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Seattle, Washington

*** Shopping-Tip: Seattle, Washington
{{featured article}} :''For the Suquamish chief, see Chief Seattle.'' {{Infobox City | official_name = Seattle, Washington | image_skyline = Wiki_seattle_alki_01.jpg | nickname = The Emerald City | image_flag = Seattle flag.png | image_seal = Seattle seal.png | image_map = Seattle in King County.png | map_caption = Location of Seattle in
King County and Washington | subdivision_type = Counties of the United States County | subdivision_name = King County, Washington King | leader_title = Mayor | leader_name = Greg Nickels | area_magnitude = 1 E9 | area_total = 369.2 | area_land = 217.2 | metro area= 11,000sqr mi | area_water = 152.0 | population_as_of = 2006 | population_metro = 3,810,856 [http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gpro&lng=en&dat=32&srt=npan&col=aohdq&geo=-1049568]| population_total = 580,089 [http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gpro&lng=en&dat=32&srt=npan&col=aohdq&geo=495437765]| population_density = 2,626 | timezone = Pacific Standard Time Zone PST | utc_offset = -8 | timezone_DST = Pacific Daylight Time PDT | utc_offset_DST = -7 | latd = 47| latm = 36| lats = 0| latNS = N| longd = 122| longm = 19| longs = 0| longEW = W| elevation = 4.2 | website = http://www.seattle.gov/ | footnotes = | }} '''Seattle''' is the largest city in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. It is located in the U.S. state of Washington between Puget Sound and Lake Washington, nearly 108 miles (174 km) south of the United Statesâ€“Canadian border in King County, Washington King County, of which it is the county seat. Seattle was founded in the 1850s and named after Chief Seattle, or Sealth. As of 2005, the city had an estimated population of 573,000 and a metropolitan area metropolitan population of around 3.8 million. Seattle is the hub for the Greater Puget Sound region. Its official List of city nicknames nickname is the "Emerald City" (because of the lush evergreen trees in the surrounding area), and it is also referred to as the "Rainy City", the "Gateway to Alaska", "Queen City", "The City of Goodwill", and "Jet City" (the last due to the heavy influence of Boeing). Seattle is known as the birthplace of grunge music, and it has a reputation for heavy coffee consumption because of the many coffee companies that were founded there, including Starbucks and Tully's Coffee. Seattle was also the site of the WTO Ministerial Conference of 1999 protest activity 1999 meeting of the World Trade Organization and anti-globalization demonstrations. Seattle residents are known as ''List of Seattleites Seattleites''. Researchers at Central Connecticut State University ranked Seattle the most literate city in America for 2005. Based on Washington locations by per capita income per capita income, Seattle ranks 36th of 522 studied areas in the state of Washington.

History
{{main|History of Seattle}}

Founding
Most of the Denny Party, the most prominent of the area's early Caucasian race Caucasian settlers, arrived at Alki, Seattle, Washington Alki Point on November 13, 1851. They relocated their settlement to Elliott Bay in April 1852. The first plats for the Town of Seattle were filed on May 23, 1853. The city was incorporated in 1869, after having existed as an incorporated town from 1865 to 1867. Seattle was named after Noah Sealth, chief of the Duwamish (tribe) Duwamish and Suquamish tribes, better known as Chief Seattle. David Swinson Maynard David Swinson ("Doc") Maynard, one of the city founders, was the primary advocate for naming the city after Chief Seattle. Previously, the city had been known as Duwamps (or Duwumps)â€”a variation of that name is preserved in the name of Seattle's Duwamish River.

Major events
Image:Seattle from kerry park.jpg Kerry Park (Seattle) right|frame|On a clear day, visitors to [[Kerry Park (Seattle)|Kerry Park can see the Space Needle, the Downtown, Seattle, Washington Downtown Seattle skyline, and Mount Rainier (to the right)..html" title="Meaning of Kerry Park.html" title="Meaning of right|frame|On a clear day, visitors to [[Kerry Park (Seattle)|Kerry Park">right|frame|On a clear day, visitors to [[Kerry Park (Seattle)|Kerry Park can see the Space Needle, the Downtown, Seattle, Washington Downtown Seattle skyline, and Mount Rainier (to the right).">Kerry Park.html" title="Meaning of right|frame|On a clear day, visitors to [[Kerry Park (Seattle)|Kerry Park">right|frame|On a clear day, visitors to [[Kerry Park (Seattle)|Kerry Park can see the Space Needle, the Downtown, Seattle, Washington Downtown Seattle skyline, and Mount Rainier (to the right). Major events in Seattle's history include the Great Seattle Fire of 1889, which destroyed the central business district (but took no lives); the Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition of 1909, which is largely responsible for the current layout of the University of Washington campus; the Seattle General Strike of 1919 Seattle General Strike of 1919, the first general strike in the country; the 1962 Century 21 Exposition, a World's Fair; the 1990 Goodwill Games; and the WTO Ministerial Conference of 1999 protest activity WTO Meeting of 1999, marked by street Anti-globalization movement protests and a police riot. On February 28 2001, a state of emergency was declared after the Nisqually Earthquake, a Richter Scale magnitude 6.8 earthquake, rocked the region. Damage was moderate, but served as a reminder that the coastal Pacific Northwest â€” and the area around the Seattle Fault, in particular â€” is under a constant threat of earthquakes.

