp.61.jpg thumb|right|'Borussia', a modern Floribunda rose |} Roses are one of the most popular garden shrubs and are also among the most common flowers sold by florists. Roses are of great economic importance both as a crop for florists' use and for use in perfume. Many thousands of rose hybrids and cultivars have been bred and selected for garden use, mostly double-flowered with many or all of the stamens mutated into additional petals. Twentieth-century rose breeders generally emphasized size and color, producing large, attractive blooms with little or no scent. Many wild and "old-fashioned" roses, by contrast, have a strong sweet scent. A few cultivars, such as the Rosa banksiae Lady Banks rose have been selected for having no thorns. Roses thrive in temperate climates, though certain species and cultivars can flourish in sub-tropical and even tropical climates, especially when grafting grafted onto appropriate root-stock. Rose hips are sometimes eaten, mainly for their vitamin C content. They are usually pressed and filtered to make rose-hip syrup, as the fine hairs surrounding the seeds are unpleasant to eat (resembling itching powder). They can also be used to make herbal tea, jam, jelly and marmalade. There is no single system of classification for garden roses. In general, however, roses are placed in one of three main groups: *'''Wild Roses''' - The wild roses includes the species listed above and some of their hybrids. *'''Old Garden Roses''' - Most old garden roses are classified into one of the following (ordered by approximate age - oldest first): **'''Alba''' - Literally "white roses", derived from ''R. arvensis'' and the closely allied ''R. alba''. These are some of the oldest garden roses, probably brought to Britain by the Ancient Rome Romans. Once-flowering. Examples: 'Semi-plena', 'White Rose of York'. **'''Gallic Rose Gallica''' - The Gallica roses have been developed from ''R. gallica'' which is a native of central and southern Europe. They flower once in the summer. Examples: 'Cardinal de Richelieu', 'Charles de Mills', 'Rosa Mundi' (''R. gallica versicolor''). **'''Damask''' - Robert de Brie is given credit for bringing them from Iran Persia to Europe sometime between 1254 and 1276. Summer Damasks (crosses between Gallica roses and ''R. phoenicea'') bloom once in summer. Autumn Damasks (Gallicas crossed with ''R. moschata'') bloom later, in the autumn. Examples: 'Ispahan (rose) Ispahan', 'Madame Hardy'. **'''Centifolia (or Provence)''' - These roses, raised in the 17th Century seventeenth century in the Netherlands, are named for their "one hundred" petals. Once-flowering. Examples: 'Centifolia', 'Paul Ricault'. **'''Moss''' - Closely related to the centifolias, these have a mossy excrescence on the Plant stem stems and sepals. Once-flowering. Example: 'Comtesse de Murinais', 'Old Pink Moss'. **'''China''' - The China roses brought with them an amazing ability to bloom repeatedly throughout the summer and into late autumn. Four china roses ('Slater's Crimson China', 1792; 'Parsons' Pink China', 1793; 'Hume's Blush China', 1809; and 'Parks' Yellow Tea Scented China', 1824) were brought to Europe in the late 18th Century eighteenth and 19th Century nineteenth centuries which brought about the creation of the repeat flowering old garden roses and later the modern garden roses. Examples: 'Old Blush China', 'Mutabilis'. **'''Portland''' - These are named after the Duke of Portland Duchess of Portland who received (from Italy in 1800) a rose then known as ''R. paestana'' or 'Scarlet Four Seasons' Rose' (now known simply as 'The Portland Rose'). This group was developed from that rose. Repeat-flowering. Example: 'James Veitch', 'Rose de Rescht', 'The Portland Rose'. **'''Bourbon''' - They originated on l'ÃŽle de Bourbon (now called RÃ©union). Probably the result of a cross between the Autumn Damask and the 'Old Blush China'. Introduced in France in 1823. Repeat-flowering. Examples: 'Louise Odier', 'Mme. Pierre Oger', 'ZÃ©phirine Drouhin'. **'''Hybrid Perpetual''' - The dominant class of roses in Victorian Era Victorian England, they were derived to a great extent from the Bourbons. Repeat-flowering. Examples: 'Ferdinand Pichard', 'Reine Des Violettes'. **'''Tea''' - The result of crossing two of the original China Roses ('Hume's Blush China' and 'Parks' Yellow Tea Scented China') with various Bourbons and Noisette roses. Somewhat more tender than other old garden roses (most likely because of ''R. gigantea'' in the ancestry of the Parks rose), teas are repeat-flowering roses although their fragrance is not always a tea scent. Example: 'Lady Hillingdon'. **'''Bermuda "Mystery" Roses''' - A group of several dozen "found" roses that have been grown in Bermuda for at least a century. The roses have significant value and interest for those growing roses in tropical and semi-tropical regions, since they are highly resistant to both nematode damage and the black spot fungal diseases that plague rose culture in hot, humid areas, and capable of blooming in hot and humid weather. Most of these roses are likely Old Garden Rose cultivars that have otherwise dropped out of cultivation, or sports thereof. They are "mystery roses" because their "proper" historical names have been lost. Tradition dictates that they are named after the owner of the garden where they were rediscovered. **'''Miscellaneous''' - There are also a few smaller classes (such as Scots, Sweet Brier) and some climbing classes of old roses (including Ayrshire, Climbing China, Laevigata, Sempervirens, Noisette, Boursault, Climbing Tea, and Climbing Bourbon). Those classes with both climbing and shrub forms are often grouped together. *'''Modern Garden Roses''' - Classification of modern roses can be quite confusing because many modern roses have old garden roses in their ancestry and their form varies so much. The classifications tend to be by growth and flowering characteristics, such as "large-flowered shrub", "recurrent, large-flowered shrub", "cluster-flowered", "rambler recurrent", or "ground-cover non-recurrent". Many of the most popular modern cultivars can however be assigned to one of these two groups: **'''Hybrid Tea''' - The favourite floristry florist's rose, with typically one to at most five or six large flowers per stem, the flower with numerous tightly arranged petals with reflexed tips (see photo, right). They are favoured in small gardens in formal situations, and for buttonhole roses. **'''Floribunda''' - Flowers often smaller, in large clusters of ten or more (often many more) on each stem. These tend to give a more prominent display from a distance, so are more often used in large bedding schemes in public parks and similar spaces. *'''Buck Roses''' - Griffith Buck, professor of horticulture at Iowa State University from 1948 to 1985, hybridized nearly 90 rose varieties. Buck roses are known for disease resistance and winter hardiness. {{seealso|Rose gallery|Rose cultivars named after celebrities}}