Economic history
Seattle has a history of boom and bust, or at least boom and quiescence. Seattle has almost been sent into permanent decline by the aftermaths of its worst periods as a company town, but has typically used those periods to successfully rebuild infrastructure. Image:Seattle_Public_Library1.jpg Seattle Central Library.html" title="Meaning of thumb thumb|left|The [[Seattle Central Library, designed by Rem Koolhaas, is the result of a public vote on the "Libraries for All" bond measure approved by Seattle voters on November 3, 1998..html" title="Meaning of left|The [[Seattle Central Library">thumb|left|The [[Seattle Central Library, designed by Rem Koolhaas, is the result of a public vote on the "Libraries for All" bond measure approved by Seattle voters on November 3, 1998.">left|The [[Seattle Central Library">thumb|left|The [[Seattle Central Library, designed by Rem Koolhaas, is the result of a public vote on the "Libraries for All" bond measure approved by Seattle voters on November 3, 1998. The first such boom, covering the early years of the city, was fueled by the lumber industry (it was during this period that Yesler Way was nicknamed "Skid Road" [http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=286] after the timber skidding down the street to Henry Yesler's sawmill. The term later entered the wider American vocabulary as "Skid Row"), followed by the construction of an Olmsted Brothers Olmsted-designed park system. Arguably the Klondike Gold Rush constituted a separate, shorter boom during the last years of the 19th century, funding Nordstrom's initial growth. Image:Building_in_Seattle.jpg thumb|right|This site in downtown Seattle is one of many construction projects in the area. Next came the shipbuilding boom in the early part of the 20th century, followed by the unused city development plan of Virgil Bogue. After World War II the local economy was marked by the expansion of Boeing, fueled by the growth of the commercial aviation industry. When this particular cycle went into a major downturn in the late 1960s and early 1970s, many left the area to look for work elsewhere, and two local real estate agents put up a billboard (advertising) billboard reading, "Will the last person leaving Seattle â€” Turn out the lights." Seattle remained the corporate headquarters of Boeing until 2001, when the company announced a desire to separate its headquarters from its major production facilities. Following a bidding war in which several cities offered huge tax breaks, Boeing moved its corporate headquarters to Chicago, Illinois. The Seattle area is still home to Boeing's Renton, Washington Renton narrowbody plant (where the Boeing 707 707, 720, Boeing 727 727, and Boeing 757 757 were assembled, and the Boeing 737 737 is assembled today), and Everett, Washington Everett widebody plant (where the Boeing 747 747, Boeing 767 767, and Boeing 777 777 are assembled, and the upcoming Boeing 787 787 Dreamliner will be assembled); and BECU, formerly the Boeing Employees Credit Union. Image:Downtown_Seattle.JPG thumb|left|Downtown Seattle is composed of a tightly packed financial district along with residential areas and a panaromic waterfront.The most recent boom centered around Microsoft and other software, Internet, and telecommunications companies, such as Amazon.com, RealNetworks, McCaw Communications (later acquired by AT&T and renamed AT&T Wireless), and VoiceStream (later acquired by Deutsche Telekom and renamed T-Mobile T-Mobile USA). Even locally headquartered Starbucks held investments in numerous Internet and software interests. Although some of these companies remain relatively strong, the frenzied boom years had ended by early 2001.

Geography and climate

Geography
Image:Seattle_map.png right|Map of Seattle Seattle is located between Puget Sound and Lake Washington. West beyond the Sound, Seattle faces the Olympic Mountains; across Lake Washington beyond the Eastside suburbs are the Issaquah Alps and the Cascade Range. The city itself is Seven hills of Seattle hilly, though not uniformly so. Some of the hilliest areas are quite near the center, and Downtown rises rather dramatically away from the water. The geography of Downtown and its immediate environs has been significantly altered by Denny Regrade regrading projects, a Alaskan Way Seawall seawall, and the construction of an artificial island, Harbor Island, at the mouth of the city's industrial Duwamish Waterway. The rivers, forests, lakes, and fields were once rich enough to support one of the world's few sedentary hunter-gatherer societies. Today, a Lake Washington Ship Canal ship canal passes through the city, incorporating Lake Union near the heart of the city and several other natural bodies of water, and connecting Puget Sound to Lake Washington. Opportunities for sailing, skiing, bicycling, camping, and hiking are close by and accessible almost all of the year. An active geological fault, the Seattle Fault, runs under the city. Although neither the Seattle Fault nor the Cascadia Subduction Zone has caused an earthquake since the cityâ€™s founding, the city has been hit by four major earthquakes: December 14, 1872 (Richter scale magnitude 7.3); April 13, 1949 (7.1); April 29, 1965 (6.5); and the Nisqually Earthquake of February 28, 2001 (6.8). The Cascadia subduction zone poses the even greater threat of a 9.0 or greater earthquake capable of seriously damaging the city and collapsing many buildings, particularly in the downtown area. Seattle is located at {{Coor dms|47|37|35|N|122|19|59|W|}} (47.626353, −122.333144)Geographic references Â¹. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 369.2 square kilometre kmÂ² (142.5 square mile miÂ²){{GR|1}}, 217.2 kmÂ² (83.9 miÂ²) of which is land and 152.0 kmÂ² (58.7 miÂ²) water. The total area is 41.16% water. ''See also:'' Seattle neighborhoods, List of Seattle parks, Bodies of water of Seattle, Seven hills of Seattle

Climate
Image:Spanoramic.jpg Queen Anne, Seattle, Washington thumb|left|200px|Looking southeast from [[Queen Anne, Seattle, Washington|Queen Anne toward Downtown, Seattle, Washington Downtown; Mt. Rainier is visible in the background, KeyArena in the foreground, and the Space Needle in between..html" title="Meaning of Queen Anne.html" title="Meaning of thumb|left|200px|Looking southeast from [[Queen Anne, Seattle, Washington|Queen Anne">thumb|left|200px|Looking southeast from [[Queen Anne, Seattle, Washington|Queen Anne toward Downtown, Seattle, Washington Downtown; Mt. Rainier is visible in the background, KeyArena in the foreground, and the Space Needle in between.">Queen Anne.html" title="Meaning of thumb|left|200px|Looking southeast from [[Queen Anne, Seattle, Washington|Queen Anne">thumb|left|200px|Looking southeast from [[Queen Anne, Seattle, Washington|Queen Anne toward Downtown, Seattle, Washington Downtown; Mt. Rainier is visible in the background, KeyArena in the foreground, and the Space Needle in between.Seattle's climate is mild, with the temperature moderated by the sea and protected from winds and storms by the mountains. The "rainy city" receives an unremarkable 38 inches (970 mm) of precipitation (meteorology) precipitation a year, less than most major Eastern Seaboard cities. For example, New York City averages 47.3 inches (1200 mm), but Seattle is cloudy an average of 226 days per year vs. 132 in New York City. Most of the precipitation falls as drizzle or light rain because Seattle is in the rain shadow of the Olympic mountains. Average temperatures range from the mid/upper 30s (just above 0 Â°C) at night in winter to the mid/upper 70s (mid 20s Â°C) for summer highs. Seattle's hottest temperature ever recorded was 100 Â°F (37.7 Â°C) on July 20, 1994 and the coldest temperature ever recorded was 0 Â°F (-17.7 Â°C) on January 31, 1950. 80 miles (130 km) to the west, the Hoh Rain Forest, in the Olympic National Park, records an annual average rainfall of 142 inches (3600 mm), and the state capital, Olympia, south of the rain shadow, receives 52 inches (1320 mm). Snowfall is not uncommon as the annual accumulation can measure up to 12 inches (304 mm). Sunnier "California weather" typically dominates from mid-July to mid-September, arriving later and leaving earlier than in Portland, Oregon, to the south..Image:Seattlesunny.jpg thumb|Seattle on a treasured sunny afternoon. The Puget Sound convergence zone[http://www.komotv.com/weather/faq/convergence_zone.asp] is an important feature of the Seattle area's weather. In the zone, air arriving in the area from the north meets air flowing in from the south. Both streams of air originate over the Pacific Ocean; airflow is split by the Olympic Mountains to Seattle's west, then reunited by the Cascade Mountains to the east. When the air currents meet, they are forced upward, resulting in convection. An active convergence zone results in rain at the very least (snow in the Cascades), and sometimes more severe weather such as thunderstorms and hail. Usually the zone forms north of Seattle in the Edmonds/Lynnwood area, but depending on the relative strengths of the winds it can range as far south as Pierce County, Washington Pierce County or as far north as Skagit County, Washington Skagit County. Serious exceptions to Seattle's raininess can occur during El NiÃ±o years, when the marine weather systems track to the south, affecting California instead. During the drier summer months, the region's water comes from its mountain snow packs, so El NiÃ±o winters not only produce substandard skiing, but can result in water rationing and a shortage of hydroelectricity hydro-electric generated power the next summer.

Demographics
{{main|Demographics of Seattle}} {| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left:3px; text-size:80%; text-align:right" |align=center colspan=2| '''City of Seattle
Population by year [http://www.ci.seattle.wa.us/dclu/demographics/files/trndchng/histtrnd.pdf]''' |- |1900 || 80,671 |- |1910 || 237,194 |- |1920 || 315,312 |- |1930 || 365,583 |- |1940 || 368,302 |- |1950 || 467,591 |- |1960 || 557,087 |- |1970 || 530,831 |- |1980 || 493,846 |- |1990 || 516,259 |- |2000 || 563,374 |} As of the U.S. Census, 2000 U.S. Census of 2000, Seattle had a population of 563,374 and in all the Greater Puget Sound metropolitan area is home to almost 3.8 million people. The population today is approximately 73.40% whites Caucasian, one of the highest percentages of Caucasians for a major American city. The city also has one of the nation's highest percentages of multiracial ancestry: 4.70% claim ancestry from two or more races. [http://www.brookings.org/es/urban/livingcities/seattle.htm] According to the 2000 U.S. Census, 13.71% of Seattleites are Asian Americans, 8.44% are African Americans, 1.10% are Native American (U.S. Census) Native Americans, 0.50% are Pacific Islanders, and 6.84% are from other non-Caucasian backgrounds. Seattle's robust economy and multi-cultural backgrounds has attracted immigrants from all over the world. The median income for a household in the city is $45,736, and the median income for a family is $62,195. Males have a median income of $40,929 versus $35,134 for females. The per capita income for the city is $30,306. 11.8% of the population and 6.9% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total people living in poverty, 13.8% are under the age of 18 and 10.2% are 65 or older. Seattle has seen a major increase in legal and illegal immigration in recent decades. The foreign-born population increased 40% between the 1990 and 2000 censuses. [http://www.brookings.org/es/urban/livingcities/seattle.htm] Although the 2000 census shows only 5.28% of the population as Hispanic American Hispanic or Latino of any race, Hispanics are believed to be the most rapidly growing ethnic group in Washington, with an estimated increase of 10% just in the years 2000 to 2002. [http://www.theolympian.com/home/specialsections/Census/20030918/103142..html] It is estimated that 1.25% of the population is homelessness homeless, and that up to 14% of Seattle's homeless are children and young adults. Seattle Non-profit organization nonprofits dealing with poverty and related issues include the Fremont Public Association [http://www.fremontpublic.org], the Asian Counselling and Referral Service [http://www.acrs.org/index.htm], and the Seattle Indian Center [http://www.seattleindiancenter.org/]. In September 2005, King County adopted a "Ten-Year Plan to End Homelessness", one of whose near-term results is a shift of funding from homeless shelter beds to permanent housing. [http://www.metrokc.gov/mkcc/news/2005/0905/Ten_Year_Plan.htm] In 2005, ''Men's Fitness'' magazine named Seattle the fitness fittest city in the U.S.