Roses and culture
Image:Labour Party.png thumb|right|UK Labour Party logo showing a red rose Roses are ancient symbols of love and beauty. The rose was sacred to a number of goddesses, and is often used as a symbol of the Virgin Mary. Roses are so important that the word means pink or red in a variety of languages (such as Romance languages, Greek language Greek, and Polish language Polish). The rose is the national flower of England, as well as being the symbol of ''England national rugby union team England's national rugby union team'', and of the Rugby Football Union. It is also the provincial flower of Alberta (the wild rose), and the state flower of four US states: Iowa and North Dakota (Rosa arkansana ''R. arkansana''), Georgia (U.S. state) Georgia (''Rosa laevigata R. laevigata''), and New York (''Rosa'' generally). Portland, Oregon counts "City of Roses" among its nicknames, and holds an annual Rose Festival. A red rose (often held in a hand) is also a symbol of socialism or social democracy; it is also used as a symbol by the Labour Party (UK) British and Irish Labour Party Irish Labour Parties, as well as by the French, Spanish (Spanish Socialist Workers' Party), Portuguese, Norwegian, Danish, Swedish, Finnish, Brazilian, Dutch (Pvda Partij van de Arbeid) and European socialist parties. This originates from the red rose used as a badge by the marchers in the May 1968 street protests in Paris. The rose came to symbolize the Georgia (country) Republic of Georgia's non-violence non-violent bid for freedom during its Rose Revolution. In some pagan mythologies, no undead or ghostly creatures (particularly vampires) may cross the path of a wild rose. It was thought that to place a wild rose on a coffin of a recently deceased person would prevent them from rising again.

Symbolism
Image:Close up yellow rose.jpg thumb|right|Yellow rose: symbolising dying love Image:Small_Red_Rose.JPG thumb|right|Red Rose: Deepest Love and Respect Roses come in a variety of hues, each with a different symbolic meaning: * '''Red:''' love * '''Pink:''' grace * '''Dark Pink:''' gratitude * '''Light Pink:''' admiration, sympathy * '''White:''' innocence, purity, secrecy, "You're heavenly...", "I'm not worthy of you...", reverence and humility. {{seealso|White Rose}} * '''Yellow:''' dying love or platonic love * '''Yellow with red tips:''' Friendship, falling in love * '''Orange:''' passion * '''Burgundy:''' beauty * '''Blue:''' mystery {{see|blue rose}} * '''Green:''' calm The rose has various supernatural/literary attributes that are not discussed in this article. {{see|Rose (symbolism)}} The symbol of a rose can also refer to the House of Lancaster red rose of Lancaster, and the House of York white rose of York, from the Wars of the Roses period.