Government and politics
{{main|Government and politics of Seattle, Washington}} Image:Fremont_Lenin.jpg Vladimir Lenin.html" title="Meaning of thumb thumb|left|The statue of [[Vladimir Lenin in the Fremont, Seattle, Washington Fremont neighborhood. While the statue is often misinterpreted as a left-wing politics leftist political statement, it was in fact brought to Fremont as an art display after being rescued during the collapse of the Soviet Union. [http://www.fremontseattle.com/myths/leninedit.htm] .html" title="Meaning of left|The statue of [[Vladimir Lenin">thumb|left|The statue of [[Vladimir Lenin in the Fremont, Seattle, Washington Fremont neighborhood. While the statue is often misinterpreted as a left-wing politics leftist political statement, it was in fact brought to Fremont as an art display after being rescued during the collapse of the Soviet Union. [http://www.fremontseattle.com/myths/leninedit.htm] ">left|The statue of [[Vladimir Lenin">thumb|left|The statue of [[Vladimir Lenin in the Fremont, Seattle, Washington Fremont neighborhood. While the statue is often misinterpreted as a left-wing politics leftist political statement, it was in fact brought to Fremont as an art display after being rescued during the collapse of the Soviet Union. [http://www.fremontseattle.com/myths/leninedit.htm] Seattle is a charter city, with a Mayor-council government Mayor-Council form of government, unlike many of its neighbors that use the Council-manager government Council-Manager form. Seattle's mayor and nine city council members are elected at large, rather than by geographic subdivisions. The only other elected office is the district attorney city attorney. All offices are Non-partisan democracy non-partisan. The city government provides more utilities than many cities â€“ either by running the whole operation, such as the water, sewer, and electricity services, or by handling the billing and administration, but contracting out the rest of the operations such as trash and recycling collection. In most neighboring cities, for example, electricity is provided by either a private company such as Puget Sound Energy, or a county public utility district. See the Seattle, Washington#Utilities Utilities section for more details. As with most U.S. cities, the county judicial system (courts and jails) handles felony crimes â€” the Seattle Municipal Court deals with parking tickets, traffic infractions, and misdemeanors. Seattle does not have its own jail, contracting out inmates it convicts to either the King County Jail (which is located downtown), the Yakima County, Washington Yakima County Jail, or (for short-term holdings) the Renton, Washington Renton City Jail. In 2004, there were only 24 murders in Seattle, the fewest since 1965. Violent crime has declined by nearly 42% since 1994, to a rate of approximately seven per 1,000 people. Auto theft has increased about 44% in the same period; the Seattle Police Department has responded by nearly doubling the number of auto theft detail detectives, and is starting a "bait car" program. A Money (magazine) ''Money'' magazine table, using 2001 statistics, ranked Seattle 18th highest in crime rate in the U.S., with 80.5 crimes per 1,000 citizens. Seattle's politics lean famously to the left compared to the U.S. as a whole, although there is a small libertarianism libertarian movement. Only two precincts in Seattle--one located in the famously exclusive Broadmoor, Seattle, Washington Broadmoor community, and one encompassing condos within neighboring Madison Park (Seattle) Madison Park--voted for Republican Party (United States) Republican George W. Bush in the United States presidential election, 2004 2004 presidential election. Bush won the Broadmoor precinct by a moderate margin, although much closer than in the United States presidential election, 2000 2000 presidential election. Madison Park was very close, also much more so than in 2000. The remaining 2000 Bush precincts (even some that voted moderately for Bush) voted Kerry. In partisan elections, such as for the Washington State Legislature State Legislature and United States Congress U.S. Congress, most elections are won by Democratic Party (United States) Democrats, with Green Party (United States) Greens getting more votes than in many other cities.

Official nickname, flower, slogan, and song
In 1981, Seattle held a contest to come up with a new official List of city nicknames nickname to replace "the Queen City," which had been used since 1869 and was also the nickname of: Cincinnati, Ohio Cincinnati; Toronto; Buffalo, New York Buffalo; Bangor, Maine; Helena, Montana and Charlotte, North Carolina. The winner, selected in 1982, was "the Emerald City". Submitted by Californian Sarah Sterling-Franklin, it referred to the lush surroundings of Seattle that were the result of frequent rain. Seattle has also been known in the past as "the Jet City" though this nickname, related to Boeing, was entirely unofficial. (This nickname is made reference to in the song "Jet City Woman" by Seattle progressive metal band QueensrÃ¿che.) Seattle's official flower has been the dahlia since 1913. Its official song has been "Seattle the Peerless City" since 1909. In 1942, its official slogan was "The City of Flowers"; 48 years later, in 1990, it was "The City of Goodwill", for the Goodwill Games held that year in Seattle. The official bird of Seattle is the Great Blue Heron, named by the City Council in 2003.

Seattle mayors of note
Among Seattle's notable past politicians is Bertha Knight Landes, mayor from 1926 to 1928. She was the first woman mayor of a major American city. Another, Bailey Gatzert, was mayor from 1875 to 1876. He was the first Jewish mayor of Seattle, narrowly missed being the first Jewish mayor of a major American city (Moses Bloom became mayor of Iowa City, Iowa in 1873), and has been the only Jewish mayor of Seattle to date. See List of mayors of Seattle for a list of Seattle's mayors going back to 1869. ''See also:'' Current leaders of Seattle, Washington

Sister cities
Seattle is internationally partnered with a number of town twinning sister cities to promote global cooperation, cultural exchange and economic collaboration. See List of Seattle sister cities for a complete list.

Economy
Five companies on the 2004 Fortune 500 list of the United States' largest companies, based on total revenue, are currently headquartered in Seattle: financial services company Washington Mutual (#103), insurance company Safeco Corporation (#267), department store Nordstrom (#286), Internet retailer Amazon.com, (#342) and coffee chain Starbucks (#425). Many Seattle residents work for companies based outside of Seattle proper. Airplane manufacturer Boeing (#21) was the largest company based in Seattle before its 2001 move to Chicago. Because several production facilities remain in the region, Boeing is still a major Seattle employer. Other Fortune 500 companies popularly associated with Seattle are based in nearby Puget Sound cities. Warehouse club chain Costco Costco Wholesale Corp. (#29), the largest company in Washington, is based in Issaquah, Washington Issaquah. Microsoft (#46) is based in Redmond, Washington Redmond as is the American division of Nintendo, Nintendo of America. So was the cellular telephone pioneer McCaw Cellular, which in 1994 became AT&T Wireless (#120), before being absorbed in 2004 into Cingular. Weyerhaeuser, the forest products company (#95), is based in Federal Way, Washington Federal Way. And Bellevue, Washington Bellevue is home to truck manufacturer PACCAR (#250) and international mobile telephony giant T-Mobile's U.S. subsidiary T-Mobile USA. Seattle Mayor Greg Nickels has announced a desire to spark a new economic boom driven by the biotechnology industry. Major redevelopment of the South Lake Union neighborhood is underway in an effort to attract new and established biotech companies to the region, joining current biotech companies such as Corixa, Immunex (now part of Amgen), and ZymoGenetics. The effort has public support and some financial backing from Paul Allen (his contribution has resulted in some calling the neighborhood "Allentown"). See List of companies based in Seattle for a more detailed compilation. In 2005 ''Forbes'' magazine ranked Seattle as the most overpriced city in the US based on median home prices and median incomes.