Roses in art
Image:roses renoir.JPG Pierre-Auguste_Renoir right|thumb|[[Pierre-Auguste Renoir|Renoir painting of roses.html" title="Meaning of Renoir.html" title="Meaning of right|thumb|[[Pierre-Auguste Renoir|Renoir">right|thumb|[[Pierre-Auguste Renoir|Renoir painting of roses">Renoir.html" title="Meaning of right|thumb|[[Pierre-Auguste Renoir|Renoir">right|thumb|[[Pierre-Auguste Renoir|Renoir painting of roses Roses are often portrayed by artists. The France French artist Pierre-Joseph RedoutÃ© produced some of the most detailed paintings of roses.

Quotes
*''What's in a name? That which we call a rose/By any other name would smell as sweet.'' – William Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet act II, sc. ii *''Hearts starve as well as bodies; give us bread, but give us roses.'' - James Oppenheim, "Bread and Roses" *''Rose is a rose is a rose is a rose'' – Gertrude Stein, ''Sacred Emily'' (1913), a poem included in ''Geography and Plays''. *''O, my love's like a red, red rose'' – Robert Burns, A Red, Red Rose *''Arise, arise, arouse, a rose!- Eh, a rosy nose?'' – Jeremy Hillary Boob, Ph.D (more commonly referred to as the 'Nowhere Man'), Yellow Submarine (film)

Perfume
Rose perfumes are made from '''attar of roses''' or '''rose oil''', which is a mixture of volatile essential oils obtained by steam-distilling the crushed petals of roses. The technique originated in Iran Persia (the word Rose itself is from Persian) then spread through Arabia and India, but nowadays about 70% to 80% of production is in the Rose Valley near Kazanluk in Bulgaria, with some production in Qamsar in Iran and Germany. The Kaaba in Mecca is annually washed by the Iranian rose water from Qamsar. In Bulgaria, Iran and Germany, damask roses (''Rosa damascena'' 'Trigintipetala') are used. In the French rose oil industry ''Rosa centifolia'' is used. The oil, pale yellow or yellow-grey in color, is sometimes called 'Rose Absolute' oil to distinguish it from diluted versions. The weight of oil extracted is about one three-thousandth to one six-thousandth of the weight of the flowers - for example, about 2,000 flowers are required to produce one gramme of oil. The main constituents of attar of roses are the fragrant alcohols geraniol, which has the empirical formula C₁₀H₁₈O and the structural formula CH₃.C[CH₃]:CH.CH₂.CH₂.C[CH₃]:CH.CH₂OH and l-citronellol; and rose camphor, an odourless paraffin.

External links and references
{{commons|Rosa}} *''Easy and Elegant Rose Design'', E. S. Platt, photographs by A. Detrick. Fulcrum Publishing, ISBN 1555914764
- HelpMeFind Roses. Information on roses, including contributions from the community.
- Just Our Pictures of Roses. Database of rose pictures sorted by color, type and alphabetically.
- Paul Barden's "Old Garden Roses and Beyond". Dedicated to Old Garden Roses and select shrub and miniature roses of the 20th century.
- Dr. Griffith Buck Roses
- Pruning Recommendations from University of Illinois Extension
- Rose Garden Tips on planting, caring for rose flowers in your garden. Image:Illustration Rosa majalis0.jpg|''Rosa majalis'' from ThomÃ©, ''Flora von Deutschland, Ã–sterreich und der Schweiz'' 1885 Image:Illustration Rosa canina0.jpg|Dog Rose (''Rosa canina'') from ThomÃ© Image:Illustration Rosa pimpinellifolia0.jpg|''Rosa pimpinellifolia'' from ThomÃ© Category:Roses * Category:English cultural icons ca:Rosa da:Rose de:Rosen es:Rosa fr:Rose (fleur) ko:ìž¥ë¯¸ it:Rosa (botanica) he:×•×¨×“ ms:Bunga mawar nl:Rozen ja:ãƒ?ãƒ© pl:RÃ³Å¼a (krzew) pt:Rosa ru:Ð Ð¾Ð·Ð° sr:Ð ÑƒÐ¶Ð° sv:Rosor tr:GÃ¼l zh:è”·è–‡å±ž '''ROSE''' can mean: *Remote operations service element protocol Remote Operations Service Element, a sub-layer of protocol layer six in the OSI protocols OSI seven layer model. It provides SASE for remote operations. *ROSE Online Rush On Seven Episodes, a Massively Multiplayer Online Role Playing Game (MMORPG) that takes place on seven planets. ([http://www.roseon.com/ http://www.roseon.com/])

See also
*Rose (disambiguation) Rose {{disambig}}

*** Shopping-Tip: ROSE