Education
{{main|Education in Seattle}} Seattle has an educated population: of Seattle's population over 25.47% (vs. a national average of 24%) hold a bachelor's degree or higher; 93% (vs. 80% nationally) have a high school diploma or GED equivalent. In fact, Seattle has the highest percentage of college graduates of any major U.S. city. In addition to the obvious institutions of education, there are significant literacy adult literacy programs and considerable homeschooling. Like most urban American public education public school systems, Seattle Public Schools have been subject to numerous controversies. Seattle's schools desegregation desegregated without a court order, but continue to struggle to achieve racial balance in a demographically divided city (the south part of town being much more ethnically diverse than the north). The schools have maintained high enough educational standards to keep white flight (and middle-class flight in general) to a minimum, but some of the area's suburban public school systems â€” not all of them in wealthy suburbs â€” have consistently higher test scores. Notably, Seattle schools seem to be failing their minority students, as high academic standards are not realized uniformly by all racial groups in many of the city's secondary schools. The public school system is supplemented by a moderate number of private schools: five of the high schools are Roman Catholic Church Catholic, one is Lutheranism Lutheran, and six are secular. Postsecondary education in Seattle is dominated by the University of Washington. With over 40,000 students, it is the largest school in the Pacific Northwest and is ranked among the top research universities in the United States. Most prominent of the city's other universities are Seattle University, a Society of Jesus Jesuit university, and Seattle Pacific University, founded by the Free Methodist Church Free Methodists. There are also a handful of smaller schools, mainly in the fine arts, business and psychology. Seattle is also served by Seattle Community College District North Seattle, Seattle Central, and South Seattle Community Colleges.

Culture

Landmarks
Image:Pike place market small 2.png Howard_Dean.html" title="Meaning of right right|150px|thumb|[[Howard Dean and Vanna White have both caught the "flying fish" at the Pike Place Market, one of Seattle's most popular tourist destinations..html" title="Meaning of 150px|thumb|[[Howard Dean">right|150px|thumb|[[Howard Dean and Vanna White have both caught the "flying fish" at the Pike Place Market, one of Seattle's most popular tourist destinations.">150px|thumb|[[Howard Dean">right|150px|thumb|[[Howard Dean and Vanna White have both caught the "flying fish" at the Pike Place Market, one of Seattle's most popular tourist destinations. The Space Needle is Seattle's most recognizable landmark, having been featured in the logo of the television show ''Frasier'' and the backgrounds of the television series ''Grey's Anatomy'', not to mention countless films. The Needle dates from the 1962 Century 21 Exposition. Contrary to popular belief, the Space Needle is neither the tallest structure in Seattle, nor is it in downtown. This misconception results from the Space Needle often being photographed from Queen Anne, Seattle, Washington Queen Anne Hill, where it is closer to the viewer than are the skyscrapers of downtown. The surrounding fairgrounds have been converted into Seattle Center, which remains the site for many local civic and cultural events, such as Bumbershoot and the Bite of Seattle. A monorail runs from Seattle Center to Westlake Center, a downtown shopping mall -- a distance of about a mile. The monorail is currently out of service following an accident on November 26, 2005. Other notable Seattle landmarks include the Smith Tower, Pike Place Market, the Fremont Troll, the Experience Music Project (which is at Seattle Center), the new Seattle Central Library, the Washington Mutual Tower, and the Columbia Center, which is the fourth tallest skyscraper west of the Mississippi River and the twelfth tallest in the nation. (On June 16, 2004, the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States 9/11 Commission reported that the original plan for the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks included the Columbia Center as one of ten targeted buildings.) [http://blog.seattletimes.nwsource.com/betweenthelines/archives/2004_06_16.html] Starbucks Coffee has been at Pike Place Market since the coffee company was founded there in 1971. The first store is still operating a block south of its original location.[http://www.ci.seattle.wa.us/html/visitor/starbucks.htm]

Annual cultural events and fairs
Among Seattle's best-known annual cultural events and fairs are the 24-day Seattle International Film Festival, Northwest Folklife over the Memorial Day weekend, numerous Seafair events throughout the summer months (ranging from a Bon Odori celebration to hydroplane races), the Bite of Seattle, and Bumbershoot over the Labor Day weekend. All are typically attended by over 100,000 people annually, as are The Seattle Hempfest Hempfest and two separate Independence Day (United States) Independence Day celebrations. Several dozen List of Seattle neighborhoods Seattle neighborhoods have one or more annual street fairs, and many have an annual parade or Road running foot race. The largest of the street fairs feature hundreds of craft and food booths and multiple stages with live entertainment, and draw more than 100,000 people over the course of a weekend; the smallest are strictly neighborhood affairs with a few dozen craft and food booths, barely distinguishable from more prominent neighborhoods' weekly farmers' markets. Image:Greenlaketrail.jpg Green_Lake Park.html" title="Meaning of thumb thumb|[[Green Lake Park, popular among runners, contains a 3.2 mile trail circling the Green Lake (Seattle) lake..html" title="Meaning of [[Green Lake Park">thumb|[[Green Lake Park, popular among runners, contains a 3.2 mile trail circling the Green Lake (Seattle) lake.">[[Green Lake Park">thumb|[[Green Lake Park, popular among runners, contains a 3.2 mile trail circling the Green Lake (Seattle) lake. Other significant events include numerous Native Americans in the United States Native American pow-wow powwows, a Greece Greek Festival hosted by St. Demetrius St. Demetrios Orthodox Church of Constantinople Greek Orthodox Church in Montlake, Seattle, Washington Montlake, and numerous ethnic festivals associated with Festal at Seattle Center. As in most large cities, there are numerous other annual events of more limited interest, ranging from book fairs; the premier anime convention in the Pacific Northwest, Sakura-Con; and specialized film festivals to a two-day, 8,000-rider Seattle-to-Portland, Oregon Portland bicycle ride.

Performing arts
{{main|Arts in Seattle}} Seattle is a significant center for the performing arts. The century-old Seattle Symphony Orchestra is among the world's most recorded orchestras [http://www.seattlesymphony.org/symphony/meet/recordings/] and performs primarily at Benaroya Hall. The Seattle Opera and Pacific Northwest Ballet, which perform at McCaw Hall (which opened 2003 on the site of the former Seattle Opera House at Seattle Center), are comparably distinguished, with the Opera being particularly known for its performances of the works of Richard Wagner and the PNB School (founded in 1974) ranking as one of the top three ballet training institutions in the United States. [http://www.danceusa.org/Press%20Archives/pnwballet0402.html], [http://www.pnb.org/pnbschool/philosophy.html] The Seattle Youth Symphony is the largest symphonic youth organization in the United States, and among the most distinguished. In addition, Seattle has about twenty live theater venues, a slim majority of them being associated with fringe theater. It has a strong local scene for poetry slams and other performance poetry, and several venues that routinely present public lectures or readings. The largest of these is Seattle's 900-seat, Romanesque Revival Town Hall (Seattle) Town Hall on First Hill, Seattle, Washington First Hill. Seattle is often thought of as the home of grunge rock musicians like Nirvana (band) Nirvana, Pearl Jam, Soundgarden, Alice in Chains, Temple of the Dog, and Mudhoney, all of whom reached vast audiences in the early 1990s. The city is also home to such varied musicians as avant-garde jazz musicians Bill Frisell and Wayne Horvitz, rap music rapper Sir Mix-a-Lot, smooth jazz saxophonist Kenny G, heavy metal music heavy metal band Nevermore,industrial rockers KMFDM, and such pop music poppier rock bands as Goodness and the Presidents of the United States of America. Such musicians as Jimi Hendrix, Duff McKagan, Nikki Sixx, and Quincy Jones spent their formative years in Seattle. Ann Wilson Ann and Nancy Wilson (guitarist) Nancy Wilson of the band Heart (band) Heart, often attributed to Seattle, were actually from the neighboring suburb of Bellevue, as were progressive metal band QueensrÃ¿che. Since the grunge era, the Seattle area has hosted a diverse and influential alternative music scene. The Seattle-based record label Sub Popâ€”the first to sign Nirvanaâ€”has signed such non-grunge bands as Murder City Devils, Sunny Day Real Estate, Skinny Puppy, The Postal Service, and The Shins. Other Seattle-area bands of note in this period include Death Cab for Cutie (Bellingham, Washington Bellingham), Foo Fighters, Modest Mouse (Issaquah), and Sleater-Kinney (Olympia, Washington Olympia). Earlier Seattle-based popular music acts include the collegiate folk group The Brothers Four; The Wailers (rock band) The Wailers, a 1960s garage band; the Allies and the Heaters (later "the Heats"), 1980s teen-pop bands; from that same era, the more sophisticated pop of the short-lived Visible Targets and the still-performing Young Fresh Fellows and Posies; and the pop-punk of The Fastbacks and the outright punk of the Fartz (later Ten Minute Warning), The Gits, and Seven Year Bitch. Spoken word and poetry are also staples of the Seattle arts scene, paralleling the explosion of the independent music indie scene during the late 1980s and early 1990s. Seattle's performance poetry scene blossomed with the importation of the poetry slam from Chicago (its origin) by transplant Paul Granert. This and the proliferation of weekly readings/open mics and poetry-friendly club venues like the Weathered Wall, the OK Hotel, and the Ditto Tavern (all now defunct), allowed spoken-word/performance poetry to take off in a big way. The Seattle Poetry Festival (launched first as the Poetry Circus in 1997) has featured local, regional, national, and international names in poetry such as Michael McClure, Anne Waldman, Ted Jones, Gwendolyn Brooks, Ismael Reed, Seku Sundiata, and many others. Regionally famed poets like Bart Baxter, Tess Gallagher, and Rebecca Brown have also been featured at the Poetry Festival, as well as numerous other events such as the world-famous Bumbershoot Bumbershoot Arts Festival. Seattle also hosts the Gay Pride Parade and Celebration. In the past, all of the activities have been centered around the Capitol hill area. Starting in 2006, festivites will be city wide.

Museums and art collections
Image:Buildings_of_Seattle_1893.jpg right|200px|thumb|Prominent Seattle buildings circa 1893 The Henry Art Gallery opened in 1927, making it the first museum in Washington. The main Seattle Art Museum opened in 1933. Art collections are also housed at the Frye Art Museum and the Seattle Asian Art Museum. Regional history collections are at the Museum of History and Industry and the Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture. Industry-specific collections are housed at the Center for Wooden Boats, Seattle Metropolitan Police Museum, and Museum of Flight. Regional ethnic collections include Nordic Heritage Museum and the Wing Luke Asian Museum. In addition, Seattle has a thriving artist-run gallery scene, including 10 year veteran Soil Art Gallery, and the newer Crawl Space Gallery. ''See also:'' Museums and galleries of Seattle

Other cultural institutions
The Woodland Park Zoo, opened as a private zoo in 1889, is the oldest on the West Coast, and has been a leader in innovations in naturalistic zoo exhibits. The Seattle Aquarium has been open on the downtown waterfront since 1977. The Seattle Underground Tour, visiting many of the places that existed mostly before the great fire, is also popular.

Media
{{main|Media in Seattle}} Seattle's leading newspapers are the daily ''The Seattle Times Seattle Times'' and ''Seattle Post-Intelligencer''; they share their advertising and business departments under a Joint Operating Agreement, which (as of 2004) the ''Times'' is seeking to terminate or renegotiate. The most prominent weeklies are the ''Seattle Weekly'' and the ''The Stranger (newspaper) Stranger''. Both of these consider themselves alternative weekly "alternative" papers; while the ''Stranger'' has a reputation for carrying a younger and hipper readership, the ''Weekly'' has a reputation as being more politically conservative. There are also several ethnic newspapers and numerous neighborhood newspapers. Seattle is also well served by television station television and radio station radio. Seattle's major network television affiliates are KOMO 4 (American Broadcasting Company ABC), KING-TV 5 (NBC), KIRO 7 (CBS), KCTS 9 (PBS), KSTW 11 (UPN), KCPQ 13 (Fox Broadcasting Company FOX), KONG 16/6 (Independent station Ind.), KTWB 22/10 (The WB Television Network WB), and KWPX 33/3 (i (TV network) i); five of them can be seen across Canada via digital cable or satellite. Seattle cable viewers also receive CBUT 2 Canadian Broadcasting Corporation CBC from Vancouver, British Columbia, often as cable channel 99. Leading radio stations include National Public Radio NPR affiliates KUOW-FM 94.9 and KPLU-FM 88.5 (Tacoma). Other notable stations include KEXP-FM 90.3 (affiliated with EMP), 91.3FM (affiliated with Bellevue Community College), and KNHC-FM 89.5, which broadcasts an electronic-music format and is owned by the public school system and operated by students of Nathan Hale High School. Many Seattle radio stations are also available through internet radio, with KUOW, KNHC, and KEXP being notable web radio innovators. Popular commercial radio stations in Seattle include include KUBE 93.3, KNDD 107.7, KIRO-AM 710 and KOMO-AM 1000. Seattle is also home to KING-FM, one of the last classical music stations in the United States. On the Internet Seattle is covered by the blogs [http://www.seattlest.com/ Seattlest], [http://seattle.metblogs.com/ Seattle Metroblogging] and [http://www.thestranger.com/blog/ Slog], among others.

Sports
{| class="wikitable" ! Club ! Sport ! League ! Stadium ! Logo |- | Seattle Mariners | Baseball | Major League Baseball - American League AL | Safeco Field | Image:SeattleMariners 100.png 30px|Seattle Mariners Logo |- | Seattle Seahawks | American football Football | National Football League (NFL) - National Football Conference NFC | Qwest Field | Image:SeattleSeahawks 100.png 30px|Seattle Seahawks Logo |- | Seattle Sounders | Football (soccer) Soccer | USL First Division (men's)
W-League (women's) | Qwest Field | Image:Seattle Sounders Logo.jpg 30px|Seattle Sounders Logo |- | Seattle Storm | Basketball | Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA) | KeyArena | Image:SeattleStorm 100.png 30px|Seattle Storm Logo |- | Seattle SuperSonics | Basketball | National Basketball Association (NBA) | KeyArena | Image:SeattleSuperSonics 100.png 30px|Seattle Sonics Logo |- | Seattle Thunderbirds | Ice hockey Ice Hockey | Western Hockey League | KeyArena | Image:Seattle Thunderbirds.png 30px|Seattle Thunderbirds Logo |} The first major professional modern day sports franchise started in Seattle was the Seattle SuperSonics (known to most as the "Seattle Sonics") National Basketball Association NBA team (1967). They were joined by the Milwaukee Brewers Seattle Pilots baseball team in 1969. Both team names reflected the local importance of the aerospace industry. The Pilots played in Seattle for only one year at Sick's Stadium, previously home to several minor league teams (most notably the Seattle Rainiers of the Pacific Coast League), before relocating to Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Their sole season was immortalized in Jim Bouton's book ''Ball Four''. Legal wrangling over the move of the Pilots pressured Major League Baseball to award Seattle a new franchise, the Seattle Mariners Mariners, in 1977. The Mariners would play in the newly built Seattle Kingdome Kingdome, an indoor sports facility they shared with the Seattle Seahawks of the National Football League NFL, who started play the previous year. For a time, all three of the city's major sports teams used the Kingdome, despite ongoing maintenance issues with the venue. After some controversy (voters defeated two funding initiatives), the Kingdome was demolished in 2000 and replaced with Seahawks Stadium (later renamed Qwest Field), built on the same site. By this time, the other sports had long since relocated: the Sonics now use KeyArena exclusively, and the Mariners' new home is the modern, retractable-roofed Safeco Field, built with state money after the city voted down a bond issue to build it. The city's first professional sports championship was brought to the city by way of the Pacific Coast Hockey Association PCHA Seattle Metropolitans in 1917. The professional hockey team, which represented Seattle from 1915 to 1924, was in fact the first U.S. team to win the coveted Stanley Cup, beating the Montreal Canadiens MontrÃ©al Canadiens. They returned to the Stanley Cup finals twice more. Their first return, again versus Montreal, was in 1919; that series was cancelled due to an outbreak of Spanish flu influenza with the two teams tied at 2â€“2â€“1. The Metropolitans last went to the Stanley Cup finals in 1920, when they lost to the Ottawa Senators (Original) Ottawa Senators. The Seattle SuperSonics last won a modern-day championship, the NBA crown, in 1979, with Lenny Wilkens as coach. It is the only major sports championship Seattle has won. In addition to professional sports, the University of Washington, Seattle University, and Seattle Pacific University field teams in a variety of sports, including football and basketball. Their teams are known as the Huskies, Redhawks, and Falcons, respectively. The Husky football team has a following that ranks with those of the major professional teams in the city. In 1991, the Huskies shared an National Collegiate Athletic Association NCAA Division I college football collegiate football championship with the Hurricanes of the University of Miami. In 1990, Seattle hosted the 1990 Goodwill Games. In 1998, the Seattle City Council failed to pass a resolution supporting a Seattle bid for the 2012 Olympics. In 2004, the Seattle Storm won a WNBA championship. In 2005, the Seattle Sounders won the USL First Division championship. In 2006, the Seattle Seahawks became NFC champions after their second straight playoff win, and advanced to Super Bowl XL, which they lost to the Pittsburgh Steelers. The cities of Everett and Tacoma, to the north and the south of Seattle, respectively, have sports teams of their own. Most notable are the Tacoma Rainiers, a Triple-A affiliate of the Seattle Mariners in the Pacific Coast League, and the Everett AquaSox, an A team playing short-season baseball in the Northwest League. Everett is also home to the Everett Silvertips of the Western Hockey League, new rivals to Seattle's Thunderbirds.

Infrastructure
Image:Downtown Seattle.jpg thumb|250px|Downtown Seattle at night

Transportation
{{main|Transportation in Seattle}} As in almost every other city in western North America, transportation in Seattle is dominated by automobiles, although Seattle is just old enough that the city's layout reflects the age when railways and streetcars dominated. These older modes of transportation made for a relatively well-defined downtown and strong neighborhoods at the end of several former streetcar lines, most of them now bus lines. There is no Rapid transit subway, though a Seattle Bus Tunnel bus tunnel running roughly north-south through downtown will be used by light rail beginning in 2009. There are a small number of Commuter rail in North America commuter trains from Tacoma, Washington Tacoma and Everett and an extensive system of bus routes. About fifteen of King County Metro's bus routes serving downtown Seattle are electric and run on overhead wires. Like Vancouver, British Columbia and San Francisco, California, Seattle is one of the few cities in North America that use electric trolleybuses. A Seattle Center Monorail monorail line constructed for the 1962 Exposition still exists today between Seattle Center and downtown and is still used by tourists and by commuters from the north, who often find it cheaper to park at Seattle Center and take the monorail downtown to work than to take their car downtown. The monorail trains collided November 26, 2005 on a curve near Westlake Center where a design flaw had made it unsafe for the trains to pass, and consequently neither train is running. Estimates of $100 million are offered for the cost of repairing and refurbishing the trains and system. In the 1990s the city proposed building a Green Line (Seattle) longer monorail as a real commuter service, replacing the existing tourist attraction. Controversy over scope, governance, financial difficulties, and other issues led to a series of five separate votes on the expanded monorail; although the voters initially approved the plan, anticipated cost overruns and other problems forced the city to return to the voters for approval no fewer than four times with updated plans. The project was definitively defeated by a November, 2005 referendum. The Sound Transit light rail project also faced difficulties early on, although the first 15.7 mile-section from downtown to Sea-Tac Airport will be operational in 2009. Additional expansion of light rail will include an extension north to the University District, Seattle, Washington University District (already funded) and eventually to Northgate Mall. Also in the planning stages are lines across Lake Washington to Bellevue and south to Tacoma. The South Lake Union line of the Seattle Streetcar passed full City Council on June 27, 2005. The streetcar is "on track" to be built and operating by 2007. The 2.6 mile (4.2 km) streetcar line will run between Westlake Center in downtown Seattle and the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center. Property owners along the right-of-way will pay about $25 million of the $45 million total capital cost through a local improvement district. Seattle is noted for its reliance on water traffic, with many people commuting to work from Bainbridge Island, Vashon Island, Bremerton, Washington Bremerton, and Southworth, Washington Southworth via the Washington State Ferries system, which is the largest in the United States and the third largest in the world. Seattle is served by Seattle-Tacoma International Airport. The airport is a hub for Alaska Airlines and its regional subsidiary Horizon Air and has service to many destinations throughout North America, Europe, and East Asia. It is also a focus city for United Airlines. Seattle's general-aviation airport is Boeing Field. Southwest Airlines recently requested to be able move its services from Seattle-Tacoma International Airport to Boeing Field, but permission was not granted.

Street layout
{{main|Street layout of Seattle}} Seattle's streets are laid out in a cardinal directions cardinal-direction street grid grid pattern, except in the central business district: early city leaders Denny party Arthur Denny and Carson Boren insisted on orienting their plats relative to the shoreline rather than to true North, so streets meet at unusual angles where Denny's plat meets "Doc" Maynard's to the south and Boren's to the north. This inconsistency creates frequent confusion for those unfamiliar to Seattle when they attempt to navigate the streets at the edges of the business district. Largely the result of Seattle's topography, only one street, one highway, and one freeway run uninterrupted entirely through the city. See Seattle neighborhoods for articles on individual neighborhoods, including information on major thoroughfares.

Medical centers and hospitals
{{main|Medical facilities of Seattle, Washington}} Group Health Cooperative was one of the pioneers of managed care in the United States, the University of Washington is consistently ranked among the country's top ten leading institutions in medical research, and Seattle was a pioneer in the development of modern paramedic services with the establishment of Medic One in 1970. In 1974, a ''60 Minutes'' story on the success of the then four-year-old Medic One paramedic system called Seattle "the best place in the world to have a Myocardial infarction heart attack". Most of Seattle's hospitals are located on First Hill. Harborview Medical Center, the public county hospital, is the only Level I trauma center trauma hospital serving those same four states. Swedish Medical Center, Providence Medical Center and Virginia Mason Medical Center are also located in this part of Seattle. This concentration of hospitals resulted in the neighborhood's nickname "Pill Hill." Children's Hospital and Regional Medical Center Childrenâ€™s Hospital and Regional Medical Center is the pediatric referral center for Washington, Alaska, Montana, and Idaho. Harborview and the University of Washington Medical Center are both operated by the University of Washington.

Utilities
Image:Seattle Steam Company-1.jpg right|thumb|Seattle Steam Company {{main|Utilities of Seattle}} Unlike most neighboring cities, water and electricity are provided by public city agencies: Seattle Public Utilities and Seattle City Light. Privately owned utility companies serving Seattle are Puget Sound Energy (natural gas), Seattle Steam Company (steam), Qwest (landline telephone service), and Comcast (and to a lesser extent Millennium Digital Media) (cable television).

Gallery
Image:PikeStreetHillclimbTop.jpg|Looking down the Pike Street Hillclimb Image:PikePlaceMarketCrowd.jpg|Pike Place Market, main arcade Image:August_002.jpg|The Seattle skyline, as seen from Lake Union Image:SeattleSkylineSuperPanorama.jpeg|A big Seattle skyline panorama view

See also
*Arts in Seattle *List of Seattleites List of famous Seattleites *List of Seattle parks *List of Seattle sister cities *Music of Washington, especially grunge music *Seattle metropolitan area *Seattle neighborhoods *Seattle Police Department *Port of Seattle *Seattle Public Library *Seattle Underground *List of representations of Seattle in popular culture *List of United States metropolitan statistical areas by population

Sources
*Jones, Nard. ''Seattle'', Doubleday and Co., New York City, 1972 *Sale, Roger. ''Seattle: Past To Present''. University of Washington Press, Seattle and London, 1976. *Shear, Emmett. [http://pantheon.yale.edu/~eds25/DrizzlyCity.rtf "Seattle: Booms and Busts"]. Author has granted blanket permission for material from that paper to be reused in . This article is no longer available. *Speidel, William C. ''Sons of the Profits''. Nettle Creek Publishing Company, Seattle, 1967. *Speidel, William C. ''Doc Maynard, The Man Who Invented Seattle''. Nettle Creek Publishing Company, Seattle, 1978 *Sara Clemence, [http://www.forbes.com/realestate/2005/07/14/overpriced-cities-lifestyle-cx_sc_0715home_ls.html Most Overpriced Places In The U.S. 2005], ''Forbes'' magazine online, 14 July 2005. Retrieved 11 Nov 2005.

External links
{{Commons|Seattle|Seattle}}
- Official Website *
- Seattle Datasheet (in several languages) *
- Seattle Channel - government and community TV (live streaming) *History *
- Historylink.org provides an unparalleled collection of articles on the history of Seattle and Washington. See especially their [http://www.historylink.org/milestones/ history of Seattle and King County]. *
- Seattle Civil Rights and Labor History Project *
- National Register of Historic Places Travel Itinerary *
- ''Seattle Times'' Seattle Timeline *Directories *
- Open Directory Project: Seattle *Guides *
- Seattle travel guide at Wikitravel *
- Seattle Convention & Visitors Bureau *Traffic and Weather *
- Seattle Area Traffic (includes camera links) *
- National Weather Service Seattle office *Community *
- Seattle Community Network *
- SeattleWiki *Imagery *
- Photo gallery of Seattle *
- VR Seattle - Virtual Tour of Seattle {{Geolinks-US-cityscale|47.61409|-122.35081}} {{Washington}}
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